The names of Bjaðǫk and Eysteinn Haraldsson as they appear on folio 73r of AM 45 fol (Codex Frisianus): "Biaðak het moðir Eysteins".[1] The excerpt describes Bjaðǫk as Eysteinn's mother.
Bjaðǫk was a twelfth-century woman purported to have been the mother of Eysteinn Haraldsson, King of Norway.[note 1] In the first half of the twelfth century, Eysteinn was brought to Norway and claimed to be the son of his royal predecessor, Haraldr gilli, King of Norway. The latter was himself the son of a Gaelic woman, and claimed to be the son of an earlier king. The claims of Bjaðǫk and Eysteinn were accepted, and the latter went on to rule as king for fifteen years. Bjaðǫk's name could to be an Old Norse form of a Gaelic name, and she may well have been a member of a prominent family. According to modern tradition, Haraldr gilli's wife was an aunt of Somairle mac Gilla Brigte, King of the Isles, although whether this tradition is authentic is uncertain.
Norwegian royal family
Simplified pedigree illustrating the parentage of Haraldr gilli and Eysteinn Haraldsson, and their kinship with contemporary Norwegian kings. Women are italicised and highlighted.
Eysteinn Haraldsson (died 1157) was a son of Bjaðǫk and Haraldr gilli, King of Norway (died 1136).[8] Following Haraldr gilli's death, two of his sons, Sigurðr munnr (died 1155) and Ingi (died 1161), jointly ruled the Norwegian realm as kings.[9][note 2] According to Haraldssona saga within the thirteenth-century saga-compilation Heimskringla, in 1142 Eysteinn and Bjaðǫk were brought to Norway from west-over-sea by three prominent men of the realm: Árni sturla, Þorleifr Brynjólfsson, and Kolbeinn hrúga. Eysteinn was thence put forward as an adult son of Haraldr gilli who deserved a share of the kingdom. Once his claim was accepted, Eysteinn was recognised as king.[11] The thirteenth-century texts Fagrskinna[12] and Morkinskinna give similar accounts although these sources do not identify Bjaðǫk by name.[13] In fact, her name appears to correspond to either the GaelicBlathach,[14]Bláthóc,[15] or Bethóc.[16]
Overseas sexual encounters between Norwegian royals and foreign women was evidently not an uncommon occurrence at the time. Certainly, the thirteenth-century Chronica of Roger de Hoveden (died 1201/1202) pointedly remarks upon the low-status of the mothers of Norwegian monarchs.[17] Such relationships offered young women an opportunity to produce a royal son, and thereby procure preferment for herself and her family.[18] Whether the women concerned actually pursued such schemes themselves is uncertain, and it is possible that they were instead selected by the kings themselves or proffered by their own families.[19] In any case, it is conceivable that Eysteinn and Bjaðǫk enjoyed the support of influential relatives who backed their claims. Despite his apparent Gaelic background, however, there is no hint of Eysteinn's interest in his homeland after his arrival in Scandinavia.[20] Eysteinn jointly ruled as king with his brothers until the end of his life.[8]
One episode that may have bearing on Eysteinn's Gaelic heritage is his raiding expedition along the eastern British coast in about 1151. At about this time, Guðrøðr Óláfsson (died 1187), son and heir of the reigning King of the Isles, visited Norway and rendered homage to Ingi. Guðrøðr's Scandinavian stay coincided with that of Nicholas Breakspeare, Cardinal-Bishop of Albano (died 1159),[20] an Englishman who became pope in 1154.[21] The latter was instrumental in the creation of the Norwegian Archdiocese of Niðaróss,[22] an ecclesiastical jurisdiction that officially included the Diocese of the Isles in 1154.[23] Nicholas also apparently favoured Ingi as king over Eysteinn and Sigurðr munnr. Guðrøðr's cooperation with Ingi, therefore, could have been undertaken in the context of avoiding having to deal with Eysteinn and his seemingly Irish or Hebridean kin.[20]
Eysteinn's grandmother
Nineteenth-century depiction of Haraldr gilli undergoing an ordeal to prove his paternity.[24]
