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Candidates Tournament 2022

Candidates Tournament 2022
Ian Nepomniachtchi, the winner of the tournament, advanced to the World Chess Championship 2023 match.
VenuePalacio de Santoña[1]
LocationMadrid, Spain
Dates16 June – 5 July 2022
Competitors8 from 7 nations
Winning score9.5 points of 14
Champion
FIDE Ian Nepomniachtchi
2024 →

The 2022 Candidates Tournament was an eight-player chess tournament to decide the challenger for the World Chess Championship 2023. The tournament took place at the Palacio de Santoña in Madrid, Spain, from June 16 to July 5, 2022,[2] with the World Championship finishing in April 2023.[3] As with every Candidates tournament since 2013, it was a double round-robin tournament.[4]

The eight qualifiers were Ian Nepomniachtchi, Teimour Radjabov, Jan-Krzysztof Duda, Alireza Firouzja, Fabiano Caruana, Hikaru Nakamura, Richárd Rapport, and Ding Liren. Sergey Karjakin was originally a qualifier, but was disqualified for breaching the FIDE Code of Ethics after publicly expressing approval of the Russian invasion of Ukraine. Karjakin was replaced by Ding, the highest-rated player who had not yet qualified.

Nepomniachtchi won the tournament undefeated with a round to spare and the highest score in any Candidates tournament since the modern format was introduced in 2013.[5] This made him one of five players to win consecutive Candidates, the others being Vasily Smyslov, Boris Spassky, Viktor Korchnoi, and Anatoly Karpov. (Of these, only Smyslov and Nepomniachtchi achieved this when the Candidates were organised as a tournament, rather than a series of matches.)[6] Ding ended up in second place, having pulled off a last-round victory against Nakamura who failed to hold the game to a draw that would have seen him finish in second place instead.

Nepomniachtchi was scheduled to play a match against Magnus Carlsen for the World Chess Championship. But after the tournament, Carlsen confirmed that he would not play,[7] which he already had announced as likely after the World Chess Championship 2021.[8] Instead Nepomniachtchi played Ding, the second-place finisher, for the world championship.[9]

Participants

The qualifiers for the Candidates Tournament were:[10][11]

Qualification method Player Age Rating World
ranking
(June 2022)[12]
2021 World Championship runner-up FIDE Ian Nepomniachtchi[a] 31 2766 7
Candidate nominated by FIDE Azerbaijan Teimour Radjabov 35 2753 13
The top two finishers in the Chess World Cup 2021[b] Poland Jan-Krzysztof Duda (winner) 24 2750 16
FIDE Sergey Karjakin[a] (runner-up) (Disqualified) 32 2747 17
The top two finishers in the FIDE Grand Swiss Tournament 2021 France Alireza Firouzja (winner) 19 2793 3
United States Fabiano Caruana (runner-up) 29 2783 4
The top two finishers in the FIDE Grand Prix 2022[c] United States Hikaru Nakamura (winner) 34 2760 11
Hungary Richárd Rapport (runner-up) 26 2764 8
Highest rating for May 2022 China Ding Liren (replacement for Karjakin) 29 2806 2
  • Note: The average rating is 2771.9, and the average world ranking is 8.

Qualification of Radjabov

Teimour Radjabov had qualified for the previous Candidates Tournament, which was scheduled to begin on 17 March 2020 in Russia. With the COVID-19 pandemic rapidly spreading around the world in early 2020, Radjabov privately asked FIDE to postpone the tournament. FIDE refused to do so, so Radjabov withdrew on 6 March 2020.[14] The tournament began on time, but after one week of play (half the matches completed) FIDE suspended the tournament anyway, citing public health restrictions imposed by the Russian government due to the pandemic. With his concerns vindicated by the events, Radjabov called for his reinstatement into the 2020 tournament once it was rescheduled.[15] FIDE again refused Radjabov's request, instead offering him a direct entry into the 2022 Candidates, which he accepted.[16] The 2020 Candidates was not completed until April 2021.

Disqualification of Karjakin

Following the Russian invasion of Ukraine, Sergey Karjakin made numerous public statements praising the invasion, and shared Russian-government statements about the military action, which many commentators viewed as propaganda. In March 2022, the FIDE Ethics and Disciplinary Commission ruled that Karjakin had breached the FIDE Code of Ethics with his statements, so banned him from playing FIDE-related tournaments for a period of six months,[17][18] including the 2022 Candidates Tournament.[19]

Karjakin had 21 days to appeal,[17] though he was unrepentant and said he did not see any point in doing so.[20] Nevertheless, the Chess Federation of Russia filed an appeal on his behalf.[21] On May 6, FIDE's Appeal Chamber upheld the decision.[22][23] Karjakin had the option of a further appeal to the Court of Arbitration for Sport,[23] but none was submitted before the Candidates Tournament started.

