Calstock (Cornish: Kalstok[2]) is a civil parish and a large village in south east Cornwall, England, United Kingdom, on the border with Devon. The village is situated on the River Tamar 6 miles (9.7 km) south west of Tavistock and 10 miles (16 km) north of Plymouth.[3]
The parish had a population of 6,095 in the 2001 census.[4] This had increased to 6,431 at the 2011 census.[5] The parish encompasses 5,760 acres (23.3 km2) of land, 70 acres (0.28 km2) of water, and 44 acres (0.18 km2) of the tidal Tamar.[6]
Ashburton Hotel and Danescombe Quay overlooking the River Tamar
Map of the Roman Fort excavated at Calstock, Cornwall, UK (displayed on an interpretation board on the site)
Archaeological excavations and geophysical surveys on Church Hill, conducted between 2007 and 2011 by archaeologists from the University of Exeter, revealed evidences of a settled population in the Early Bronze Age (c. 2200-2000 BCE). During the Late Iron Age (500-350 BCE), the church hill was surrounded by an enclosure. It is possible that the Romans reused this Iron Age hill fort when they set up their own, albeit smaller, squared Roman fort measuring about 170 m × 160 m (560 ft × 520 ft). This fort, discovered during the same excavation, is only the third known in Cornwall, and the largest. [8][9] The fort was likely established in about 50/55 CE, contemporaneously with a legionary fortress at Exeter. It is thought that up to 500 soldiers would have been based here. More recent excavations have revealed the presence of a Roman mine consisting of pits connected by a network of tunnels. There is also evidence of a Roman road in the vicinity.[10] The fort was occupied for about thirty years: in 75 CE, the Legio II Augusta moved on to South Wales, leaving auxiliary units behind in Devon and Cornwall. The site was probably abandoned around 80/85 CE, buildings were disassembled and demolished and the ramparts and ditches leveled. Only from the 8th century CE onwards, was the hill again populated. Part of the Roman site is now occupied by St Andrew's Church and the cemeteries; an interpretation board at the entrance to the cemetery opposite the church gives more details.
In Saxon times, Calstock was in the Kingdom of Cornwall, which resisted the spread of Wessex from the east. In 838 CE, Wessex had spread as far as the Tamar, and a battle for independence was fought near Calstock. Following the Norman Conquest, Calstock manor was recorded in the Domesday Book, referred to as Callestock. The Saxon manor (held by Asgar) was taken over, and in the 14th century became part of the Duchy of Cornwall: one of the 17 Antiqua maneria. At the time of Domesday Book (1086), the manor was held by Reginald from Robert, Count of Mortain. There were two and a half hides of land and land for 12 ploughs. Reginald held one virgate of land with two ploughs and 12 serfs. Thirty villeins and 30 smallholders had the rest of the land with six ploughs. There were 100 acres of woodland, 3 square leagues of pasture and three pigs. The value of the manor was £3 sterling, though it had formerly been worth £6.[11] The manor was sold by the Duchy to John Williams of Scorrier House circa 1807.[12]
Cotehele Consols captain's house and wheel house, now holiday homes on the Cotehele Estate.
Mining was important in Calstock from Mediaeval times, with the Duchy mining silver. The industry was booming in the late 19th century, and the discovery of copper, coupled with nearby granite quarrying, made Calstock a busy port. The rapid population boom due to the growth of industry led, in 1849, to an outbreak of cholera.[citation needed] The industry declined in the early 20th century due to foreign competition, and now only the ruined pump houses that dot the landscape remain.
Calstock had much mining activity, principally;
Cotehele Consol - copper and arsenic
Calstock Consol - copper
Okeltor Consol - copper, tin and arsenic, mined silver and copper up until 1877
Wheal Trelawny - copper, very close to Okeltor Consols
Danescombe Mines - copper, tin and arsenic
Wheal Zion - copper
Wheal Edward - copper and arsenic
Wheal Arthur - copper and arsenic, directly east of Wheal Edward
Transport
PSAlexandra at Weir Head, upstream of Calstock, in 1906
The Tamar is navigable to boats past Calstock some 3 miles (4.8 km) upstream to Morwellham Quay with some 10 feet (3.0 m) or even 20 feet (6.1 m) of water at extreme spring tides. Calstock Quay and Danescombe Quay were once important for transporting minerals from the various mines in the area. In the Victorian era when steamers brought tourists to the village, Calstock was visited by Queen Victoria and Prince Albert in 1846. Tourist boats still operate from Plymouth as far as Cotehele in the summer months. The importance of the river as a transport route declined with the construction of the 14 miles (23 km) Tamar Valley railway at the start of the 20th century. The village is still dominated by the railway's viaduct.