The story of how Eysteinn's father came to the kingship is similar to that of Eysteinn. At some point in the 1120s, Haraldr gilli arrived in Norway claiming to be a brother of the reigning king.[25] The tale of Haraldr gilli's accession is preserved in several sources. According to Magnússona saga, within Heimskringla, a Norwegian baron named Hallkell húkr voyaged from Norway to the Isles where he encountered Haraldr gilli and his mother. Named Gillikristr by the saga, Haraldr gilli told Hallkell húkr that he was a son Magnús berfættr, King of Norway (died 1103), and that another name of his was Haraldr.[26] In fact, Haraldr gilli's byname—gilli—is a shortened form of Gillikristr, an Old Norse form of the Gaelic personal name Gilla Críst.[27][note 3] According to Magnússona saga, Haraldr gilli was originally from Ireland, and both he and his mother were subsequently conveyed to Norway by Hallkell húkr, who presented them to Magnús' reigning son, Sigurðr Jórsalafari, King of Norway (died 1130).[26]Fagrskinna[30] and Morkinskinna give similar accounts, with the latter source calling him Haraldr Gillikristr.[31] Some years before his arrival, whilst only a teenager, the thirteenth-century Orkneyinga saga indicates that Haraldr gilli encountered Kali Kolsson (died 1158) at Grimsby, where he revealed to Kali his parentage, as a descendant of Magnús and an Isleswoman.[32] According to Magnússona saga,[33] and the twelfth-century Historia de antiquitate regum Norwagiensium, after Haraldr gilli's arrival in Norway from Ireland or Scotia respectively, Sigurðr Jórsalafari had Haraldr gilli undergo an ordeal in which the latter was to walk upon nine red-hot ploughshares. The latter source further states that it was believed that Haraldr gilli was divinely aided since he emerged from his ordeal unburnt.[34][note 4]
Since Haraldr gilli's mother evidently travelled with him to Norway, and Sigurðr Jórsalafari is known to have spent time in Ireland as a child, it is possible that Sigurðr Jórsalafari recognised her as a former lover of his father.[38][note 5] The accounts of Eysteinn's father gaining royal recognition illustrate that, although such claimants sometimes had to undergo ordeals to prove their paternity, the testimony of their foreign mothers also carried weight in the final decision.[40] Nevertheless, not only did claimants to throne need to prove their paternity, they needed to also gain the acceptance of an assembled þing in a process known as konungstekja.[41] Having gaining approval of such an assembly, a successful claimant would have sworn an oath to uphold the national law, whereupon he would have received an oath of allegiance from the assembly itself.[42] Eysteinn and Haraldr gilli lived during a remarkable period of Norwegian history in which civil warring waged for nearly a century, from 1130 to 1240. No less than forty-six candidates emerged seeking recognition as king during this period. Although twenty-four of these candidates succeeded, only two gained royal authority throughout the realm. In fact, only one king from this period, Ingi, was the legitimate son of a king.[41]
Later tradition
The names of Bjaðǫk and Eysteinn as they appear on folio 56v of AM 47 fol (Eirspennill): "Biaðǫk het moðir Eysteins konvngs".[43]
According to a much later tradition, dated to turn of the twentieth century and perhaps as early as the late eighteenth century, the grandfather of Somairle mac Gilla Brigte, King of the Isles (died 1164), Gilla Adamnáin, had a daughter who married a Norwegian king—a king who seemingly corresponds to Haraldr gilli himself.[44] Although there is no way to confirm the claim itself, such a union is not implausible, and may correspond to the relationship between Bjaðǫk and Haraldr gilli.[45] Certainly, Somairle himself had a daughter named Bethóc.[46] Nevertheless, the notion of an affiliation with Somairle's family postdates the printing of Heimskringla, which could suggest that this source spawned ideas of a familial connection.[47]
^Since the 1980s, Bjaðǫk has been variously known in English scholarly secondary sources as: Biadok,[2]Bjaðǫk,[3]Bjaðok,[4]Bjaðök.[5]Bjadok,[6] and Blathac.[3]
^Sigurðr munnr and Ingi had different mothers.[10]
^The name Gilla Críst means "servant of Christ".[28] The name-element Gilla- was common in Gaelic personal names. Other examples include Gilla Patráic and Gilla Ísu. It is apparent that such names were shortened to Gilli by Scandinavian settlers in Britain and Ireland.[29]
^Scandinavian sources relevant to Haraldr gilli reveal that he was regarded as a foreigner by Norwegians. Specifically, he is stated to have spoken the Norwegians' native language poorly.[35] This suggests that Haraldr gilli's own native language was Gaelic.[36] Both Eysteinn and his grandfather, Haraldr gilli, were noted to have been darker than their peers. For example, appearance (including his dark hair and eyes) is noted; whilst Eysteinn's dark and curly hair is contrasted with the fair hair of his half-brother, Sigurðr munnr.[37]
^In fact, a piece of poetry ascribed to Magnús refers to an Irish lover, and declares that Magnús left his heart in Dublin.[39]
Finlay, A, ed. (2004). Fagrskinna, a Catalogue of the Kings of Norway: A Translation with Introduction and Notes. The Northern World: North Europe and the Baltic c. 400–1700 AD. Peoples, Economics and Cultures. Leiden: Brill. ISBN90-04-13172-8. ISSN1569-1462.
