Biscay (Basque Parliament constituency)
Government body in Spain
Biscay (Basque : Bizkaia , Spanish : Vizcaya ) is one of the three constituencies (Spanish: circunscripciones ) represented in the Basque Parliament , the regional legislature of the Basque Autonomous Community . The constituency currently elects 25 deputies . Its boundaries correspond to those of the Spanish province of Biscay . The electoral system uses the D'Hondt method and a closed-list proportional representation , with a minimum threshold of three percent.
Electoral system
The constituency was created as per the Statute of Autonomy for the Basque Country of 1979 and was first contested in the 1980 regional election . The Statute provided for the three provinces in the Basque Country —Álava , Biscay and Gipuzkoa —to be established as multi-member districts in the Basque Parliament , with this regulation being maintained under the 1983 and 1990 regional electoral laws. Each constituency is allocated a fixed number of 25 seats each, to provide for an equal representation of the three provinces in Parliament as required under the regional Statute. The exception was the 1980 election, when this number was 60.[ 3] [ 4] [ 5]
Voting is on the basis of universal suffrage , which comprises all nationals over eighteen, registered in the Basque Country and in full enjoyment of their political rights. Amendments to the electoral law in 2011 required for Basques abroad to apply for voting before being permitted to vote, a system known as "begged" or expat vote (Spanish : Voto rogado ) which was abolished in 2022.[ 6] [ 7] D'Hondt method and a closed list proportional representation , with an electoral threshold of three percent of valid votes—which, until 1983 and from 1990 includes blank ballots; also and until a 2000 reform, the threshold was set at five percent—being applied in each constituency.[ 3] [ 4] [ 5] district magnitude .[ 8]
The electoral law allows for parties and federations registered in the interior ministry , coalitions and groupings of electors to present lists of candidates. Parties and federations intending to form a coalition ahead of an election are required to inform the relevant Electoral Commission within ten days of the election call—fifteen before 1985—whereas groupings of electors need to secure the signature of at least one percent of the electorate in the constituencies for which they seek election—one-thousandth of the electorate, with a compulsory minimum of 500 signatures, until 1983; and only the signature of 500 electors from 1983 to 1990—disallowing electors from signing for more than one list of candidates.[ 4] [ 5] [ 9] [ 10]
Deputies
Elections
2024 regional election
Summary of the 21 April 2024 Basque Parliament election results in Biscay
Parties and alliances
Popular vote
Seats
Votes
%
±pp
Total
+/−
Basque Nationalist Party (EAJ/PNV)
223,118
39.08
–3.08
11 –1
Basque Country Gather (EH Bildu)
161,486
