According to early Spanish sources, the island of Cancún was originally known to its Maya inhabitants as Nizuc (Yucatec Maya: niʔ suʔuk), meaning either 'promontory' or 'point of grass'.[6]
The name Cancún, Cancum or Cankun first appears on 18th-century maps.[7] In older English-language documents, the city's name is sometimes spelled Cancoon, an attempt to convey the sound of the name.[8]
Cancún is derived from the Mayan name kàan kun, composed of kàan 'snake' and the verb kum ~ kun 'to swell, overfill'.[9] Two translations have been suggested: the first is 'nest of snakes' and the second, less accepted one is 'place of the golden snake'.[10] Snake iconography was prevalent at the pre-Columbian site of Nizuc.[6]
The shield of the municipality of Benito Juárez, which represents the city of Cancún, was designed by the Mexican-American artist Joe Vera.[11]
It is divided into three parts: the color blue symbolizes the Caribbean Sea, the yellow the sand and the red the sun with its rays.
Cancún is a planned city, created to foster tourism. When development of the area as a resort was started on January 23, 1970, Isla Cancún had only three residents, all caretakers of the coconut plantation of Don José de Jesús Lima Gutiérrez, who lived on Isla Mujeres. Some 117 people lived in nearby Puerto Juárez, a fishing village and military base.[14][self-published source?] Cancún was created as a government project to boost tourism. In 1967 government allocated 2 million dollars fund to be administered by the Bank of Mexico to determine the feasibility of creating new recreational zones, “preferably where no other viable development alternatives exist." This was entrusted to INFRATUR, a Bank of Mexico agency.[15]
A fountain allusive to Benito Juárez's coat of arms, in Cobá and Náder AvenuesAerial photograph of Cancún
Due to the reluctance of investors to gamble on an unknown area, the Mexican federal government financed the first nine hotels.[14]
The city began as a tourism project in 1974 as an Integrally Planned Center, a pioneer of FONATUR (Fondo Nacional de Fomento al Turismo, National Fund for Tourism Development), formerly known as INFRATUR. Since then, it has undergone a comprehensive transformation from being a fisherman's island to being one of the two most well-known Mexican resorts, along with Acapulco.
Most 'Cancunenses' are from Yucatán and other Mexican states. A growing number are from the rest of the Americas and Europe. The municipal authorities have struggled to provide public services for the constant influx of people, as well as limiting squatters and irregular developments, which now[when?] occupy an estimated ten to fifteen percent of the mainland area on the fringes of the city.[14]
In 2023, a record 21 million tourists visited Cancún, topping the original estimate of 20.5 million.[16]
In the 21st century, Cancún had largely avoided the violence associated with the trade of illegal drugs; however, drugs are sold to tourists in bars and night clubs. Cancún has gradually been reported for being a center of money laundering.[17]
The links with Cancún date from the 1990s and early 2000s, when the area was controlled by the Juárez and Gulf drug cartels. By 2010, Los Zetas, a group that broke away from the Gulf Cartel, had taken control of many smuggling routes through the Yucatán, according to the U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration.[18]
There have been a number of violent acts in the city related to drug trafficking.[19] Between 2013 and 2016, there were 76 murders: 31 in 2016,[19] and at least 193 in 2017,[20] the vast majority related to drug trafficking.[21] Most have occurred in the urban nucleus, and there have been various violent episodes with firearms in the so-called "Zona Hotelera".[21] Beginning in 2018 with a high wave of violence, Cancún is above the national average in homicides.[22] In January 2018 alone, there were 33 homicides, triple the number from January 2017.[23]
Geography
City layout
One of Cancún's designs before zoningTown Hall
Apart from the island tourist zone (part of the Mesoamerican Barrier Reef System), the Mexican residential section of the city, the downtown part of which is known as "El Centro", follows a master plan that consists of "supermanzanas"[24] (superblocks), giant trapezoids with a central, open, non-residential area cut in by u-shaped residential streets.
Cancún's mainland or downtown area has diverged from the original plan; development is scattered around the city. The remaining undeveloped beach and lagoon front areas outside the hotel zone are now under varying stages of development, in Punta Sam and Puerto Juarez to the north, continuing along Bonampak and south toward the airport along Boulevard Donaldo Colosio. One development abutting the hotel zone is Puerto Cancún;[25] Malecon Cancún[26] is another large development.
Climate
Satellite picture of Cancún
Cancún has a tropical climate, specifically a tropical wet and dry climate (KöppenAw), with little temperature difference between months, but pronounced rainy and dry seasons. The city is hot year-round, and moderated by onshore trade winds, with an annual mean temperature of 27.1 °C (80.8 °F). Unlike inland areas of the Yucatán Peninsula, sea breezes restrict high temperatures from reaching 36 °C (97 °F) on most afternoons. Annual rainfall is around 1,340 millimeters (52.8 in), falling on 115 days per year.