MacDonald, A (1896). The Clan Donald. Vol. 1. Inverness: The Northern Counties Publishing Company.
MacDonald, A (1904). The Clan Donald. Vol. 3. Inverness: The Northern Counties Publishing Company.
"Mberf Lv 6II". The Skaldic Project. n.d. Retrieved 29 October 2017.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: year (link)
McDougall, D; McDougall, I, eds. (2006) [1998]. Theodoricus Monachus, Historia de Antiquitate Regum Norwagiensium: An Account of the Ancient History of the Norwegian Kings. Viking Society for Northern Research Text Series. London: Viking Society for Northern Research. ISBN978-0-903521-40-6.
Antonsson, H (2007). St. Magnús of Orkney: A Scandinavian Martyr-Cult in Context. The Northern World: North Europe and the Baltic c. 400–1700 AD. Peoples, Economics and Cultures. Leiden: Brill. ISBN978-90-04-15580-0. ISSN1569-1462.
Driscoll, MJ, ed. (2008). Ágrip af Nóregskonungasǫgum: A Twelfth-Century Synoptic History of the Kings of Norway. Viking Society for Northern Research Text Series (2nd ed.). London: Viking Society for Northern Research. ISBN978-0-903521-75-8.
Gade, KE, ed. (2009). Poetry From the Kings' Sagas 2: From c.1035 to c.1300. Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages. Turnhout: Brepols Publishers. ISBN978-2-503-51897-8.
Magnúsdóttir, A (2013). "Kingship, Women and Politics in Morkinskinna". In Esmark, K; Hermanson, L; Orning, HJ; Helle, V (eds.). Disputing Strategies in Medieval Scandinavia. Medieval Law and its Practice. Leiden: Brill. pp. 83–106. ISBN978-90-04-22159-8. ISSN1873-8176.
Orning, HJ; Crozier, A (2008). Unpredictability and Presence: Norwegian Kingship in the High Middle Ages. The Northern World: North Europe and the Baltic c. 400–1700 AD. Peoples, Economics and Cultures. Leiden: Brill. ISBN978-90-04-16661-5. ISSN1569-1462.
Shaw, J (2008). "'Gaelic/Norse Folklore Contacts' and Oral Traditions From the West of Scotland". In Gunnell, T (ed.). Legends and Landscape: Articles Based on Plenary Papers Presented at the 5th Celtic-Nordic-Baltic Folklore Symposium, Reykjavík, 2005. Reykjavik: University of Iceland Press. pp. 235–272.
Taylor, AB (1965). "Eysteinn Haraldsson in the West, c. 1151: Oral Traditions and Written Record". In Small, A (ed.). The Fourth Viking Congress, York, August 1961. Aberdeen University Studies. Edinburgh: Oliver & Boyd. pp. 119–134.
Thornton, DE (1997). "Hey, Mac! The Name Maccus, Tenth to Fifteenth Centuries". Nomina. 20: 67–98. ISSN0141-6340.
Nasi sekNasi sek yang terhidang bersama lauk pauk lainnyaSajianMakanan utamaTempat asalIndonesiaDaerahKota Pariaman, Sumatera BaratDibuat olehMasyarakat PariamanSuhu penyajianDalam keadaan hangatBahan utamaNasi dengan porsi kecil yang dibungkus daun pisang dan ditambahkan lauk pauk ketika akan dimakan Nasi sek yang terhidang Nasi sek (nasi seratus kenyang) adalah makanan yang berasal dari Pariaman, Sumatera Barat. Makanan ini merupakan nasi putih dalam porsi kecil seukuran kepalan tangan dan ...