28.28
+4.58
8 +2
Socialist Party of the Basque Country–Basque Country Left (PSE–EE (PSOE))
79,575
13.94
+0.47
4 +1
People's Party (PP)1
51,644
9.04
+2.25
2 ±0
Unite (Sumar)2
19,155
3.35
n/a 0
±0
United We Can –Green Alliance (Podemos/Ahal Dugu–AV)2
12,738
2.23
n/a
0
–2
Vox (Vox)
10,822
1.90
+0.04
0
±0
Animalist Party with the Environment (PACMA)3
2,827
0.50
–0.09
0
±0
Blank Seats to Leave Empty Seats (EB/AZ)
1,260
0.22
–0.01
0
±0
For a Fairer World (PUM+J)
920
0.16
+0.03
0
±0
To Be (Izan)
780
0.14
New
0
±0
Communist Party of the Workers of Spain (PCTE)
666
0.12
±0.00
0
±0
Humanist Party (PH)
475
0.08
+0.02
0
±0
Blank ballots
5,528
0.96
+0.01
Total
570,994
25
±0
Valid votes
570,994
99.24
+0.06
Invalid votes
4,371
0.76
–0.06
Votes cast / turnout
575,365
60.83
+10.43
Abstentions
370,513
39.17
–10.43
Registered voters
945,878
Sources[ 11] [ 12]
2020 regional election
Summary of the 12 July 2020 Basque Parliament election results in Biscay
Parties and alliances
Popular vote
Seats
Votes
%
±pp
Total
+/−
Basque Nationalist Party (EAJ/PNV)
200,339
42.16
+0.35
12 +1
Basque Country Gather (EH Bildu)
112,619
23.70
+6.24
6 +1
Socialist Party of the Basque Country–Basque Country Left (PSE–EE (PSOE))
64,001
13.47
+1.82
3 ±0
United We Can–United Left (Podemos/Ahal Dugu , Ezker Anitza–IU )
40,453
8.51
–6.24
2 –2
People's Party+Citizens (PP +Cs )1
32,248
6.79
–4.79
2 ±0
Vox (Vox)
8,815
1.86
New
0
±0
Equo Greens–Basque Country Greens (Equo Berdeak–Verdes)
5,533
1.16
New
0
±0
Animalist Party Against Mistreatment of Animals (PACMA/ATTKAA)
2,797
0.59
–0.21
0
±0
Blank Seats (EB/AZ)
1,079
0.23
+0.07
0
±0
Zero Cuts –The Greens –Municipalists (Recortes Cero–LV–M)
676
0.14
–0.08
0
±0
For a Fairer World (PUM+J)
613
0.13
New
0
±0
Communist Party of the Workers of the Basque Country (PCTE/ELAK)
549
0.12
New
0
±0
Free for the Basque Country (LxE/EaL)
359
0.08
New
0
±0
Humanist Party (PH)
279
0.06
±0.00
0
±0
Foralist League (LFF)
258
0.05
New
0
±0
Blank ballots
4,524
0.95
+0.34
Total
475,142
25
±0
Valid votes
475,142
99.18
–0.38
Invalid votes
3,916
0.82
+0.38
Votes cast / turnout
479,058
50.40
–10.08
Abstentions
471,506
49.60
+10.08
Registered voters
950,564
Sources[ 11] [ 12]
2016 regional election
Summary of the 25 September 2016 Basque Parliament election results in Biscay
Parties and alliances
Popular vote
Seats
Votes
%
±pp
Total
+/−
Basque Nationalist Party (EAJ/PNV)
238,581
41.81
+3.87
11 ±0
Basque Country Gather (EH Bildu)
99,610
17.46
–3.74
5 –1
United We Can (Podemos , Ezker Anitza–IU , Equo )1
84,195
14.75
+11.33
4 +4
Socialist Party of the Basque Country–Basque Country Left (PSE–EE (PSOE))
66,506
11.65
–7.06
3 –2
People's Party (PP)
55,128
9.66
–2.00
2 –1
Citizens–Party of the Citizenry (C's)
10,963
1.92
New
0
±0
Animalist Party Against Mistreatment of Animals (PACMA/ATTKAA)
4,556
0.80
+0.46
0
±0
Let's Win the Basque Country: Yes We Can (Ganemos Irabazi)
3,337
0.58
New
0
±0
Zero Cuts –Green Group (Recortes Cero–GV)