Qualification of Ding Liren

Originally, no player would have qualified solely by their rating.[24] However, following the ban of Karjakin, the rules stated the replacement would be the highest rated player who had not already qualified, based on the May 2022 rating list, with a requirement of having played at least 30 officially rated games between June 2021 and May 2022.[4]

In the April 2022 rating list,[25] the highest rated player (who was not world champion or already qualified) was Ding Liren with a rating of 2799. However, Ding had only played 4 of the required 30 rated games[20] due to his inability to travel to tournaments outside China during the COVID-19 pandemic.[26] Ding therefore needed to play at least 26 rated games in March and April, which would be incorporated into the May 2022 rating list. He also needed to maintain his rating lead over the next highest non-qualifier – several other players could potentially have overtaken him, including Shakhriyar Mamedyarov and Levon Aronian. The Chinese Chess Association organized three different rated events at short notice, each involving Ding,[27] thereby allowing him to meet the minimum games requirement. A strong performance in those events meant he also increased his rating, moving up to #2 in the rating list.[28] Once Karjakin's appeal was denied, Ding officially qualified for the Candidates Tournament.[29][30]

Organization

The tournament was an eight-player, double round-robin tournament, meaning there were 14 rounds with each player facing the others twice: once with the black pieces and once with the white pieces. The tournament winner qualified to play Magnus Carlsen for the World Championship in 2023.[9][31]

However, Carlsen said following the previous championship in 2021 that, due to a lack of motivation, he might not defend his title unless the challenger was Alireza Firouzja, who rose to number two in the world rankings in 2021 at the age of 18.[31] In April 2022, he went further, saying that he is unlikely to play, with no mention of any potential opponent.[32] After the tournament, FIDE gave a deadline of July 20, 2022 for Carlsen to make a decision before retracting it later calling it a "misunderstanding". However, on July 20, Magnus Carlsen stated that he was unwilling to play, meaning that the top two finishers of the candidates played for the world championship in 2023.[9][31]

Players from the same federation were required to play each other in the first rounds of each half[4] to avoid collusion.[33] The players affected in the 2022 Candidates were Fabiano Caruana and Hikaru Nakamura from the US; they faced each other in rounds 1 and 8.

Regulations

The time control was 120 minutes for the first 40 moves, 60 minutes for the next 20 moves, and then 15 minutes for the rest of the game, plus a 30-second increment per move starting from move 61. Players got 1 point for a win, ½ point for a draw and 0 points for a loss.

While there was no tie for first place, such a situation would have been addressed as follows:[4]

  • Players would play two rapid chess games at 15 minutes plus 10 seconds per move. If a three- to six-way tie had occurred, a single round-robin would be played. If seven or eight players had been tied, a single round-robin would be played with a time limit of 10 minutes plus 5 seconds per move.
  • If any players had still been tied for first after the rapid chess games, they would play two blitz chess games at 3 minutes plus 2 seconds per move. In the case of more than two players being tied, a single round-robin would be played.
  • If any players were still tied for first after these blitz chess games, the remaining players would play a knock-out blitz tournament at the same time control. In each mini-match of the proposed knock-out tournament, the first player to win a game would win the mini-match.

This was a change from previous candidates tournaments from 2013 to 2021, which used tie-breaks based on players' results in the tournament (such as results of head-to-head games between tied players, and number of wins). Ties for places other than first were broken by, in order: (1) Sonneborn–Berger score; (2) total number of wins; (3) head-to-head score among tied players; (4) drawing of lots.

The prize money was €48,000 for first place, €36,000 for second place, and €24,000 for third place (with players on the same number of points sharing prize money, irrespective of tie-breaks), plus €3,500 per half-point for every player, for a total prize pool of €500,000.[4]

During the 2022 Chess Candidates tournament, the players were uncertain if Magnus Carlsen would defend or forfeit his World Chess Champion title. As such, it was not clear if the tournament's runner-up would become the challenger for the 2023 World Chess Championship title match until the event was over.

Results

Standings

As world champion Carlsen announced after the tournament that he would not defend the world title, both first and second place advanced to the 2023 title match.