Bids for the 2024 (2024) Summer Olympics and ParalympicsOverviewGames of the XXXIII Olympiad XVII Paralympic GamesDetailsCityHamburg, GermanyNOCGerman Olympic Sports FederationPrevious Games hosted The Hamburg bid for the 2024 Summer Olympics (Low Saxon: Hamborg 2024) was a cancelled bid of Hamburg to host the 2024 Summer Olympics. A referendum on 29 November 2015 rejected the bid.[1] Bid history In October 2012, Thomas Bach, president of the IOC, stated that Hamburg will apply f...
Опис фотографія роботи художника Юрія Логвина Джерело власна фотографія Час створення 2014 Автор зображення Веренко Я.Г. Ліцензія Цей твір поширюється на умовах ліцензії Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 1.0. Коротко: ви можете вільно поширювати цей твір, змінювати і використов
Communication method on the trading floors of stock exchanges Until 2009,[1] trades on the floor of the New York Stock Exchange always involved a face-to-face interaction. There is one podium/desk on the trading floor for each of the exchange's three thousand or so stocks. The New York stock exchange trading floor in September 1963, before the introduction of electronic readouts and computer screens Open outcry pit at the Chicago Board of Trade (CBOT) in 1993 CBOT The Pit in 1908 Open...
Halaman ini berisi artikel tentang adaptasi film pertama dari novel Somerset Maugham. Untuk film tahun 1957, lihat The Seventh Sin. Untuk film tahun 2006, lihat The Painted Veil (film 2006). Untuk novel, lihat The Painted Veil (novel). The Painted VeilPoster rilis teatrikalSutradara Richard Boleslawski Produser Hunt Stromberg Ditulis oleh John Meehan Salka Viertel Edith Fitzgerald Skenario John Meehan Salka Viertel Edith Fitzgerald BerdasarkanThe Painted VeilNovel tahun 1925oleh W. Somerset M...
Viện Hàn lâm Khoa học TajikistanАкадемияи илмҳои Ҷумҳурии ТоҷикистонTòa chính của Viện, 2005Thành lập1951Trụ sở chínhРудаки, 33Vị tríDushanbe, TajikistanVùng phục vụ TajikistanChủ tịchFarkhod K. RakhimovTrang webWebsite chính thức Viện Hàn lâm Khoa học nước Cộng hòa Tajikistan (tiếng Tajik: Академияи илмҳои Ҷумҳурии Тоҷикистон, Akademiyai ilmhoi Jumhuriyi Tojikiston; ti
Pour les articles homonymes, voir Heres. Cet article est une ébauche concernant une localité vénézuélienne. Vous pouvez partager vos connaissances en l’améliorant (comment ?) selon les recommandations des projets correspondants. Heres Héraldique Drapeau Siège de la municipalité à Ciudad Bolívar Administration Pays Venezuela État État de Bolívar Nombre de paroisses 9 Chef-lieu Ciudad Bolívar Maire Victor Fuenmayor Démographie Population 342 280 hab. (2011) Densit
Pour les articles homonymes, voir Nagai (homonymie). Nagai TatsuoTatsuo NagaiBiographieNaissance 20 mai 1904TokyoDécès 12 octobre 1990 (à 86 ans)KamakuraNom dans la langue maternelle 永井龍男Nationalité japonaiseActivités Poète, romancier, écrivainPériode d'activité à partir de 1920Autres informationsDistinctions Liste détailléePrix Kan-Kikuchi (1972)Personne de mérite culturel (1973)Prix Kawabata (1975)Ordre de la Culture (1981)Prix de l'Académie japonaise des artsmodi...
Part of a series onMandaeism Prophets Adam Seth Noah Shem John the Baptist Names for adherents Mandaeans Sabians Nasoraeans Gnostics Scriptures Ginza Rabba Right Ginza Left Ginza Mandaean Book of John Qolasta Niana Haran Gawaita The Wedding of the Great Shishlam The Baptism of Hibil Ziwa Diwan Abatur The Thousand and Twelve Questions Scroll of Exalted Kingship The Coronation of the Great Shishlam Alma Rišaia Rba Alma Rišaia Zuṭa Zihrun Raza Kasia Scroll of the Parwanaya Book of the Zodiac...
