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Calvin Ball III

"Calvin Ball" redirects here. For the fictional game, see Calvin and Hobbes § Calvinball.
Calvin Ball
10th Executive of Howard County
Incumbent
Assumed office
December 3, 2018
Preceded byAllan Kittleman
Member of the Howard County Council
from the 2nd district
In office
April 20, 2006 – December 3, 2018
Preceded byDavid Rakes
Succeeded byOpel Jones
Personal details
Born (1975-09-02) September 2, 1975 (age 49)
Catonsville, Maryland, U.S.
Political partyDemocratic
Spouse
Shani Ball
​
(m. 1998)​
Children2 daughters
EducationTowson University (BA)
University of Baltimore (MA)
Morgan State University (EdD)
Signature

Calvin B. Ball III (born September 2, 1975) is an American politician who serves as the county executive of Howard County, Maryland. A member of the Democratic Party, he is the first African-American to hold this office. He previously served as a member of the Howard County Council from the 2nd district from 2006 to 2018.[1]

Early life and education

Ball was born and raised in Catonsville, Maryland[2] to father Calvin Ball Jr., a Vietnam War Air Force veteran,[3] and Carolyn Ball, a computer assistant.[4] He graduated from Woodlawn High School in 1993, and later attended Towson University, where he earned a Bachelor of Arts degree in philosophy and religion in 1997, the University of Baltimore, where he earned a Master of Arts degree in legal and ethical studies in 1999,[5] and Morgan State University, where he earned an Doctor of Education degree in 2008. Ball is a member of the Kappa Delta Pi[1] and Alpha Phi Alpha fraternities.[6]

Career

After graduating, Ball worked as a supervisor in the Consumer Protection Division of the Maryland Attorney General's office and as a part-time professor at the University of Phoenix.[5]

In October 2001, he announced his candidacy for the Howard County Council in the second district, seeking to succeed term-limited councilmember C. Vernon Grey.[5] He lost the Democratic primary, placing second behind David A. Rakes by a margin of 355 votes out of 4,451 votes cast. Following his defeat, state delegate-elect Neil F. Quinter hired Ball as a legislative aide.[7] He also worked as assistant education and urban studies professor at Morgan State University, as a revitalization coordinator and community organizer for the Oakland Mills Village Board, and as a firefighter and emergency medical technician for the county.[8]

In January 2006, Ball announced that he would again run for the Howard County Council in District 2, challenging Rakes.[9]

Howard County Council

Ball's official portrait on the Howard County Council

In March 2006, after Rakes announced he would resign from the Howard County Council, Ball applied to serve out the remainder of his term.[10] The Howard County Democratic Central Committee voted unanimously to nominate Ball to fill the vacancy on the Howard County Council.[11] He was confirmed by the Howard County Council and sworn in on April 20, 2006.[12] During his tenure, he gained a reputation as a social progressive.[13] Ball was thrice elected as chair of the Howard County Council in 2006, 2010, and 2013,[14] becoming the youngest person to ever hold this position.[15]

In 2010, Ball was named as the chair of the Maryland Sustainable Growth Commission's education subcommittee.[8] In 2012, he started a statewide minority caucus within the Maryland Association of Counties.[16] In 2013, Ball was appointed as the chair of the Commission on Environmental Justice and Sustainable Communities.[8]

Howard County Executive

Elections

2018
Main article: 2018 Maryland county executive elections § Howard County

On November 9, 2017, Ball announced his candidacy for Howard County Executive, challenging incumbent county executive Allan H. Kittleman.[17] During his campaign, he spoke on national and statewide political trends and ran on platform that included increasing school funding, protecting the environment, and diversifying the county tax base.[18]

During the election campaign, Ball was outraised by Kittleman, with total spending on the race reaching $1 million by the end of October 2018,[19] but was aided by the national environment favoring Democrats.[20] He received endorsements from the Howard County Education Association,[21] Progressive Maryland,[22] and former Governor Martin O'Malley.[23]

Pre-election polling showed a tight race between Ball and Kittleman, despite Kittleman's popularity and uncontroversial tenure.[24][25][26] Ball narrowly defeated Kittleman in the general election on November 7, 2018, receiving 52.8 percent of the vote.[19]

2022
Main article: 2022 Maryland county executive elections § Howard County

On June 1, 2021, Ball announced that he would seek a second term as county executive in 2022.[27] During the election campaign, he outraised Republican challenger and former county executive Allan H. Kittleman, with total spending on the race reaching $1.3 million by the end of October 2022.[28]

In June 2021, state delegate Robert Flanagan filed a public records request for emails exchanged by Ball, other county employees, and a lobbyist. The county identified 748 emails, but declined to release 497 of them, saying that doing so would reveal internal deliberations or information protected by attorney-client privilege. Flanagan filed a lawsuit in August 2021 against Ball, seeking the full release of the emails, arguing that they were withheld without being reviewed by the county's Office of Law. By the end of 2021, the county released nearly every email to Flanagan, who continued the lawsuit until it was dismissed in July 2022 after the county acknowledged that it had violated the state's Public Information Act and Open Meetings Act, and agreed to pay the maximum penalties. Kittleman subsequently ran ads highlighting the lawsuit, which Ball called a "Donald Trump, Dan Cox-style political stunt".[29][30]

Ball defeated former county executive Kittleman in the general election in November 2022, receiving 59 percent of the vote.[31]

Tenure

Ball being sworn in as county executive, 2018

Ball was sworn in as the new County Executive on December 3, 2018,[1] becoming the county's first African-American county executive.[32] During his first term in office, Ball focused on the issues of crime, climate change, and education.[33]

In January 2019, Ball was named as treasurer for the Maryland Association of Counties.[34] In January 2023, he was elected as the organization's president.[35]

In September 2019, the Howard County Ethics Commission initiated an investigation into allegations that Ball illegally used the county seal in a video where he explains his commitment to the Democratic Party. The alleged infractions did not lead to a criminal prosecution because they were reported outside of the county's statute of limitations.[36]