1,277
0.22
New
0
±0
Family and Life Party (PFyV)
1,031
0.18
+0.04
0
±0
Blank Seats (EB/AZ)
903
0.16
–0.76
0
±0
Basque Communists–Communist Party of the Peoples of Spain (EK–PCPE)
466
0.08
+0.01
0
±0
Humanist Party (PH)
351
0.06
–0.03
0
±0
Welcome (Ongi Etorri)
250
0.04
New
0
±0
Blank ballots
3,484
0.61
–0.65
Total
570,638
25
±0
Valid votes
570,638
99.56
+0.33
Invalid votes
2,495
0.44
–0.33
Votes cast / turnout
573,133
60.48
–3.99
Abstentions
374,503
39.52
+3.99
Registered voters
947,636
Sources[ 11] [ 12]
2012 regional election
Summary of the 21 October 2012 Basque Parliament election results in Biscay
Parties and alliances
Popular vote
Seats
Votes
%
±pp
Total
+/-
Basque Nationalist Party (EAJ/PNV)
230,204
37.94
–3.16
11 –1
Basque Country Gather (EH Bildu)1
128,644
21.20
+14.11
6 +5
Socialist Party of the Basque Country–Basque Country Left (PSE–EE (PSOE))
113,536
18.71
–11.54
5 –3
People's Party (PP)
70,749
11.66
–2.26
3 –1
United Left–The Greens: Plural Left (IU–LV)
16,109
2.65
New
0
±0
Union, Progress and Democracy (UPyD)
10,855
1.79
–0.07
0
±0
United Left–Greens (EB–B)
9,817
1.62
–1.79
0
±0
Blank Seats (EB/AZ)
5,598
0.92
New
0
±0
Equo Greens–Basque Ecologists (Equo)2
4,656
0.77
+0.31
0
±0
Hartos.org (Hartos.org)
2,831
0.47
New
0
±0
Animalist Party Against Mistreatment of Animals (PACMA/ATTKAA)
2,052
0.34
+0.08
0
±0
For a Fairer World (PUM+J)
1,159
0.19
–0.02
0
±0
Family and Life Party (PFyV)
821
0.14
–0.04
0
±0
Internationalist Socialist Workers' Party (POSI)
778
0.13
–0.03
0
±0
Humanist Party (PH)
555
0.09
+0.02
0
±0
Basque Communists–Communist Party of the Peoples of Spain (EK–PCPE)
442
0.07
New
0
±0
Communist Unification of Spain (UCE)
307
0.05
New
0
±0
Blank ballots
7,649
1.26
+0.24
Total
606,762
25
±0
Valid votes
606,762
99.23
+6.19
Invalid votes
4,721
0.77
–6.19
Votes cast / turnout
611,483
64.47
–1.87
Abstentions
336,939
35.53
+1.87
Registered voters
948,422
Sources[ 11] [ 12]
2009 regional election
Summary of the 1 March 2009 Basque Parliament election results in Biscay
Parties and alliances
Popular vote
Seats
Votes
%
±pp
Total
+/−
Basque Nationalist Party (EAJ/PNV)1
241,732
41.10
n/a 12 +2
Socialist Party of the Basque Country–Basque Country Left (PSE–EE (PSOE))
177,875
30.25
+7.05
8 +2
People's Party (PP)
81,837
13.92
–3.55
4 –1
Aralar (Aralar)
24,639
4.19
+2.63
1 +1
United Left–Greens (EB–B)
20,080
3.41
–2.10
0
–1
Basque Solidarity (EA)1
17,033
2.90
n/a
0
–1
Union, Progress and Democracy (UPyD)
10,916
1.86
New
0
±0
The Greens (B/LV)
2,689
0.46
New
0
±0
Anti-Bullfighting Party Against Mistreatment of Animals (PACMA/ZAAAA)
1,504
0.26
–0.02
0
±0
For a Fairer World (PUM+J)
1,232
0.21
+0.02
0
±0
Family and Life Party (PFyV)
1,052
0.18
New
0
±0
Internationalist Socialist Workers' Party (POSI)
969
0.16
–0.07
0
±0
Humanist Party (PH)
418
0.07
–0.03
0
±0
Carlist Party of the Basque Country–Carlist Party (EKA–PC)
151
0.03
±0.00
0
±0
Communist Party of the Basque Homelands (PCTV/EHAK)
n/a n/a –9.99