Boat building
The river has its own unique design of craft, The Tamar barge. Calstock had two main boat builders, Goss's Yard, which built the West Country KetchGarlandstone, now at Morwellham Quay industrial museum, and May's Yard, in the Danescombe Valley. Garlandstone was, unusually, built as a speculative venture by James Goss to keep his men employed at a period of diminishing repair work following the run down and closure of Morwellham Quay.[15] A surviving Tamar barge, Shamrock, is preserved by the National Trust and National Maritime Museum at Cotehele Quay. A second barge, Lynher, also built by James Goss, is privately owned at Cremyll
Lime production
Calstock's Lower Kelly lime kiln, opposite Calstock boatyard
There are four sets of lime kilns at Calstock and more at Cotehele Quay. Further kilns were located at various points along the river. The burning of lime was a major industry in the area in the 19th century. The limestone was delivered to the kilns by boat but the resulting lime was shipped out to the various farms by horse and cart. It was used as a fertiliser, an ingredient in paint and as a mortar for bricklaying.[16]
Churches
Parish church of St Andrew
St Andrew's Church, after the grave stones were moved in 1967
The church is said to have been consecrated about 1290. Nothing obvious remains of this period, but the pillars and arches to the north of the centre aisle of the present building are early 14th century. About 1420 the south aisle was added, and the whole church re-roofed. In 1861, an architectural survey of the diocese of Exeter noted that the whole church was in a sad state. This resulted in the thorough restoration of 1867, the floor levels were altered, the existing tiles relaid, the chancel given its present roof, and the building furnished with plain pitched-pine benches. Although the restoration was severe, many of the interesting features of the church were preserved. In addition, three chapels-of-ease were built at Gunnislake, Harrowbarrow and Latchley; these chapels were needed because of the increase in population for the mines of the parish.[17]
The arms of the Diocese of Truro, to which the Parish of Calstock belongs
St. Anne's, Gunnislake
The land was bought on 29 January 1879. The total cost of the building was £2,400 of which the Duke of Bedford gave £500 and the Church building society gave £200.
The foundation stone of the church was laid by the Dowager Countess of Mount Edgcumbe, at 3pm on Tuesday, 30 September 1879. The building was designed by J. Piers St Aubyn and was consecrated by Edward Benson, the Bishop of Truro, in 1880. It was dedicated to St. Anne because of an ancient local holy well, close to the site of the church. The church seats up to 225 worshippers. In 1918 Gunnislake made an appeal to become its own separate parish but failed to raise the necessary funds.
All Saints, Harrowbarrow
In 1870, a parishioner presented the rector with a piece of land, near the Prince of Wales Mine. The church was designed by J. Piers St Aubyn; it was built as a school and a mission chapel for £700. The church seats up to 80 worshippers.
Albaston Chapel
The graveyard in front was consecrated in 1888. Outside the chapel, just inside the main gate, there is a large granite memorial cross commemorating 132 men who made the supreme sacrifice in war. The cross bears the following inscription;
Thanks be to God which giveth us the victory. In glorious memory of the men from the parish of Calstock who fell in the Great War 1914–1918. Greater Love hath no man than this that a man lay down his life for his friends.
St Michael and All Angels, Latchley Church
In 1879, the "foundation stone of our long wished for church was laid". Latchley church was designed by Piers St Aubyn, the same architect as Gunnislake. It was built three years later than Gunnislake at a cost of £1,147 as a chapel-of-ease dedicated to St Michael and All Angels. It was dedicated by the Bishop of Truro on 20 July 1883. After a bad attack of woodworm to the building in August 1968. it was closed to worshippers. In 1985, it was sold and used for a dwelling.
Chapel west window facing the courtyard
Cotehele's chapels
St. Katharine, House Chapel Cotehele
In Cotehele, on the west side of Hall Court is the vicarage and chapel. The chapel, dedicated to St. Katharine and St. Anne, is connected to the main building via a small passageway leading to the dining room. The chapel is one of the oldest rooms in the house, alongside the Great Hall. It still has the original clock, a rare example from the Tudor period, still in operation today.
St. Thomas Becket, Woodland Chapel Cotehele
In the grounds of Cotehele, directly East of the House close to the River Tamar, lies a peaceful basic chapel. inside there are pews going around the walls, two minister's benches and a very ornate table. the patron saint of the chapel is St. Thomas Becket.