Political positions

COVID-19 pandemic

See also: COVID-19 pandemic in Maryland

In early March 2020, in preparation for the COVID-19 pandemic, Ball suspended all out-of-state travel for county employees[37] and participated in a tabletop exercises on how to handle COVID-19.[38] On March 15, 2020, Ball announced that Howard County had recorded its first case of COVID-19. On the same day, he declared a state of emergency and ordered the closing of all commercial gathering places in the county until further notice.[39] He soon ordered the closing of all non-emergency county buildings.[40] In April 2020, Ball released a plan for handling coronavirus patient surges at local hospitals amid an increase in the spread of COVID-19 cases in the county, which included expanding hospital capacities and streamlining vital equipment purchases.[41] He also signed an executive order to provide essential employees with one-time discretionary bonuses.[42] In May 2020, Ball signed the Rental Protection and Stability Act, which prevented landlords from raising rents during the COVID-19 pandemic,[43] and allocated $500,000 toward food assistance and rental relief.[44]

In May 2020, Ball cautioned against lifting coronavirus pandemic restrictions, saying that the county would not be "returning to normal any time that is immediate".[45] The following day, after Governor Larry Hogan announced the state would begin its gradual reopening, Ball announced a reopening plan for the county, which included the termination of the countywide stay-at-home order.[46] On May 20, he signed onto a letter expressing concern about the consequences of Hogan's partial reopening and asking for guidance from the administration as they decided how to proceed.[47] The county entered its first stage of reopening on May 26, which included relaxed capacity restrictions on businesses and religious institutions,[48] and entered Phase 2 on June 5.[49]

From June to December 2020, Ball distributed $56.8 million in funding from the CARES Act toward the county services and various nonprofits throughout the county, especially those focused on child care,[50] as well as $2.5 million in economic relief toward businesses impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic.[51] During his state of the county address in October 2020, Ball said the county would launch a government-wide serology effort to determine if county employees had any COVID-19 antibodies.[52] In November 2020, amid a spike in cases in Howard County,[53] Ball announced new restrictions on indoor and outdoor gatherings.[54][55]

In November 2020, Ball formed a 50-member HoCo RISE Collaborative, which included five workgroups tasked with producing a report on steps the county should take in recovering from the COVID-19 pandemic.[51] The report was finalized and released in March 2021, which included recommendations relating to the county's rollout of COVID-19 vaccines.[56]

Ball tours the state mass vaccination site at the Mall in Columbia, 2021

In March 2021, Ball criticized Governor Larry Hogan for not notifying county executives in advance of his announcement that the state would be lifting most of its COVID-19 restrictions,[57] but later said that the county would adopt the governor's order.[58] In April 2021, he opened the county's first mass vaccination clinic at the Mall in Columbia[59] and lifted the county's outdoor mask mandate and restaurant capacity restrictions.[60] He declined to impose a COVID-19 vaccine mandate on the county's employees, and in August 2021 reopened all government buildings, but kept mask and social distancing mandates in place for unvaccinated individuals.[61] The mask mandate was expanded to all individuals, regardless of vaccination status, less than two weeks later.[62] In September 2021, Ball began distributing $63.2 million in funding from the American Rescue Plan Act of 2021 toward various county programs and services.[63]

In December 2021, Ball signed an executive order re-instating the county's indoor mask mandate following a surge in COVID-19 cases.[64] In February 2022, he signed another executive order lifting the county's mask mandate.[65]

Crime and policing

During his first term as county executive, Howard County experienced an overall decrease in crime, including a 40 percent reduction in violent crimes,[33] in addition to the largest increase in police hiring in the county in 15 years.[28]

In his 2019 budget, Ball sought to phase out the police's aviation program, citing the county's $108 million deficit.[66] The program was replaced by a surveillance drone program in 2020.[67]

In June 2020, following the murder of George Floyd and subsequent protests, Ball said the county would be "revisiting" its police body camera pilot program.[68] In his 2021 budget proposal, he allocated $3.2 million toward fully implementing the pilot program,[69] which was later reallocated to the Howard County Public School System, delaying its implementation for a year.[70] In his 2022 budget proposal, he included $1.6 million in funding from the American Rescue Plan Act of 2021 toward implementing the program by October.[71]

In April 2021, Ball said he supported proposed reforms to the county's school resource officer program, which included the removal of officers from county middle schools and requiring police to wear body cameras.[72] In October 2021, he proposed legislation to create a county Police Accountability Board to handle complaints about police misconduct.[73]

Development initiatives

During his tenure on the Howard County Council, Ball supported the county's acquisition of office space in Columbia to build affordable housing units.[74][75] In 2006, he introduced a bill that would exempt affordable housing from certain zoning restrictions on commercially zoned land.[76] He later withdrew the bill due to its proximity to the 2006 general election.[77] In June 2012, Ball said he supported a bill to revitalize areas around the U.S. Route 1 corridor.[78] In May 2014, he supported a bill to limit where new affordable housing could be built and requiring the county's Department of Housing to build affordable housing units in areas with low levels of poverty, which he said would "encourage a full spectrum" of housing.[79] In April 2019, Ball issued his first veto as county executive on a bill that would have expanded the size of buffer zones on scenic roads.[80]

In June 2012, Ball said he opposed a proposal by county executive Kenneth Ulman to require the Howard County Department of Planning and Zoning to provide public notification at least 60 days before it started its comprehensive rezoning plan to incentivize property owner participation.[81] In December 2015, he introduced legislation to remove the one acre limit on solar farms on rural properties.[82]

The Quaker Mill Flood Mitigation Pond (pictured in 2023) was one of several retention ponds completed under Ball's flood mitigation plan

In 2018, following floods in Ellicott City, Ball voted against county executive Allan H. Kittleman's $50 million proposal to mitigate flooding in Ellicott City, saying it did not address his concerns, including diverting funds from other county projects. During his county executive campaign, he said he opposed the plan,[83] instead preferring to study digging a tunnel under the city to mitigate floodwater on the city's Main Street, which would have cost $80 million and take more than five years to complete.[13] He also declined to say whether he would continue the flood mitigation plan if elected county executive.[32] In May 2019, Ball announced a $140 million flood mitigation plan for Ellicott City, which included seven projects meant to safely convey water to the Patapsco River, including the construction of a tunnel parallel to Main Street and retention ponds.[84][85] Construction on the proposed flood mitigation projects started in late 2020.[86] In August 2019, he proposed increasing stormwater management standards for developments in the Ellicott City Historic District.[87]

In September 2017, Ball said he supported a state lawsuit against the Federal Aviation Administration over noise from new flight patterns at the Baltimore/Washington International Airport.[88] During the 2022 legislative session, he supported a bill to study and make recommendations on the impacts of aircraft on communities surrounding BWI.[89]