The rainy season runs from late August through November, and the dry season runs from November through April. The hurricane season runs from June through November.[27] The hotel zone juts into the Caribbean Sea and is therefore surrounded by ocean keeping daytime temperatures around 1 to 2 °C (1.8 to 3.6 °F) cooler. Windspeeds are higher than at the airport located some distance inland, which is the official meteorological station for Cancún, averages as shown below.[28]
Thanks to the Yucatán current continually bringing warm water from further south, the sea temperature is always very warm, with lows of 79 °F (26 °C) in winter and highs of 84 °F (29 °C) in summer.[29]
Climate data for Cancún
Month
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Year
Record high °C (°F)
33 (91)
38 (100)
39 (102)
38 (100)
39 (102)
39 (102)
39 (102)
41.5 (106.7)
38.5 (101.3)
38 (100)
37 (99)
33.5 (92.3)
41.5 (106.7)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F)
28.3 (82.9)
29.4 (84.9)
30.7 (87.3)
32.2 (90.0)
33.5 (92.3)
33.7 (92.7)
34.3 (93.7)
34.8 (94.6)
33.7 (92.7)
31.6 (88.9)
29.8 (85.6)
28.6 (83.5)
31.7 (89.1)
Daily mean °C (°F)
24.1 (75.4)
24.8 (76.6)
25.8 (78.4)
27.4 (81.3)
28.7 (83.7)
29.2 (84.6)
29.5 (85.1)
29.7 (85.5)
29 (84)
27.5 (81.5)
25.9 (78.6)
24.5 (76.1)
27.2 (81.0)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F)
19.8 (67.6)
20.3 (68.5)
21.0 (69.8)
22.6 (72.7)
23.9 (75.0)
24.7 (76.5)
24.8 (76.6)
24.6 (76.3)
24.3 (75.7)
23.3 (73.9)
21.9 (71.4)
20.5 (68.9)
22.6 (72.7)
Record low °C (°F)
13 (55)
12 (54)
9.5 (49.1)
14 (57)
18 (64)
20.5 (68.9)
21 (70)
20 (68)
19 (66)
15 (59)
12 (54)
12 (54)
9.5 (49.1)
Average rainfall mm (inches)
104.6 (4.12)
49.5 (1.95)
44.1 (1.74)
41.2 (1.62)
86.9 (3.42)
138.3 (5.44)
77.9 (3.07)
87.5 (3.44)
181.9 (7.16)
271.9 (10.70)
130.3 (5.13)
86.1 (3.39)
1,300.2 (51.19)
Average rainy days (≥ 0.1 mm)
9.4
5.9
5.0
4.1
6.7
11.0
9.3
9.7
14.0
16.4
11.4
9.8
112.7
Source: Servicio Meteorológico Nacional (1951–2010)[30]
The tropical storm season lasts from May to December, the rainy season extends into January with peak precipitation in October. February to early May tend to be drier with only occasional scattered showers. Cancún is located in one of the main Caribbean hurricane impact areas. Although large hurricanes are rare, they have struck near Cancún in recent years, Hurricane Wilma in 2005 being the largest. Hurricane Gilbert made a devastating direct hit on Cancún in September 1988 and the tourist hotels needed to be rebuilt. In both cases, federal, state and municipal authorities were well prepared to deal with most of the effects on tourists and local residents.[32]Hurricane Dean in 2007 also made its mark on the city of Cancún.
Making landfall in 1988, Hurricane Gilbert was the second most intense hurricane ever observed in the Atlantic basin. It landed on the Yucatán peninsula after crossing over the island of Cozumel. In the Cancún region, a loss of $87 million (1989 USD) due to a decline in tourism was estimated for the months of October, November and December in 1988.[33]
On October 21, 2005, Hurricane Wilma made landfall on Mexico's Yucatán Peninsula as a powerful Category 4 hurricane, with strong winds in excess of 150 mph (240 km/h). The hurricane's eye first passed over the island of Cozumel, and then made an official landfall near Playa del Carmen in the state of Quintana Roo at around 11 p.m. local time on October 21 with winds near 140 mph (230 km/h). Portions of the island of Cozumel experienced the calm eye of Wilma for several hours with some blue skies and sunshine visible at times. The eye slowly drifted northward, with the center passing just to the west of Cancún, Quintana Roo.