0
–2
Blank ballots
5,972
1.02
+0.28
Total
588,099
25
±0
Valid votes
588,099
93.04
–6.63
Invalid votes
43,971
6.96
+6.63
Votes cast / turnout
632,070
66.34
–1.57
Abstentions
320,774
33.66
+1.57
Registered voters
952,844
Sources[ 11] [ 12]
2005 regional election
Summary of the 17 April 2005 Basque Parliament election results in Biscay
Parties and alliances
Popular vote
Seats
Votes
%
±pp
Total
+/−
Basque Nationalist Party–Basque Solidarity (PNV –EA )
267,247
40.66
–2.76
11 –1
Socialist Party of the Basque Country–Basque Country Left (PSE–EE (PSOE))
152,459
23.20
+5.14
6 +2
People's Party (PP)
114,845
17.47
–5.98
5 –1
Communist Party of the Basque Homelands (PCTV/EHAK)1
65,623
9.99
+1.99
2 ±0
United Left–Greens (EB–B)2
36,226
5.51
–0.14
1 ±0
Aralar (Aralar)
10,242
1.56
New
0
±0
Greens –Anti-Bullfighting Party Against Mistreatment of Animals (B–PACMA)
1,865
0.28
New
0
±0
Internationalist Socialist Workers' Party (POSI)
1,499
0.23
New
0
±0
For a Fairer World (PUM+J)
1,261
0.19
New
0
±0
Humanist Party (PH)
674
0.10
–0.08
0
±0
Alavese Unity (UA)
216
0.03
New
0
±0
Carlist Party of the Basque Country–Carlist Party (EKA–PC)
179
0.03
New
0
±0
Blank ballots
4,866
0.74
–0.05
Total
657,202
25
±0
Valid votes
657,202
99.67
+0.08
Invalid votes
2,164
0.33
–0.08
Votes cast / turnout
659,366
67.91
–11.21
Abstentions
311,591
32.09
+11.21
Registered voters
970,957
Sources[ 11] [ 12]
2001 regional election
Summary of the 13 May 2001 Basque Parliament election results in Biscay
Parties and alliances
Popular vote
Seats
Votes
%
±pp
Total
+/−
Basque Nationalist Party–Basque Solidarity (PNV –EA )1
335,945
43.42
+4.85
12 +2
People's Party (PP)2
181,404
23.45
+3.12
6 +1
Socialist Party of the Basque Country–Basque Country Left (PSE–EE (PSOE))
139,684
18.06
–0.21
4 –1
Basque Citizens (EH)
61,894
8.00
–6.57
2 –2
United Left (IU/EB)
43,701
5.65
–0.55
1 ±0
Party of the Democratic Karma (PKD)
2,000
0.26
New
0
±0
Humanist Party (PH)
1,361
0.18
–0.09
0
±0
Workers for Democracy Coalition (TD)
1,017
0.13
New
0
±0
Freedom (Askatasuna)
257
0.03
New
0
±0
Carlist Party (EKA/PC)
220
0.03
New
0
±0
Blank ballots
6,145
0.79
–0.60
Total
773,628
25
±0
Valid votes
773,628
99.59
+0.16
Invalid votes
3,180
0.41
–0.16
Votes cast / turnout
776,808
79.12
+15.59
Abstentions
204,995
20.88
–15.59
Registered voters
981,803
Sources[ 11] [ 12]
1998 regional election
Summary of the 25 October 1998 Basque Parliament election results in Biscay
Parties and alliances
Popular vote
Seats
Votes
%
±pp
Total
+/−
Basque Nationalist Party (EAJ/PNV)
224,542
32.60
–2.51
9 –1
People's Party (PP)
139,161
20.20
+5.17
5 +1
Socialist Party of the Basque Country–Basque Country Left (PSE–EE (PSOE))
125,834
18.27
+0.89
5 +1
Basque Citizens (EH)1
100,377
14.57
+1.18
4 +1
United Left (IU/EB)
42,714
6.20
–3.85
1 –1
Basque Solidarity (EA)
41,096
5.97
–1.12
1 –1
Natural Law Party (PLN/LNA)
2,769
0.40
New
0
±0
Humanist Party (PH)
1,892
0.27
New
0
±0
Alavese Unity (UA)
913
0.13
–0.13