In August 2019, Ball said he supported increasing school surcharge fees to pay for new school construction.[90] During the 2020 legislative session, he testified in support of the Built to Learn Act, a bill that would allow the Maryland Stadium Authority to issue up to $2.2 billion in bonds to pay for school construction projects.[91]

In October 2023, Ball proposed a package of housing bills that included proposals to expand affordable housing in Howard County and to cap on annual rent increases at 10 percent.[92] The Howard County Council declined to bring up any of the housing bills for a vote, which prompted Ball to abandon the bills.[93]

Education

Ball testifying for the SERVE Act, 2023

In 2006, shortly after being appointed to the Howard County Council, Ball proposed an amendment to the county budget to allocate $220,000 toward hiring extra guidance counselors and custodians.[94] In 2018, he proposed diverting $5.1 million in funding away from various departments and toward the Howard County Public School System's budget to maintain class sizes. In 2019, Ball criticized a proposal to allocate $8 million toward retaining class sizes and teacher jobs.[95]

In 2016, Ball introduced legislation to create a committee to review the county school system's financial processes.[96]

During his county executive campaign, Ball said he supported increasing the county's education spending, decreasing classroom sizes, and expanding career education programs.[13]

In March 2019, Ball expressed concerns with the county school system's $973 million spending plan proposal, which represented a 16 percent increase in education funding,[97] saying that the county would need to either raise taxes or eliminate another department's funding entirely to fully fund the request.[98] In April, he proposed a $605 million budget for the county school system.[99] The county's education budget proposal was lowered to $894 million following negotiations, and was unanimously adopted by in June 2019.[100]

In June 2019, Ball asked the Maryland State Department of Education to conduct a performance audit of the county school system,[98] which was unanimously approved by the Howard County Board of Education[101] and County Council in July 2019[102] after Ball agreed to narrow the scope of the audit.[103] The audit was conducted by the New York-based accounting firm CohnReznick, who in October 2019 released a comprehensive report recommending that the school system make efforts to reduce its $39 million health care deficit.[104] Following the audit, Ball released a 10-step plan to eliminate the deficit by the end of 2024, which was unanimously approved by the school board in February 2020.[105] In his 2020 and 2021 budget proposals, he included a combined $17.2 million toward paying off the deficit.[106][107] In December 2022, officials announced that the Howard County Public School System had eliminated its health fund deficit.[108]

In 2020, Ball proposed a $620 million budget for the county schools system[109] as well as $68 million toward new school construction projects.[110] In 2021, Ball proposed a $24 million increase toward the county's $942 million school system budget, which was approved by the school board in May 2021.[111] In 2022, he proposed $1.025 billion in funding for the school system,[112] including $35 million towards school construction projects.[113] In 2023, Ball proposed a $1.1 billion budget for the Howard County Public School System, a $47 million increase and the largest single-year increase in school funding in county history.[114]

In September 2022, Ball authored a letter opposing the county school system's proposed redistricting plan, expressing concerns about the impact student reassignments would have on Elkridge, Maryland.[115]

Environment

Ball supports Maryland's "Rain Tax".[116] In March 2013, during debate on a county bill to implement the state-mandated stormwater fee, he introduced an amendment that would limit increases to the fee to $15 a year.[117] In March 2016, Ball voted against a proposal to phase out the stormwater fee.[118]

During his county executive campaign, Ball said he would update the county's Climate Action Plan to incentivize open space and forest preservation.[13] In February 2019, he announced that the county would join the Paris Agreement and pledged to achieve net-zero emissions in the county by 2050.[119] In June 2023, Ball released the "HoCo Climate Forward" plan for addressing climate change in the county.[120]

In December 2019, Ball signed into law a bill imposing a 5 cent fee on disposable plastic bags in stores.[121]

Gun control

In March 2015, Ball supported legislation to prohibit carrying weapons on Howard County property,[122] which was signed into law by county executive Allan Kittleman in May.[123]

Healthcare

In March 2019, Ball appeared in an ad to support legislation establishing the Prescription Drug Affordability Board, a body tasked with making recommendations to the Maryland General Assembly on how to make prescription drugs more affordable.[124]

In May 2019, Ball joined a state lawsuit against OxyContin manufacturer Purdue Pharma for its role in the opioid epidemic.[125]

Immigration

In January 2017, after President Donald Trump signed Executive Order 13768 limiting federal funding to sanctuary cities, Ball introduced legislation to designate Howard County a "sanctuary county" for undocumented immigrants.[126] The county council voted to pass the bill, which was vetoed by county executive Allan Kittleman.[127] Ball voted for the unsuccessful attempt to override Kittleman's veto on the bill.[128]

In March 2017, Ball criticized Executive Order 13769, which decreased the number of refugees admitted into the United States and suspended entry to individuals whose countries do not meet adjudication standards under U.S. immigration law, calling it "intolerable".[129]

In September 2020, Ball revised the county's contract with U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) to only allow the agency to detain immigrants convicted of a "crime of violence" at the Howard County Detention Center.[130] In October, he vetoed a bill that would have ended the county's contract with ICE.[131] In December 2020, Ball signed the Liberty Act, which prohibited county employees from asking residents about their immigration status and banned discrimination on the basis of citizenship status.[132] He opposed an unsuccessful 2022 referendum on repealing the Liberty Act.[133] In March 2021, after the Maryland General Assembly passed legislation prohibiting counties from contracting with ICE, Ball announced that he would end the county's contract with ICE.[134]

Minimum wage

In July 2007, Ball introduced legislation to raise Howard County's minimum wage to $12.41 an hour.[135]

During his county executive campaign, Ball said he wanted to provide all school employees with a "living wage". After winning election in 2018, he declined to raise the minimum wage on the county level, saying that it should be addressed at the state level.[13] In February 2019, Ball said he supported a bill to raise the statewide minimum wage to $15 an hour.[136] In December 2021, he signed a bill to raise the county's minimum wage to $16 an hour by 2026 into law.[137]

National politics

Ball supported U.S. Senator Barack Obama in the 2008 Democratic Party presidential primaries, volunteering in canvassing efforts for Obama in Howard County.[138] In 2012, he served as a convention delegate pledged to Obama at the 2012 Democratic National Convention.[139]

In November 2015, Ball endorsed former U.S. Secretary of State Hillary Clinton in the 2016 Democratic Party presidential primaries.[140] He later served as a convention delegate pledged to Clinton at the 2016 Democratic National Convention.[1]