Two years later after Hurricane Wilma, in 2007, Hurricane Dean made landfall as a Category 5 storm in Majahual, 190 miles (310 km) to the south of Cancún. Fierce winds at the edge of Dean's impact cone stripped sand off 7.5 miles (12.1 km) of beaches from Punta Cancún (Camino Real Hotel) to Punta Nizuc (Club Med).[34]
The authorities asked tourism operators to suspend sending tourists to Cancún while Hurricane Dean was approaching, but did ask airlines to send empty planes, which were then used to evacuate tourists already there.[35]
Attractions
Old Airport Control Tower Memorial
Despite being a young city, Cancún has a memorial monument of its foundation on a replica of the old Airport Control Tower that resembles to its own date of foundation. The original control tower was a provisional wooden structure, the work of Mexican architects Agustín and Enrique Landa Verdugo.[36]
The old airport was located on the same part of the city that today corresponds to the Kabah Avenue. The tower is 15 meters tall, has a 45 step staircase and has a base dimension of 5 × 5 meters. The memorial was first built in 2002 with a donation by Aerocaribe, a local airline, but the structure was damaged after Hurricane Wilma in 2005. After pleas by the local people to rebuild the tower memorial, a new version was erected in 2010, which was later abandoned without proper maintenance until Woox Pinturas, a local wood maintenance company, made a donation to restore the structure to its original appearance.[37]
El Ceviche Fountain
The real name of this monument is "Caribbean Fantasy", located in the heart of downtown Cancún, between the Coba and Tulum avenues intersection. It is the nerve center of the daily urban traffic of the city. It has witnessed multiple social and political events, undergoing constant repairs and remodeling for years.
Six years after Quintana Roo was recognized as the youngest state in the Mexican Republic and barely a decade after the city of Cancún was born, on October 22 and 23, 1981, the North-South Summit was held at the now defunct Sheraton Hotel. Two abstract pillars made of metal crossbeams gave the structure a stepped pyramidal appearance, with small masts displaying the flags of the countries attending the 1981 North-South Summit. The author, Lorraine Pinto, added details representing Quetzalcoatl on the sides, resembling the pyramid of Chichen-Itza, located in Yucatan.
In 1994, the municipal authorities of Cancún decided to demolish the commemorative structure because the city had been the scene of one of the most devastating climatic-environmental phenomena in the history of the Yucatan Peninsula, Hurricane Gilberto. The sculpture was irreversibly affected, leaving only the solid concrete base and the metal skeleton.
Due to its crosswise and bare appearance, the locals began to call it "Insectronic", a device manufactured by the Steren company to kill flies and mosquitoes. The municipal authorities decided to keep its base and the dynamics of the water fountain.
Once again, Lorraine Pinto was on call to create what locals began to call the Ceviche Fountain or the Ceviche Roundabout.
Maya archeological sites
Yamil Lu'um, Temple of the Scorpion
There are some small Mayan vestiges of the pre-ColumbianMaya civilization in Cancún.[38]El Rey (Las Ruinas del Rey) is located in the Hotel Zone. El Meco, a more substantial site, is found on the mainland just outside the city limits on the road north to Punta Sam. [citation needed]
Close by in the Riviera Maya and the Grand Costa Maya, there are sites such as Cobá and Muyil (Riviera) the small Polé (now Xcaret), and Kohunlich, Kinichná, Dzibanché, Oxtankah, Tulum, and Chacchoben, in the south of the state. Chichén Itzá is in the neighboring state of Yucatán.
Cancún is served by the Cancún International Airport with an added main runway that commenced operation as of October 2009. It has many flights to North America, Central America, South America, and Europe. It is located on the northeast of the Yucatán Peninsula serving an average of about fifteen million passengers per year. The airport is located around 20 km (12 mi) from the hotel zone, approximately a 20 minute trip by car.[43] The island of Isla Mujeres is located off the coast and is accessible by ferry from Puerto Juárez and Playa Tortugas in the Hotel Zone.[44] In 2020, the Quintana Roo government implemented a law that all international visitors arriving to the State of Quintana Roo are required to pay a fee called the VisiTAX.[45] Visitors with a Mexican passport are exempted from the tax.[46]
Cancún is also served by three private bus lines that connect it to the downtown area and the "hotel zone" as well as more distant destinations such as Playa del Carmen and Tulum.[47]
The Tren Maya, under construction since June 2020, will connect Cancún to Palenque, Chiapas with intermediate stops on the Yucatán peninsula[48] and operations started on December 15, 2023.[49][50]
^"Se disparan 300% los homicidios en Cancún" [Homicides soar 300% in Cancun]. La Palabra del Caribe - Journalism with ethics - Quintana Roo News (in Spanish). February 1, 2018. Archived from the original on February 3, 2018. Retrieved February 2, 2018.
^Benigono Aguirre. "Cancun under Gilbert: Preliminary Observations"(PDF). International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters March 1989, Vol. 7, No.1, pp. 69–82. Archived from the original(PDF) on December 10, 2005. Retrieved October 1, 2006.
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