0
±0
Blank ballots
9,556
1.39
–0.15
Total
688,854
25
±0
Valid votes
688,854
99.43
+0.03
Invalid votes
3,972
0.57
–0.03
Votes cast / turnout
692,781
63.53
+3.16
Abstentions
298,457
36.47
–3.16
Registered voters
991,238
Sources[ 11] [ 12]
1994 regional election
Summary of the 23 October 1994 Basque Parliament election results in Biscay
Parties and alliances
Popular vote
Seats
Votes
%
±pp
Total
+/−
Basque Nationalist Party (EAJ/PNV)
201,833
35.11
+0.74
10 ±0
Socialist Party of the Basque Country–Basque Country Left (PSE–EE (PSOE))1
99,931
17.38
–9.86
4 –3
People's Party (PP)
86,398
15.03
+6.41
4 +2
Popular Unity (HB)
76,988
13.39
–2.83
3 –1
United Left (IU/EB)
57,765
10.05
+8.34
2 +2
Basque Solidarity (EA)
40,752
7.09
–0.91
2 ±0
Alavese Unity (UA)
1,489
0.26
+0.23
0
±0
Coalition for a New Socialist Party (NPS)2
804
0.14
+0.08
0
±0
Blank ballots
8,865
1.54
+0.88
Total
574,825
25
±0
Valid votes
574,825
99.40
–0.08
Invalid votes
3,496
0.60
+0.08
Votes cast / turnout
578,321
60.37
–0.16
Abstentions
379,691
39.63
+0.16
Registered voters
958,012
Sources[ 11] [ 12]
1990 regional election
Summary of the 28 October 1990 Basque Parliament election results in Biscay
Parties and alliances
Popular vote
Seats
Votes
%
±pp
Total
+/−
Basque Nationalist Party (EAJ/PNV)
192,903
34.37
+5.56
10 +2
Socialist Party of the Basque Country (PSE–PSOE)
111,920
19.94
–2.54
5 –1
Popular Unity (HB)
91,047
16.22
+0.27
4 ±0
People's Party (PP)1
48,405
8.62
+3.48
2 +1
Basque Solidarity (EA)
44,922
8.00
–3.75
2 –1
Basque Country Left (EE)
40,983
7.30
–2.91
2 –1
United Left (IU/EB)
9,609
1.71
+0.92
0
±0
Socialist Democracy (DS)
3,724
0.66
New
0
±0
Democratic and Social Centre (CDS)
3,069
0.55
–2.65
0
±0
The Ecologist Greens (LVE)
2,447
0.44
New
0
±0
Basque Country Greens (EHB)
2,415
0.43
New
0
±0
Ruiz-Mateos Group –European Democratic Alliance (ARM–ADE)
2,070
0.37
New
0
±0
Workers' Socialist Party (PST)
1,878
0.32
+0.01
0
±0
Communist Party of the Basque Country People (PCPE/EHAC)
599
0.11
New
0
±0
Humanist Party (PH)
441
0.08
–0.05
0
±0
Alliance for the Republic (AxR)2
347
0.06
–0.05
0
±0
Revolutionary Communist League –Communist Movement (LKI–EMK)
326
0.06
New
0
±0
Communist Party of Spain (Marxist–Leninist) (PCE (m–l))3
272
0.05
–0.02
0
±0
Alavese Unity (UA)
183
0.03
New
0
±0
Blank ballots
3,679
0.66
+0.22
Total
561,239
25
±0
Valid votes
561,239
99.48
–0.03
Invalid votes
2,923
0.52
+0.03
Votes cast / turnout
564,162
60.53
–9.24
Abstentions
367,834
39.47
+9.24
Registered voters
931,996
Sources[ 11] [ 12]
1986 regional election
Summary of the 30 November 1986 Basque Parliament election results in Biscay
Parties and alliances
Popular vote
Seats
Votes
%
±pp
Total
+/−
Basque Nationalist Party (EAJ/PNV)
183,766
28.81
–14.94
8 –4
Socialist Party of the Basque Country (PSE–PSOE)
143,387
22.48
–0.59
6 ±0
Popular Unity (HB)
101,733
15.95
+3.02
4 +1
Basque Solidarity (EA)
74,921
11.75
New
3 +3
Basque Country Left (EE)
65,116
10.21
+2.78
3 +1