Standings of the 2022 Candidates Tournament
Rank Player Score SB Wins IN DL TR HN FC AF JKD RR
1  Ian Nepomniachtchi (FIDE) 9.5 / 14 62 5 ½ 1 ½ ½ ½ ½ ½ ½ 1 1 1 ½ ½ 1
2  Ding Liren (CHN) 8 / 14 52 4 0 ½ 0 ½ 1 ½ ½ 1 ½ ½ 1 ½ ½ 1
3  Teimour Radjabov (AZE) 7.5 / 14 52 3 ½ ½ ½ 1 1 0 ½ 0 ½ ½ ½ ½ ½ 1
4  Hikaru Nakamura (USA) 7.5 / 14 50.25 4 ½ ½ ½ 0 1 0 1 0 1 ½ 1 ½ ½ ½
5  Fabiano Caruana (USA) 6.5 / 14 46.5 3 ½ ½ 0 ½ 1 ½ 1 0 0 1 ½ 0 ½ ½
6  Alireza Firouzja (FRA) 6 / 14 39.5 2 0 0 ½ ½ ½ ½ ½ 0 0 1 ½ ½ 1 ½
7  Jan-Krzysztof Duda (POL) 5.5 / 14 38.5 1 ½ 0 ½ 0 ½ ½ ½ 0 1 ½ ½ ½ ½ 0
8  Richárd Rapport (HUN) 5.5 / 14 37.75 1 0 ½ 0 ½ 0 ½ ½ ½ ½ ½ ½ 0 1 ½
Source: [34]

Tie-breakers for first place: (1) results in tie-break games for first place;

Tie breakers for non-first place: (1) results in tie-break games for first place, if any; (2) Sonneborn–Berger score (SB); (3) total number of wins; (4) head-to-head score among tied players; (5) drawing of lots.[4]

Note: Numbers in the crosstable in a white background indicate the result playing the respective opponent with the white pieces (black pieces if on a black background). This does not give information which of the two games was played in the first half of the tournament, and which in the second.

Points by round

This table shows each player's cumulative difference between their number of wins and losses after each round. Green backgrounds indicate the player(s) with the highest score after each round. Magenta backgrounds indicate player(s) who could no longer win the tournament after each round, while red backgrounds indicate those who could no longer finish second either.

Rank Player Rounds
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
1  Ian Nepomniachtchi (FIDE) +1 +1 +1 +2 +2 +3 +4 +4 +4 +4 +5 +5 +5 +5
2  Ding Liren (CHN) –1 –1 –1 –1 –1 –1 –1 –1 = +1 +2 +1 +1 +2
3  Teimour Radjabov (AZE) = –1 –1 –1 –1 –1 –2 –2 –1 –1 –1 = = +1
4  Hikaru Nakamura (USA) –1 = = = = = = +1 = +1 +1 +1 +2 +1
5  Fabiano Caruana (USA) +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +2 +3 +2 +2 +1 = = = –1
6  Alireza Firouzja (FRA) = = = –1 –1 –2 –2 –2 –1 –2 –3 –3 –3 –2
7  Jan-Krzysztof Duda (POL) = = = = = –1 –1 –2 –3 –2 –2 –2 –3 –3
8  Richárd Rapport (HUN) = = = = = = –1 = –1 –2 –2 –2 –2 –3

Results by round

In April 2022, FIDE announced pairings for the tournament.[35] Tie-breaks, if they had been required, would have been played on 5 July. Since Nepomniachtchi had a decisive result, no tie breaks were actually played.

First named player is white. 1–0 indicates a white win, 0–1 indicates a black win, and ½–½ indicates a draw. Numbers in parentheses show players' scores prior to the round. Final column indicates opening played, sourced from The Week in Chess.[36][37]