In February 2024, Ball wrote a letter to President Joe Biden calling for a ceasefire in the Israel–Hamas war.[141]

Social issues

In May 2006, Ball voted for a bill to ban smoking in public places by June 2007.[142] In August 2015, he voted for legislation to ban vaping in public places.[143]

In November 2011, Ball voted for a bill to ban discrimination against transgender people.[144] In 2019, he launched the county's LGBTQ work group, which made several recommendations on supporting LGBT rights and groups.[145] In April 2021, he signed legislation to requiring single-user bathrooms include gender-neutral signage.[146] In June 2022, he proposed creating a LGBTQIA+ commission to expand on recommendations made by the work group,[145] which was unanimously approved by the Howard County Council in July 2022.[147]

In May 2012, Ball introduced an amendment to the county charter to allow county councilmembers to serve an additional term before being term limited.[148]

In November 2012, Ball introduced a bill to incentivize the hiring of people with disabilities, especially veterans, in county government positions.[149]

In 2015, Ball introduced a bill to create nutritional guidelines for food and drinks sold from government-owned vending machines. The bill was passed by the Howard County Council, but vetoed by county executive Allan Kittleman. The county council voted in July 2015 to overturn Kittleman's veto on the bill.[150]

In September 2016, following a report that accused Howard County Sheriff James Fitzgerald of discrimination and harassment toward his employees, Ball called the allegations "disturbing" and said Fitzgerald should consider resigning.[151] Following Fitzgerald's resignation in October, Ball called on the county's Human Rights Commission to study recruitment and hiring practices in the county Department of Fire and Rescue Services, the Sheriff's Office, the Howard County Police Department, and the Howard County Public School System.[152]

In August 2017, following the Unite the Right rally in Charlottesville, Virginia, Ball participated in a Black Lives Matter vigil in Columbia and called for the immediate removal of a Confederate monument at the county's Circuit Court building.[153]

In June 2021, Ball announced that the county would divert mental health crisis calls to 9-1-1 to crisis counselors.[154]

In September 2022, following the U.S. Supreme Court's decision in Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization, which overturned Roe v. Wade, Ball announced $1 million in funding toward expanding reproductive services at Howard Community College.[155]

Taxes

In October 2006, Ball sought to delay the passage of a senior tax cut bill, seeking to introduce an amendment to prevent wealthy individuals from qualifying for the tax cut.[156] In April 2007, during debate on the tax cut, he introduced amendments that would lower the annual income floor to $70,000 and another to raise the bill's asset test to $500,000 from $200,000.[157] During the 2017 legislative session, Ball testified in support of a bill to expand the county's elderly property tax credit.[158]

In July 2017, Ball voted against a bill to create a special tax district in Laurel as part of the county's tax incremental financing deal, pointing to a lack of community support for the district or the deal.[159] In August 2017, he introduced a bill to repeal the tax deal.[160]

In December 2017, Ball introduced legislation to provide tax credits for first responders living and working in the county.[161]

During his county executive campaign, Ball said that he would not raise taxes, instead looking to beef up the county's commercial tax base by attracting outside companies and growing businesses. He also supported a statewide ballot initiative to dedicate funds from the state's casino revenues toward education.[13] In May 2019, he proposed a 6 cent increase in the county's fire and rescue tax, which he said would pay for constructing and supporting two new fire stations.[162] In 2020, Ball proposed adopting a progressive recordation tax[109] and increasing the county's transfer tax by 0.5 percent.[163]

Personal life

Shani Ball in 2018

Ball married his wife, Shani (née Ratliff), at the Epiphany Episcopal Church in Towson, Maryland, on March 28, 1998.[4] Together, they have two daughters and have lived in Columbia, Maryland since 1999.[17]

Electoral history

Howard County Council District 2 Democratic primary election, 2002[164]
Party Candidate Votes %
Democratic David A. Rakes 1,728 38.8
Democratic Calvin Ball 1,373 30.8
Democratic Michele Williams 965 21.7
Democratic James Fitzgerald 385 8.6
Howard County Council District 2 Democratic primary election, 2006[165]
Party Candidate Votes %
Democratic Calvin Ball (incumbent) 3,062 66.7
Democratic Adam Sachs 1,530 33.3
Howard County Council District 2 election, 2006[166]
Party Candidate Votes %
Democratic Calvin Ball (incumbent) 9,907 59.8
Republican Gina Gabrielle Ellrich 6,638 40.1
Write-in 9 0.1
Howard County Council District 2 election, 2010[167]
Party Candidate Votes %
Democratic Calvin Ball (incumbent) 11,707 67.6
Republican Reg Avery 5,592 32.3
Write-in 29 0.2
Howard County Council District 2 election, 2014[168]
Party Candidate Votes %
Democratic Calvin Ball (incumbent) 11,380 60.6
Republican Ralph Colavita 7,369 39.3
Write-in 25 0.1
Howard County Executive Democratic primary election, 2018[169]
Party Candidate Votes %
Democratic Calvin Ball 25,976 83.5
Democratic Harry Dunbar 5,121 16.5
Howard County Executive election, 2018[170]
Party Candidate Votes %
Democratic Calvin Ball 75,566 52.8
Republican Allan H. Kittleman (incumbent) 67,457 47.1
Write-in 124 0.1
Howard County Executive election, 2022[171]
Party Candidate Votes %
Democratic Calvin Ball (incumbent) 76,947 59.1
Republican Allan H. Kittleman 53,162 40.8
Write-in 162 0.1