People's Alliance –Liberal Party (AP–PL)1
32,764
5.14
–4.25
1 –1
Democratic and Social Centre (CDS)
20,387
3.20
New
0
±0
United Left (IU/EB)
5,055
0.79
New
0
±0
Communist Party of the Basque Country (PCE/EPK)
3,895
0.61
–1.16
0
±0
Workers' Socialist Party (PST)
1,994
0.31
–0.05
0
±0
Humanist Party (PH)
856
0.13
New
0
±0
Internationalist Socialist Workers' Party (POSI)
683
0.11
New
0
±0
Republican Popular Unity (UPR)2
414
0.07
–0.06
0
±0
Blank ballots3
2,798
0.44
±0.00
Total
637,769
25
±0
Valid votes
637,769
99.51
+0.05
Invalid votes
3,169
0.49
–0.05
Votes cast / turnout
640,938
69.77
+1.51
Abstentions
277,747
30.23
–1.51
Registered voters
918,685
Sources[ 11] [ 12]
Footnotes:
1 People's Alliance –Liberal Party results are compared to People's Coalition totals in the 1984 election.2 Republican Popular Unity results are compared to Communist Party of Spain (Marxist–Leninist) totals in the 1984 election.3 The 1983 electoral law provided that blank ballots would not count as valid votes for the application of the 5 percent threshold in each district. However, this rule was not determinant in excluding any party from seat distribution during its time of application (the 1984 and 1986 elections). As a result, and for comparison purposes, blank ballots are shown here included within valid votes.
1984 regional election
Summary of the 26 February 1984 Basque Parliament election results in Biscay
Parties and alliances
Popular vote
Seats
Votes
%
±pp
Total
+/−
Basque Nationalist Party (EAJ/PNV)
261,911
43.75
+3.78
12 +3
Socialist Party of the Basque Country (PSE–PSOE)
138,093
23.07
+8.64
6 +3
Popular Unity (HB)
77,407
12.93
–3.42
3 –1
People's Coalition (AP –PDP –UL )1
56,207
9.39
+3.62
2 +1
Basque Country Left (EE)
44,500
7.43
–0.35
2 +1
Communist Party of the Basque Country (PCE/EPK)
10,611
1.77
–3.01
0
–1
Neighborhood Labor (Auzolan)2
4,357
0.73
–0.88
0
±0
Workers' Socialist Party (PST)
2,173
0.36
–0.05
0
±0
Communist Party of Spain (Marxist–Leninist) (PCE (m–l))
792
0.13
New
0
±0
Union of the Democratic Centre (UCD)
n/a n/a –6.75
0
–1
Blank ballots3
2,641
0.44
+0.02
Total
598,692
25
+5
Valid votes
598,692
99.46
+0.54
Invalid votes
3,235
0.54
–0.54
Votes cast / turnout
601,927
68.26
+7.26
Abstentions
279,916
31.74
–7.26
Registered voters
881,843
Sources[ 11] [ 12]
Footnotes:
1 People's Coalition results are compared to People's Alliance totals in the 1980 election.2 Auzolan results are compared to the combined totals of Communist Movement of the Basque Country and Revolutionary Communist League in the 1980 election.3 The 1983 electoral law provided that blank ballots would not count as valid votes for the application of the 5 percent threshold in each district. However, this rule was not determinant in excluding any party from seat distribution during its time of application (the 1984 and 1986 elections). As a result, and for comparison purposes, blank ballots are shown here included within valid votes.