Round 1 (17 June 2022)
Jan-Krzysztof Duda ½–½ Richárd Rapport B44 Sicilian Taimanov
Ding Liren 0–1 Ian Nepomniachtchi A20 English Opening
Fabiano Caruana 1–0 Hikaru Nakamura C65 Ruy Lopez Berlin
Teimour Radjabov ½–½ Alireza Firouzja D37 QGD Vienna
Round 2 (18 June 2022)
Richárd Rapport (½) ½–½ Alireza Firouzja (½) B53 Sicilian Chekhover
Hikaru Nakamura (0) 1–0 Teimour Radjabov (½) C65 Ruy Lopez Berlin
Ian Nepomniachtchi (1) ½–½ Fabiano Caruana (1) C50 Giuoco Pianissimo
Jan-Krzysztof Duda (½) ½–½ Ding Liren (0) C53 Giuoco Pianissimo
Round 3 (19 June 2022)
Ding Liren (½) ½–½ Richárd Rapport (1) D86 Grünfeld Simagin
Fabiano Caruana (1½) ½–½ Jan-Krzysztof Duda (1) B90 Sicilian Najdorf
Teimour Radjabov (½) ½–½ Ian Nepomniachtchi (1½) E04 Catalan
Alireza Firouzja (1) ½–½ Hikaru Nakamura (1) E32 Nimzo-Indian 4.Qc2
Round 4 (21 June 2022)
Richárd Rapport (1½) ½–½ Hikaru Nakamura (1½) C65 Ruy Lopez Berlin
Ian Nepomniachtchi (2) 1–0 Alireza Firouzja (1½) B90 Sicilian Najdorf
Jan-Krzysztof Duda (1½) ½–½ Teimour Radjabov (1) C65 Ruy Lopez Berlin
Ding Liren (1) ½–½ Fabiano Caruana (2) D38 QGD Ragozin
Round 5 (22 June 2022)
Fabiano Caruana (2½) ½–½ Richárd Rapport (2) B46 Sicilian Taimanov
Teimour Radjabov (1½) ½–½ Ding Liren (1½) E00 Catalan
Alireza Firouzja (1½) ½–½ Jan-Krzysztof Duda (2) C42 Petrov's Defence
Hikaru Nakamura (2) ½–½ Ian Nepomniachtchi (3) C42 Petrov's Defence
Round 6 (23 June 2022)
Teimour Radjabov (2) ½–½ Richárd Rapport (2½) B46 Sicilian Taimanov
Alireza Firouzja (2) 0–1 Fabiano Caruana (3) E06 Catalan
Hikaru Nakamura (2½) ½–½ Ding Liren (2) С53 Giuoco Pianissimo
Ian Nepomniachtchi (3½) 1–0 Jan-Krzysztof Duda (2½) A07 King's Indian Attack
Round 7 (25 June 2022)
Richárd Rapport (3) 0–1 Ian Nepomniachtchi (4½) C42 Petrov's Defence
Jan-Krzysztof Duda (2½) ½–½ Hikaru Nakamura (3) E47 Nimzo-Indian
Ding Liren (2½) ½–½ Alireza Firouzja (2) A20 English Opening
Fabiano Caruana (4) 1–0 Teimour Radjabov (2½) B32 Sicilian O'Kelly
Round 8 (26 June 2022)
Richárd Rapport (3) 1–0 Jan-Krzysztof Duda (3) C47 Four Knights Game 4.g3
Ian Nepomniachtchi (5½) ½–½ Ding Liren (3) C47 Scotch Four Knights Game
Hikaru Nakamura (3½) 1–0 Fabiano Caruana (5) C82 Ruy Lopez Open
Alireza Firouzja (2½) ½–½ Teimour Radjabov (2½) C50 Giuoco Pianissimo
Round 9 (27 June 2022)
Alireza Firouzja (3) 1–0 Richárd Rapport (4) C65 Ruy Lopez Berlin
Teimour Radjabov (3) 1–0 Hikaru Nakamura (4½) C65 Ruy Lopez Berlin
Fabiano Caruana (5) ½–½ Ian Nepomniachtchi (6) C42 Petrov's Defence
Ding Liren (3½) 1–0 Jan-Krzysztof Duda (3) A13 English Opening, Neo-Catalan
Round 10 (29 June 2022)
Richárd Rapport (4) 0–1 Ding Liren (4½) C77 Ruy Lopez Anderssen
Jan-Krzysztof Duda (3) 1–0 Fabiano Caruana (5½) C53 Giuoco Pianissimo
Ian Nepomniachtchi (6½) ½–½ Teimour Radjabov (4) E06 Catalan
Hikaru Nakamura (4½) 1–0 Alireza Firouzja (4) B90 Sicilian Najdorf
Round 11 (30 June 2022)
Hikaru Nakamura (5½) ½–½ Richárd Rapport (4) B33 Sicilian Sveshnikov
Alireza Firouzja (4) 0–1 Ian Nepomniachtchi (7) C42 Petrov's Defence
Teimour Radjabov (4½) ½–½ Jan-Krzysztof Duda (4) A13 English Opening
Fabiano Caruana (5½) 0–1 Ding Liren (5½) C88 Ruy Lopez Anti-Marshall
Round 12 (1 July 2022)
Richárd Rapport (4½) ½–½ Fabiano Caruana (5½) C65 Ruy Lopez Berlin
Ding Liren (6½) 0–1 Teimour Radjabov (5) E48 Nimzo-Indian Defence
Jan-Krzysztof Duda (4½) ½–½ Alireza Firouzja (4) D45 Semi-Slav Defense
Ian Nepomniachtchi (8) ½–½ Hikaru Nakamura (6) C67 Ruy Lopez Berlin
Round 13 (3 July 2022)
Ian Nepomniachtchi (8½) ½–½ Richárd Rapport (5) B67 Sicilian Richter-Rauzer
Hikaru Nakamura (6½) 1–0 Jan-Krzysztof Duda (5) B90 Sicilian Najdorf
Alireza Firouzja (4½) ½–½ Ding Liren (6½) C47 Scotch Four Knights Game
Teimour Radjabov (6) ½–½ Fabiano Caruana (6) E04 Catalan
Round 14 (4 July 2022)
Richárd Rapport (5½) 0–1 Teimour Radjabov (6½) C65 Ruy Lopez Berlin
Fabiano Caruana (6½) 0–1 Alireza Firouzja (5) C65 Ruy Lopez Berlin
Ding Liren (7) 1–0 Hikaru Nakamura (7½) D40 Symmetrical Semi-Tarrasch
Jan-Krzysztof Duda (5) ½–½ Ian Nepomniachtchi (9) C43 Petrov's Defence