References

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  4. ^ a b "Weddings". The Baltimore Sun. April 5, 1998. Retrieved July 21, 2023 – via Newspapers.com.
  5. ^ a b c Carson, Larry (October 4, 2001). "State employee, 26, files for council seat". The Baltimore Sun. Retrieved July 18, 2023.
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  39. ^ Faguy, Ana; Holland, John (March 15, 2020). "Howard County reports its first coronavirus case; Ball declares state of emergency; Columbia mall to close for a week; CA shuts down". The Baltimore Sun. Retrieved July 19, 2023.
  40. ^ "What's canceled, postponed or changed in Howard County and Laurel due to the coronavirus outbreak". The Baltimore Sun. May 5, 2020. Retrieved July 19, 2023.
  41. ^ Faguy, Ana (April 24, 2020). "Howard government announces plan with county hospital to manage possible surge of coronavirus patients". The Baltimore Sun. Retrieved July 19, 2023.
  42. ^ Faguy, Ana (April 9, 2020). "Howard County to give emergency one-time bonuses to essential employees, including first responders". The Baltimore Sun. Retrieved July 19, 2023.
  43. ^ Faguy, Ana (May 22, 2020). "Howard County Council unanimously approves emergency rental relief legislation". The Baltimore Sun. Retrieved July 19, 2023.
  44. ^ Faguy, Ana (May 8, 2020). "Howard County announces rental relief, food assistance to help residents during coronavirus pandemic". The Baltimore Sun. Retrieved July 19, 2023.
  45. ^ Faguy, Ana (May 13, 2020). "In virtual town hall, County Executive Calvin Ball says Howard is not ready to reopen". The Baltimore Sun. Retrieved July 19, 2023.
  46. ^ Faguy, Ana (May 14, 2020). "Howard County Executive Calvin Ball announces limited reopening of economy". The Baltimore Sun. Retrieved July 19, 2023.
  47. ^ Kurtz, Josh (May 20, 2020). "Leaders of State's Biggest Jurisdictions Press Hogan for Guidance and Help". Maryland Matters. Retrieved July 20, 2023.
  48. ^ Faguy, Ana (May 26, 2020). "Howard County set to further reopen economy amid the coronavirus pandemic beginning Friday". The Baltimore Sun. Retrieved July 19, 2023.
  49. ^ DePuyt, Bruce (June 3, 2020). "Hogan Outlines Phase 2 Reopening, Which Will Start Friday". Maryland Matters. Retrieved July 20, 2023.
  50. ^ Faguy, Ana (December 16, 2020). "How has Howard County allocated its $56.8 million share of CARES Act funding?". Howard County Times. The Baltimore Sun. Retrieved July 19, 2023.
  51. ^ a b Meyer, Jacob Calvin (November 12, 2020). "Howard County to distribute more business relief grants, follow Maryland's tightened coronavirus restrictions". The Baltimore Sun. Retrieved July 19, 2023.
  52. ^ Faguy, Ana (October 29, 2020). "Howard County Executive Calvin Ball focuses on coronavirus response during State of the County address". Howard County Times. The Baltimore Sun. Retrieved July 19, 2023.
  53. ^ Faguy, Ana; Meyer, Jacob Calvin (November 6, 2020). "Howard County records highest number of positive daily COVID-19 cases since May". The Baltimore Sun. Retrieved July 19, 2023.
  54. ^ Faguy, Ana; Meyer, Jacob Calvin (November 16, 2020). "Howard County reimplements social gathering restrictions as coronavirus numbers rise". Howard County Times. The Baltimore Sun. Retrieved July 19, 2023.
  55. ^ Faguy, Ana (November 23, 2020). "Howard County tightens coronavirus restrictions, cancels tournaments". Howard County Times. The Baltimore Sun. Retrieved July 19, 2023.
  56. ^ Faguy, Ana (March 16, 2021). "New report released with recommendations to help guide Howard County through post-COVID life". Howard County Times. The Baltimore Sun. Retrieved July 19, 2023.
  57. ^ DePuyt, Bruce (March 9, 2021). "Hogan Lifts Restrictions on Restaurants, Gatherings; Local Reaction is Mixed". Maryland Matters. Retrieved July 20, 2023.
  58. ^ DePuyt, Bruce (March 10, 2021). "As 'Big 8' Leaders Debate Re-Opening Order, Top Expert Calls it 'Premature'". Maryland Matters. Retrieved July 20, 2023.
  59. ^ Faguy, Ana (April 27, 2021). "COVID mass vaccination site to open Friday at Columbia mall". Howard County Times. The Baltimore Sun. Retrieved July 19, 2023.
  60. ^ Meyer, Jacob Calvin (April 29, 2021). "Howard County to align with Maryland Gov. Larry Hogan's order in removing outdoor mask mandate". Howard County Times. The Baltimore Sun. Retrieved July 19, 2023.
  61. ^ Haynes, Allana (August 2, 2021). "Howard reopens county buildings to the public; masks required for those not vaccinated against COVID". Howard County Times. The Baltimore Sun. Retrieved July 19, 2023.
  62. ^ Hardy, Erin (August 12, 2021). "Howard to require masks in all county government buildings, regardless of COVID vaccination status". Howard County Times. The Baltimore Sun. Retrieved July 19, 2023.
  63. ^ Jones, Katie V. (September 23, 2021). "Howard County Executive Calvin Ball announces plans for $63.2 million in American Rescue Plan funds". Howard County Times. The Baltimore Sun. Retrieved July 19, 2023.
  64. ^ Bateman, Madison (December 23, 2021). "Howard County resumes indoor mask mandate beginning Sunday at 5 p.m. amid COVID surge". Howard County Times. The Baltimore Sun. Retrieved July 19, 2023.
  65. ^ Jones, Katie V. (February 1, 2022). "In Howard County, general mask mandate lifted; fire and rescue department partners with Grassroots for opioid services". Howard County Times. The Baltimore Sun. Retrieved July 19, 2023.
  66. ^ Nocera, Jess (March 14, 2019). "Howard's police aviation program is ending in response to looming countywide deficit". Howard County Times. The Baltimore Sun. Retrieved July 19, 2023.
  67. ^ Knezevich, Alison (November 15, 2019). "'A balancing act': Maryland police drones aid in searches, crash investigations, but raise privacy concerns". Howard County Times. The Baltimore Sun. Retrieved July 19, 2023.
  68. ^ Faguy, Ana (July 15, 2020). "What you need to know about the state of body-worn police cameras in Howard County". Howard County Times. The Baltimore Sun. Retrieved July 19, 2023.
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  71. ^ Jones, Katie V. (August 23, 2021). "Howard County Executive Calvin Ball says he plans to fully fund new body-worn police camera program by October". Howard County Times. The Baltimore Sun. Retrieved July 19, 2023.
  72. ^ Meyer, Jacob Calvin (April 21, 2021). "Howard County Executive Calvin Ball backs proposed changes to school resource officer program". Howard County Times. The Baltimore Sun. Retrieved July 18, 2023.