Book published in 2014The Snowden Files: The Inside Story of the World's Most Wanted Man First editionAuthorsLuke Harding[1]LanguageEnglishSubjectEspionageGenrenon-fictionPublisherVintage Books[1]Publication date2014[1]ISBN9780804173520OCLC870337274 The Snowden Files: The Inside Story of the World's Most Wanted Man is a 2014 book by Luke Harding, published by Vintage Books. Greg Miller of The Washington Post described the book as the first single-book account of Edward...
2001 French mystery film This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: Vidocq 2001 film – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (February 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) VidocqFilm posterDirected byPitofWritten by Pitof Jean-Christophe Grangé Based onthe memoirs of Eu...
1966 single by Count FivePsychotic ReactionGerman single picture sleeve, HansaSingle by Count Fivefrom the album Psychotic Reaction B-sideThey're Gonna Get YouReleasedJune 1966 (1966-06)Recorded1966StudioHollywood, CaliforniaGenreGarage rock[1][2]acid rock[3]psychedelic rock[4]proto-punk[5]Length2:56LabelDouble ShotSongwriter(s)Kenn EllnerRoy ChaneyCraig Butch AtkinsonJohn Sean ByrneJohn Mouse MichalskiProducer(s)Hal WinnJoseph HoovenCount Fiv...
Este artículo o sección necesita referencias que aparezcan en una publicación acreditada.Este aviso fue puesto el 3 de marzo de 2012. Napoleon: Total WarInformación generalDesarrollador The Creative AssemblyDistribuidor SEGADatos del juegoGénero videojuego de estrategia en tiempo real, videojuego de estrategia por turnos y videojuego de táctica en tiempo real Idiomas alemán Modos de juego Un jugador, multijugadorClasificaciones ESRBPEGIUSKDatos del softwareMotor WarscapeVersión actual...
Not to be confused with De Bilt. Municipality in Friesland, Netherlandshet BildtMunicipalityChurch and water tower of Sint Jacobiparochie FlagCoat of armsLocation in FrieslandCoordinates: 53°17′N 5°40′E / 53.283°N 5.667°E / 53.283; 5.667CountryNetherlandsProvinceFrieslandGovernment[1] • BodyMunicipal council • MayorGerrit Krol (CDA)Area[2] • Total116.48 km2 (44.97 sq mi) • Land92.37&...
Pour les articles homonymes, voir À l'Olympia. À l'Olympia Live de Céline Dion Sortie 14 novembre 1994 Enregistré 28 & 29 septembre 1994Olympia, Paris Durée 68:16 Genre Pop, soft rock Producteur Claude Lemay Label Sony Music, Columbia Albums de Céline Dion Les Premières Années(1993) D'eux(1995)Singles Calling YouSortie : 19 décembre 1994modifier À l'Olympia est le quatorzième album de Céline Dion, et son deuxième album live, sorti le 14 novembre 1994. Historiqu...
Association football club in Wales Football clubPenybontFull namePenybont Football ClubShort namePenybontFounded2013; 10 years ago (2013) (as Penybont F.C., following merger with Bryntirion Athletic F.C.)GroundThe SDM Glass Stadium, BridgendCapacity1,200Coordinates51°30′43.1″N 3°36′32.1″W / 51.511972°N 3.608917°W / 51.511972; -3.608917ChairmanEmlyn PhillipsManagerRhys GriffithsLeagueCymru Premier2022–23Cymru Premier, 3rd of 12WebsiteClub...
German rock band This article is about the band. For their untitled album that is also considered self-titled, see Untitled Rammstein album. For other uses, see Ramstein (disambiguation). RammsteinRammstein performing in August 2013; upper level (left to right): Oliver Riedel, Christoph Schneider, and Christian Lorenz; lower level (left to right): Paul Landers, Till Lindemann, and Richard KruspeBackground informationAlso known asTempelprayers (1993–1994)OriginBerlin, GermanyGenres Neue Deut...
.jpg)
.jpg)
.jpg)