See also

Notes

  1. ^ a b Russian players' flags were displayed as the FIDE flag, as Russian and Belarusian flags have been banned from FIDE-rated events in response to the Russian invasion of Ukraine.[13]
  2. ^ The regulations stated that it would be the top two finishers other than Carlsen, Nepomniachtchi and Radjabov. (And that if all three finished in the top four of the World Cup, then the only World Cup qualifier would be the other player in the top four; and three qualifiers would come from the Grand Prix.) However, none of these players reached the World Cup final: Nepomniachtchi and Radjabov elected not to play, and Carlsen lost at the semi-final stage.
  3. ^ The 2021 World Champion was not allowed to take part in the Grand Prix. Other players who had already qualified for the Candidates were required to give up their qualification spot if they took part in the Grand Prix.[10] Thus, all participants in the Grand Prix had not yet qualified for the Candidates.

References

  1. ^ "FIDE Candidates 2022 venue and schedule announced". FIDE. March 21, 2022. Retrieved March 21, 2022.
  2. ^ FIDE Candidates 2022: Venue and schedule announced, Chessbase, March 28, 2022
  3. ^ Barden, Leonard (17 December 2021). "Carlsen's doubts over title defence leave chess facing uncertain future". The Guardian. Retrieved 24 June 2022.
  4. ^ a b c d e f Regulations for the FIDE Candidates Tournament 2022, (PDF) FIDE
  5. ^ Doggers (PeterDoggers), Peter (3 July 2022). "Ding Beats Nakamura To Finish 2nd Behind Nepomniachtchi; Radjabov Claims 3rd Place". Chess.com. Retrieved 2022-07-04.
  6. ^ "Nepomniachtchi Wins Candidates Tournament with Round to Spare". 3 July 2022.
  7. ^ Doggers, Peter (2022-07-20). "BREAKING: Carlsen Not To Defend World Title". Chess.com. Retrieved 2022-07-20.
  8. ^ Redford, Patrick (2021-12-21). "Magnus Carlsen Says He'll Only Defend His Title Against Teenage Genius Alireza Firouzja". defector.com. Retrieved 2022-07-26.
  9. ^ a b c "FIDE World Championship Match 2023 Qualification Rules". www.fide.com. Retrieved 2022-06-07.
  10. ^ a b FIDE announces qualification paths for Candidates Tournament 2022, FIDE, 25 May 2021
  11. ^ FIDE World Championship Cycle 2021–2023, FIDE, 24 March 2022
  12. ^ Top 100 Players June 2022, FIDE
  13. ^ FIDE Condemns Military Action; Takes Measures Against Russia, Belarus, chess.com, 28 February 2022
  14. ^ Radjabov withdraws from Candidates, Vachier-Lagrave to jump in, Chessbase, 6 March 2020
  15. ^ Doggers (PeterDoggers), Peter (2020-03-27). "Teimour Radjabov: "I should consult a lawyer"". Chess.com. Retrieved 2020-03-30.
  16. ^ Radjabov given controversial spot in 2022 Candidates, chess24, May 25, 2021
  17. ^ a b FIDE Ethics imposes a six-month ban on Karjakin, FIDE, March 21, 2022
  18. ^ "GM Sergey Karjakin is banned for 6 months by FIDE Ethics". World Chess. Archived from the original on 2022-03-21. Retrieved 2022-03-21.
  19. ^ Doggers, Peter (21 March 2022). "Karjakin Banned For 6 Months, Misses Out On Candidates". Chess.com. Retrieved 2022-03-21.
  20. ^ a b Russian grandmaster Sergey Karjakin banned from chess for 6 months over Ukraine stance, chess24, March 21, 2022