  73. ^ Hardy, Erin (October 21, 2021). "New bill would create Howard County Police Accountability Board, establish independent department oversight". Howard County Times. The Baltimore Sun. Retrieved July 19, 2023.
  74. ^ Carson, Larry (April 27, 2008). "County leaders outline planned changes as result of Ulman's budget". The Baltimore Sun. Retrieved June 18, 2023.
  75. ^ Carson, Larry (December 22, 2010). "Ulman wants Howard to buy Ascend One building in Columbia". Howard County Times. The Baltimore Sun. Retrieved July 18, 2023.
  76. ^ Carson, Larry (September 29, 2006). "Affordable housing bill may die". The Baltimore Sun. Retrieved July 18, 2023.
  77. ^ Richardson, Tyrone (October 13, 2006). "A novice politician challenges a County Council incumbent". The Baltimore Sun. Retrieved July 18, 2023.
  78. ^ Hirsch, Arthur (June 3, 2012). "Howard County general plan stresses revitalization of U.S. 1 corridor". Howard County Times. The Baltimore Sun. Retrieved July 18, 2023.
  79. ^ Yeager, Amanda (May 15, 2014). "Council introduces bill to spread affordable housing options throughout Howard County". The Baltimore Sun. Retrieved July 18, 2023.
  80. ^ Logan, Erin B. (April 9, 2019). "Howard County Executive Calvin Ball issues first veto, halts scenic road buffer expansion". Howard County Times. The Baltimore Sun. Archived from the original on October 12, 2020. Retrieved July 18, 2023.
  81. ^ McPherson, Lindsey (June 13, 2012). "Haunted by Comp Lite battles, Ulman proposes changes to rezoning process". The Baltimore Sun. Retrieved July 18, 2023.
  82. ^ Yeager, Amanda (December 17, 2015). "Howard officials propose three green energy initiatives". Howard County Times. The Baltimore Sun. Retrieved July 19, 2023.
  83. ^ Logan, Erin B. (November 21, 2018). "With Ellicott City flood plan in limbo, a developer lets a business owner go rent-free for the holidays". Howard County Times. The Baltimore Sun. Retrieved July 19, 2023.
  84. ^ Logan, Erin B. (May 15, 2019). "How will Howard pay for its $140 million plan to ease future Ellicott City flooding?". Howard County Times. The Baltimore Sun. Retrieved July 18, 2023.
  85. ^ DePuyt, Bruce (May 13, 2019). "Ball Unapologetic About Investment Plan to Reduce Flood Risk in Ellicott City". Maryland Matters. Retrieved July 20, 2023.
  86. ^ Faguy, Ana (August 27, 2020). "Ellicott City flood mitigation projects to begin construction within 18 months, Howard County announces". Howard County Times. The Baltimore Sun. Retrieved July 19, 2023.
  87. ^ Logan, Erin B. (August 26, 2019). "County executive, councilwoman file competing bills to confront development's impact on Ellicott City flooding". Howard County Times. The Baltimore Sun. Retrieved July 19, 2023.
  88. ^ Dresser, Michael (September 12, 2017). "Hogan directs Frosh to sue FAA over BWI noise". The Baltimore Sun. Retrieved July 19, 2023.
  89. ^ DePuyt, Bruce (March 13, 2022). "Howard, Anne Arundel and Baltimore Leaders Urge Action on BWI Noise Concerns". Maryland Matters. Retrieved July 20, 2023.
  90. ^ Logan, Erin B. (August 23, 2019). "Howard County Council bill would significantly hike fees on developers to pay school costs". Howard County Times. The Baltimore Sun. Retrieved July 19, 2023.
  91. ^ Gaines, Danielle E. (January 23, 2020). "County Leaders Band Together to Support School Construction Proposal". Maryland Matters. Retrieved July 20, 2023.
  92. ^ Bologna, Giacomo (October 18, 2023). "Howard County Executive Calvin Ball proposes rent control and other housing affordability steps". The Baltimore Sun. Retrieved October 18, 2023.
  93. ^ Miller, Hallie (January 3, 2024). "Howard County affordable housing bills fail to advance through council". Baltimore Banner. Retrieved January 3, 2024.
  94. ^ Carson, Larry (May 26, 2006). "Budget passes with ease". The Baltimore Sun. Retrieved July 18, 2023.
  95. ^ Logan, Erin B. (May 28, 2019). "Howard lawmakers discuss proposed fire tax hike and increasing school funding". Howard County Times. The Baltimore Sun. Retrieved July 19, 2023.
  96. ^ Philip, Lisa (June 10, 2016). "Howard school attorney: Proposed budget review committee illegal". The Baltimore Sun. Retrieved July 19, 2023.
  97. ^ Bowie, Liz (March 7, 2019). "'We can't make do anymore': Baltimore-area school districts rebel against decade of tight budgets". The Baltimore Sun. Retrieved July 18, 2023.
  98. ^ a b Nocera, Jess (June 21, 2019). "Howard County Executive Calvin Ball requests performance audit of the school system". Howard County Times. The Baltimore Sun. Retrieved July 18, 2023.
  99. ^ Nocera, Jess (June 4, 2019). "Ahead of final vote on budget, Howard County school board makes cuts". Howard County Times. The Baltimore Sun. Retrieved July 18, 2023.
  100. ^ Nocera, Jess (June 10, 2019). "Howard school board adopts $894 million operating budget, saves additional paraeducators and support teachers". Howard County Times. The Baltimore Sun. Retrieved July 18, 2023.
  101. ^ Nocera, Jess (July 2, 2019). "Howard Board of Education unanimously approves administering internal audit of school system". Howard County Times. The Baltimore Sun. Retrieved July 18, 2023.
  102. ^ Nocera, Jess (July 29, 2019). "Howard County Council approves request for school system performance audit capped at $250,000". Howard County Times. The Baltimore Sun. Retrieved July 18, 2023.
  103. ^ Nocera, Jess (July 16, 2019). "Howard County Executive Calvin Ball announces smaller scope of potential school system audit". Howard County Times. The Baltimore Sun. Retrieved July 19, 2023.
  104. ^ Nocera, Jess (October 24, 2019). "Howard schools health care deficit rose to $39.2 million; officials are working to stop it from growing". Howard County Times. The Baltimore Sun. Retrieved July 19, 2023.
  105. ^ Nocera, Jess (February 6, 2020). "Howard Board of Education approves county-modified plan to eliminate health fund deficit by 2024". Howard County Times. The Baltimore Sun. Retrieved July 19, 2023.
  106. ^ Meyer, Jacob Calvin (May 19, 2020). "Howard County Council passes $7.2M reduction of school system's health fund deficit". The Baltimore Sun. Retrieved July 19, 2023.
  107. ^ Meyer, Jacob Calvin (May 27, 2021). "Howard school board adopts $942 million budget, including Digital Education Center and more special educators". Howard County Times. The Baltimore Sun. Retrieved July 19, 2023.
  108. ^ Ehrenhaft, Ethan (December 13, 2022). "Howard school system officially eliminates health fund deficit, which peaked at $40 million in 2019". Howard County Times. The Baltimore Sun. Retrieved July 19, 2023.