1980 regional election
Summary of the 9 March 1980 Basque Parliament election results in Biscay
Parties and alliances
Popular vote
Seats
Votes
%
±pp
Total
+/−
Basque Nationalist Party (EAJ/PNV)
206,051
39.97
n/a 9 n/a
People's Unity (HB)
84,273
16.35
n/a
4 n/a
Socialist Party of the Basque Country (PSE–PSOE)
74,379
14.43
n/a
3 n/a
Basque Country Left (EE)
40,085
7.78
n/a
1 n/a
Union of the Democratic Centre (UCD)
34,781
6.75
n/a
1 n/a
People's Alliance (AP)
29,747
5.77
n/a
1 n/a
Communist Party of the Basque Country (PCE/EPK)
24,660
4.78
n/a
1 n/a
Communist Movement of the Basque Country (EMK/MCE)
5,654
1.10
n/a
0
n/a
Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (historical) (PSOEh)
2,760
0.54
n/a
0
n/a
Revolutionary Communist League (LKI/LCR)
2,652
0.51
n/a
0
n/a
Workers' Socialist Party (PST)
2,099
0.41
n/a
0
n/a
Spanish Phalanx of the CNSO (FE–JONS)
1,466
0.28
n/a
0
n/a
Workers' Party of the Basque Country (ORT –PTE )
1,404
0.27
n/a
0
n/a
Basque Socialists' Unity Force (ESEI)
1,343
0.26
n/a
0
n/a
Communist Unity (UC)
1,340
0.26
n/a
0
n/a
Carlist Party (EKA/PC)
684
0.13
n/a
0
n/a
Blank ballots
2,164
0.42
n/a
Total
515,542
20
n/a
Valid votes
515,542
98.92
n/a
Invalid votes
5,652
1.08
n/a
Votes cast / turnout
521,194
61.00
n/a
Abstentions
333,173
39.00
n/a
Registered voters
854,367
Sources[ 11] [ 12]
Notes
^ From 2023.
^ Until 2023.
References
^ "Cifras oficiales de población resultantes de la revisión del Padrón municipal a 1 de enero. Población por provincias y por sexo" . ine.es (in Spanish). National Institute of Statistics . Retrieved 8 February 2020 .^ "Elecciones al Parlamento del País Vasco y al Parlamento de Galicia del 12 de julio de 2020" (PDF) . www.ine.es (in Spanish). National Institute of Statistics . 22 May 2020. Retrieved 23 May 2020 .^ a b Ley Orgánica 3/1979, de 18 de diciembre, de Estatuto de Autonomía para el País Vasco (Organic Law 3) (in Spanish). 18 December 1979. Retrieved 17 July 2017 .^ a b c Ley 28/1983, de 25 de noviembre, de Elecciones al Parlamento Vasco (Law 28) (in Spanish). 25 November 1983. Retrieved 8 August 2017 .^ a b c Ley 5/1990, de 15 de junio, de Elecciones al Parlamento Vasco (Law 5) (in Spanish). 15 June 1990. Retrieved 17 July 2017 .^ Reig Pellicer, Naiara (16 December 2015). "Spanish elections: Begging for the right to vote" . cafebabel.co.uk . Retrieved 17 July 2017 . ^ Araque Conde, Pilar (8 June 2022). "El Congreso acaba con el voto rogado: diez años de trabas burocráticas para los residentes en el extranjero" . Público (in Spanish). Madrid. Retrieved 31 July 2022 . ^ Gallagher, Michael (30 July 2012). "Effective threshold in electoral systems" . Trinity College, Dublin. Archived from the original on 30 July 2017. Retrieved 22 July 2017 . ^ Real Decreto-ley 20/1977, de 18 de marzo, sobre Normas Electorales (Royal Decree-Law 20) (in Spanish). 18 March 1977. Retrieved 14 December 2019 .^ Ley Orgánica 5/1985, de 19 de junio, del Régimen Electoral General (Organic Law 5) (in Spanish). 19 June 1985. Retrieved 30 January 2020 .^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m "Election Results Archive" . euskadi.eus (in Spanish). Basque Government. Retrieved 9 May 2024 .^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m "Basque Parliament elections since 1980" . historiaelectoral.com (in Spanish). Electoral History. Retrieved 9 May 2024 .
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