Calstock Community Primary School was built in 1901 and opened on 6 January 1902. At that time, the school consisted of just two main classrooms. It has since been extended with the addition of the infant suite which won an award for architectural design, in keeping with the remainder of the school. The centenary of the school was celebrated in the summer of 2002.[23] In 2014, Stoke Climsland School federated with Calstock to pool resources. The vast majority of pupils continue their education at Callington Community College or Devonport High School for Boys / Girls.
The East Cornwall Mineral Railway was a 1,067 mm (3 ft 6 in) gauge railway line, opened in 1872 to connect mines and quarries in the Callington and Gunnislake areas in east Cornwall with shipping at Calstock on the River Tamar. The line included a rope-worked incline to descend to the quay at Calstock. Wagons with goods from the mines around Gunnislake and Callington were brought down the hillside on a 0.4 miles (0.6 km) cable-worked incline with a gradient of 1 in 6 (17%).
Following the opening of the LSWR mainline railway at nearby Bere Alston, a connecting line from there to Calstock was opened, and the existing line converted to standard gauge, opening throughout as a passenger line in 1908. When rural lines in the area were closed in the 1960s under the Beeching Axe, a short section of the original ECMR line was retained to keep open a connection from Plymouth to Gunnislake, and that section remains open.
The viaduct is 120 feet (37 m) high with twelve 60 feet (18 m) wide arches, and a further small arch in the Calstock abutment. Three of the piers stand in the River Tamar, which is tidal at this point and has a minimum clearance at high tide of 110 feet (34 m).
It was built between 1904 and 1907 by John Lang of Liskeard using 11,148 concrete blocks. These were cast in a temporary yard on the Devon bank opposite the village. The engineers were Richard Church and W. R. Galbraith. The viaduct was first crossed by truck on 8 August 1907 and first used by passengers on 2 March 1908.
The poetry publisher Peterloo Poets, founded by Harry Chambers, was based in Calstock until it closed down in 2009.[26] Peterloo Poets was formerly based at Liskeard.[27] In 2010 Chambers was honoured for services to Poetry in the New Year Honours.
Local establishments
The Tamar Inn overlooking the quay at Calstock
During Victorian times, the parish had "13 churches and 13 taverns."[citation needed] Currently, the parish only has four churches and nine taverns. These include the Tamar Inn, on Calstock Quay, which dates from the 17th century and was rumoured to be the haunt of smugglers and highwaymen,[28] and the Boot Inn, in the centre of the village, built in the year 1666.
Calstock has a non-league football club, playing in the second division of the Duchy League. Their home ground is on Calstock Quay by the banks of the River Tamar. The club's nickname, The Bees, and logo are derived from Cornwall's county colours of black and gold. The club is run by local volunteers and is sponsored by the Tamar Inn, also located on Calstock Quay.
Calstock Parish Council forms the lowest tier of local government. The parish council was established in 1934, after Calstock Rural District was amalgamated the parish with the Rural District of St Germans.[29]
Eighteen councillors are elected or co-opted from the five wards of the parish - Calstock, Chilsworthy, Delaware, Gunnislake and Harrowbarrow.[30] The council meets at the Tamar Valley Centre in Drakewalls.
Coat of arms of Calstock Parish Council
Adopted
2016; 8 years ago (2016)
Escutcheon
Sable, Cross Argent, Calstock Viaduct Argent, Two Strawberries Gules, Daffodil Or, Engine House Argent and Picaxe Argent
For elections to Cornwall Council, Calstock is an electoral division represented by one member on the council. Dorothy Kirk of the Labour Party has been the councillor since 2021. Before 2021, Calstock was in the Gunnislake and Calstock electoral division.
Freemasonry
Calstock has always had a strong masonic presence. Cotehele Lodge No. 2166 was Warranted in June 1886[31] and Consecrated in April 1887 at Cotehele House. It was founded by twelve local men and was greatly supported by the then Provincial Grand Master, the Earl of Mount Edgcumbe. In August 1900, Cotehele Lodge moved to the purpose built Calstock Masonic Hall, on Commercial Road,[32] which was opened by Sir Philip Colville Smith, CVO. The Lodge has continued to meet there since its construction.[33]
^Smart, Chris; Rippon, Stephen; Claughton, Peter. "Calstock Roman Fort". Department of Archaeology, the University of Exeter. Retrieved 6 January 2024.
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