  21. ^ "CFR to Appeal FIDE EDC's Decision to Disqualify Sergey Karjakin". Chess Federation of Russia. 2022-03-21.
  22. ^ "Sergey Karjakin's appeal dismissed". FIDE. May 6, 2022.
  23. ^ a b FIDE dismisses Sergey Karjakin's appeal, chess24, May 6, 2022
  24. ^ Qualification criteria for the Candidates announced, Radjabov gets a spot, Chessbase, May 24, 2021
  25. ^ Top 100 Players April 2022 - Archive, FIDE, April 2022
  26. ^ Barden, Leonard (2022-03-25). "Chess: China's Ding Liren could make unlikely late bid for Candidates place". The Guardian. Retrieved 2022-03-29.
  27. ^ Ding Liren Back To World #2, Plans To Reach 30 Rated Games Needed For Candidates, chess.com, 28 March 2022
  28. ^ Top 100 Players May 2022 - Archive, FIDE, May 2022
  29. ^ Ding Liren world no. 2 on May 2022 FIDE rating list, chess24, 3 May 2022
  30. ^ "Ding Liren confirmed to play in the Candidates". Chess News. 2022-05-18. Retrieved 2022-07-02.
  31. ^ a b c BREAKING: Carlsen Might Only Defend Title Vs. Firouzja
  32. ^ Chess: Magnus Carlsen ‘unlikely’ to defend crown, but questions remain, Leonard Barden, The Guardian, 22 April 2022
  33. ^ "Berlin Candidates 1: A stunning start".
  34. ^ "FIDE Candidates Tournament 2022". candidates.fide.com. Retrieved 2023-05-27.
  35. ^ https://fide.com/news/1716 FIDE Candidates Tournament: Drawings of lots and pairings
  36. ^ "FIDE Candidates Tournament 2022 | The Week in Chess". The Week in Chess. Retrieved 2022-06-23.
  37. ^ "Live Games | The Week in Chess". The Week in Chess. Retrieved 2022-06-23.

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Dalam astronomi dan kosmologi, teori fluida gelap adalah sebuah hipotesis yang berusaha menjelaskan materi gelap dan energi gelap dalam satu kerangka tunggal.[1][2] Teori ini mengusulkan bahwa materi gelap dan energi gelap bukanlah fenomena fisik yang terpisah, keduanya juga tidak memiliki asal usul yang terpisah, tetapi sangat terkait erat dan dapat dianggap sebagai dua faset dari satu fluida. Pada skala galaksi, fluida gelap berperilaku seperti materi gelap, dan pada skala y...

 

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Este artículo o sección tiene referencias, pero necesita más para complementar su verificabilidad.Puedes avisar al redactor principal pegando lo siguiente en su página de discusión: {{sust:Aviso referencias|Sauber C29}} ~~~~Este aviso fue puesto el 24 de mayo de 2023. Sauber C29 Sauber en el Gran Premio de Baréin 2010Categoría Fórmula 1Constructor SauberDiseñador(es) Willy Rampf (Director técnico) Christoph Zimmermann (Jefe de diseño) Seamus Mullarkey (Jefe de aerodinámica)Predece...

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Peterson Institute for International Economics

American think tank focusing on free trade and neoliberal foreign policy Not to be confused with The Peter G. Peterson Foundation, a separate organization that also receives support from the Peterson Family. Peterson Institute for International EconomicsEstablished1981; 42 years ago (1981)FounderC. Fred BergstenType501(c)3 organizationTax ID no. 52-1226967FocusInternational EconomicsHeadquarters1750 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, D.C., U.S.Coordinates38°54′30″N 77...

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