  109. ^ a b Faguy, Ana; Nocera, Jess (April 20, 2020). "Howard County Executive Calvin Ball unveils $1.78 billion operating budget, including $620.3 million for schools". Howard County Times. The Baltimore Sun. Retrieved July 19, 2023.
  110. ^ Nocera, Jess (April 1, 2020). "Howard County Executive Calvin Ball proposes $68 million for school construction projects in fiscal 2021 budget". Howard County Times. The Baltimore Sun. Retrieved July 19, 2023.
  111. ^ Meyer, Jacob Calvin (May 27, 2021). "Howard school board adopts $942 million budget, including Digital Education Center and more special educators". Howard County Times. The Baltimore Sun. Retrieved July 19, 2023.
  112. ^ Haynes, Allana (May 6, 2022). "Community members advocate for funds for renovations, additional staff at HCPSS public budget hearing". Howard County Times. The Baltimore Sun. Retrieved July 19, 2023.
  113. ^ Ehrenhat, Ethan (September 22, 2022). "Ball moves to spend $35M on three school projects including Oakland Mills, creating 'domino impact' on school board's plans". Howard County Times. The Baltimore Sun. Retrieved July 19, 2023.
  114. ^ Ehrenhaft, Ethan (April 18, 2023). "$1.1 billion proposed budget for Howard's public schools fully funds teacher salary increases". Howard County Times. The Baltimore Sun. Retrieved July 19, 2023.
  115. ^ Ehrenhaft, Ethan (September 6, 2022). "Howard superintendent's redistricting plan criticized for impact on Elkridge students". Howard County Times. The Baltimore Sun. Retrieved July 18, 2023.
  116. ^ Ames, Blair (February 26, 2013). "Howard Council collecting information before stormwater vote". Howard County Times. The Baltimore Sun. Retrieved July 18, 2023.
  117. ^ Ames, Blair (March 28, 2013). "Time has come for vote on Howard stormwater fee". Howard County Times. The Baltimore Sun. Retrieved July 18, 2023.
  118. ^ Waseem, Fatimah (March 7, 2016). "Howard County Council rejects stormwater fee phase-out". Howard County Times. The Baltimore Sun. Retrieved July 19, 2023.
  119. ^ Logan, Erin B. (February 26, 2019). "Howard County joins Paris Agreement on climate change, commits to renewable energy goals". Howard County Times. The Baltimore Sun. Retrieved July 18, 2023.
  120. ^ Frederick, Zane (June 14, 2023). "Howard County officials to address climate change with first plan in over 7 years". WJLA-TV. Retrieved July 20, 2023.
  121. ^ Faguy, Ana (December 3, 2019). "Howard County Council passes 5-cent fee on plastic bags; Ball expected to sign measure". Howard County Times. The Baltimore Sun. Retrieved July 19, 2023.
  122. ^ Yeager, Amanda (March 17, 2015). "Opponents, supporters debate Howard gun bill". Howard County Times. The Baltimore Sun. Retrieved July 18, 2023.
  123. ^ Yeager, Amanda (May 12, 2015). "Kittleman signs Howard gun ban". Howard County Times. The Baltimore Sun. Retrieved July 18, 2023.
  124. ^ Kurtz, Josh (March 6, 2019). "Pugh, County Execs Take to the Airwaves to Promote Prescription Drug Affordability Board". Maryland Matters. Retrieved July 20, 2023.
  125. ^ Cobun, Heather (May 17, 2019). "Howard County latest to sue opioid companies". The Daily Record. Retrieved July 20, 2023.
  126. ^ Waseem, Fatimah (January 27, 2017). "Trump's order on sanctuary cities adds heat to Howard sanctuary debate". The Baltimore Sun. Retrieved July 18, 2023.
  127. ^ Magill, Kate (March 5, 2018). "Sixteen candidates vie for Howard County Council seats". The Baltimore Sun. Retrieved July 18, 2023.
  128. ^ Waseem, Fatimah (March 6, 2017). "Vote fails to overturn veto of bill to codify protections for immigrants in Howard County". Howard County Times. The Baltimore Sun. Retrieved July 18, 2023.
  129. ^ Waseem, Fatimah (March 8, 2017). "Trump's 'ban 2.0' draws heat at Muslim groups' town hall in Columbia". The Baltimore Sun. Retrieved July 19, 2023.
  130. ^ Faguy, Ana (September 18, 2020). "Howard County clarifies contract with ICE to accept only detainees who are convicted of violent crimes". Howard County Times. The Baltimore Sun. Retrieved July 18, 2023.
  131. ^ Faguy, Ana (October 9, 2020). "Howard County Executive Calvin Ball vetoes council bill that would have ended county's contract with ICE". Howard County Times. The Baltimore Sun. Retrieved July 18, 2023.
  132. ^ Faguy, Ana (December 11, 2020). "Howard council passes bill prohibiting county agencies from cooperating with ICE, Ball signs into law". Howard County Times. The Baltimore Sun. Retrieved July 19, 2023.
  133. ^ Faguy, Ana (April 5, 2021). "Referendum question on Howard's sanctuary county status will appear on 2022 ballot". Howard County Times. The Baltimore Sun. Retrieved July 19, 2023.
  134. ^ Faguy, Ana (March 23, 2021). "Howard County ends contract with ICE that allowed immigration detainees to be housed at detention center". Howard County Times. The Baltimore Sun. Retrieved July 19, 2023.
  135. ^ Carson, Larry (July 29, 2007). "Enrollment vote nears as new figures loom for '08". The Baltimore Sun. Retrieved July 18, 2023.
  136. ^ Gaines, Danielle E. (February 7, 2019). "Fight for 15 Bill Heads to Hearing as Local Leaders, Hogan Weigh In". Maryland Matters. Retrieved July 20, 2023.
  137. ^ Jones, Katie V. (December 14, 2021). "Howard County executive makes minimum wage hike official". Howard County Times. The Baltimore Sun. Retrieved July 18, 2023.
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  140. ^ Fritze, John (November 17, 2015). "Hillary Clinton unveils more than 70 Md. endorsements". The Baltimore Sun. Retrieved July 19, 2023.
  141. ^ Zimmardi, Abby (February 5, 2024). "Howard County Council votes against a Gaza cease-fire resolution". Baltimore Banner. Retrieved February 6, 2024.
  142. ^ Cadiz, Laura (May 3, 2006). "Police housing measure gets OK". The Baltimore Sun. Retrieved July 18, 2023.
  143. ^ Yeager, Amanda (August 1, 2015). "Following Baltimore City, Howard County votes to ban vaping in public places". The Baltimore Sun. Retrieved July 18, 2023.
  144. ^ McPherson, Lindsey (October 27, 2011). "County Council aims to make gender identity a protected class". The Baltimore Sun. Retrieved July 18, 2023.
  145. ^ a b Greenfield, Sherry (June 22, 2022). "Howard County executive proposes LGBTQIA+ commission to support gay and transgender community". Howard County Times. The Baltimore Sun. Retrieved July 19, 2023.
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E.C. van Daalen

Eeldert Christiaan van Daalen Eeldert Christiaan van Daalen (31 Mei 1822 – 6 Maret 1879) adalah kolonel Belanda yang berfungsi sebagai panglima tertinggi Perang Aceh Pertama setelah gugurnya Jend. Johan Harmen Rudolf Köhler. Ekspedisi ke Kalimantan Barat Van Daalen bertindak sebagai kapiten selama ekspedisi ke Kalimantan Barat antara tahun 1850-1854. Orang Tionghoa yang banyak berdiam di daerah tersebut telah bersatu membentuk kongsi dan pemerintahan sendiri bernama Republik ...

 

Statue of Liberty (Oklahoma City)

Statue in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, U.S. Statue of LibertyThe statue in 2019Year1950 (1950)MediumMetal sculptureSubjectStatue of LibertyLocationOklahoma City, Oklahoma, U.S.Coordinates35°28′09″N 97°31′09″W / 35.469207°N 97.519248°W / 35.469207; -97.519248 The Statue of Liberty replica in Oklahoma City is installed outside the Oklahoma County Courthouse (near the intersection of Park and Hudson), in the U.S. state of Oklahoma.[1] It was made as p...

Pirates' House

Restaurant in Savannah, Georgia, US Pirates' HousePirates' House northern façade, which faces onto Trustees GardenGeneral informationLocationSavannah, Georgia, United StatesAddress20 East Broad StreetCoordinates32°04′42″N 81°05′02″W / 32.07827°N 81.08393°W / 32.07827; -81.08393Completed1794; 229 years ago (1794)OwnerThe Savannah Gas CompanyTechnical detailsFloor count3 Pirates' House is a historic restaurant and tavern established in 1794...

 

Iron Maiden (album)

1980 studio album by Iron MaidenIron MaidenStudio album by Iron MaidenReleased14 April 1980 (1980-04-14)[1]RecordedDecember 1979[2]StudioKingsway (London)GenreHeavy metalLength37:39LabelEMIProducerWil MaloneIron Maiden studio albums chronology Iron Maiden(1980) Killers(1981) Alternative cover1998 remastered edition Singles from Iron Maiden Running FreeReleased: 8 February 1980 SanctuaryReleased: 23 May 1980 Iron Maiden is the debut studio album by Englis...

 

The Horrors discography

The Horrors discographyThe Horrors in 2017Studio albums5Music videos16EPs4Singles19 The discography of English rock band The Horrors consists of five studio albums, four EPs, nineteen singles and fifteen music videos supporting the singles. Studio albums List of studio albums, with selected chart positions Title Album details Peak chart positions Certifications UK[1] BEL(FL)[2] BEL(WA)[3] FRA[4] IRL[5] MEX[6] NZ[7] SCO[1] SPA[...

Cải cách hành chính Việt Nam 2016–2020

Tổ tiếp nhận và trả kết quả theo cơ chế 1 cửa tại Ủy ban nhân dân Phường 3, thành phố Đông Hà Cải cách hành chính Việt Nam 2016-2020 bao gồm các cải cách hành chính đã được thực hiện trong giai đoạn này trên quy mô toàn quốc và theo phân chia các bộ ngành liên quan. Căn cứ trực tiếp để thực hiện chương trình này là Quyết định số 225/QĐ-TTg của Thủ tướng Chính phủ: Phê duyệt Kế h...

 

Kang Tongbi

In this Chinese name, the family name is Kang. Kang TongbiChinese: 康同璧Born1887 (1887)Died17 August 1969(1969-08-17) (aged 86)BeijingOther namesKang Tung PihAlma materBarnard CollegeOccupation(s)Women’s rights and reform activistKnown forElimination of foot-binding for women in ChinaSpouseLo Chang 罗昌ChildrenLo Jung-pang 罗荣邦Lo Yi-feng 罗仪凤ParentsKang Youwei (father)Zhang Yunchu (mother) Kang Tongbi (Chinese: 康同璧; pinyin: Kāng T�...

 

YC Newfoundland

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Yuta Okkotsu

Fictional character from Jujutsu Kaisen Fictional character Yuta OkkotsuJujutsu Kaisen characterYuta Okkotsu as drawn by Gege AkutamiFirst appearanceJujutsu Kaisen 0 #1, The Cursed Child (2017)Created byGege AkutamiVoiced by Japanese: Megumi Ogata English: Kayleigh McKee In-universe informationOccupationStudent at Tokyo Jujutsu HighFamilyMichizane Sugawara (ancestor)Satoru Gojo (distant relative)NationalityJapanese Yuta Okkotsu (Japanese: 乙骨 憂太, Hepburn: Okkotsu Yūta) is the protagon...

 

Pelabuhan Honolulu

Menara Aloha telah menyambut kapal-kapal di Pelabuhan Honolulu sejak 11 September 1926. Pelabuhan Honolulu, juga disebut Kulolia dan Ke Awa O Kou, adalah pelabuhan utama di Honolulu dan Negara Bagian Hawaiʻi di Amerika Serikat. Pelabuhan Honolulu, yang dikembangkan dan diurbanisasi Kota & County Honolulu, adalah sebuah gaya terdepan pada sejarah modern pulau oOahu. Sumber Hawaiʻi State Department of Transportation Koordinat: 21°18′22″N 157°52′08″W / 2...

 
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