Centaurus (spacecraft mission)

*Centaurus*
Mission type	Flyby
Operator	NASA
Spacecraft properties
Manufacturer	Lockheed Martin (proposed)
Start of mission
Launch date	2026–2029 (proposed)
Instruments
	Imagers, spectrometers
	Discovery program ← Psyche

Centaurus is a mission concept to flyby the centaurs 2060 Chiron and Schwassmann–Wachmann 1.^[1] It was submitted in response to the NASA Discovery program call for proposals in 2019 but ultimately was not among the four missions selected for further development by NASA in February 2020.^[2] If it had been selected, Centaurus would have been the first mission to attempt a flyby of a centaur.

Overview

If selected, Centaurus would have been capable of launching in any year between 2026 and 2029. The primary targets of the Centaurus mission were the centaurs 2060 Chiron and 29P/Schwassmann–Wachmann (often shortened to "SW1"). Centaurs are "escapees" from the Kuiper belt with giant planet-crossing orbits.^[3] Both objects are active centaurs with perihelia within the orbit of Saturn. The Centaurus payload included imagers and spectrometers to study the surfaces, comae, and any potential rings and shepherd moons around these objects.^[1] Use of solar panels would have eliminated the need for radioisotope thermoelectric generators (RTGs) or other nuclear sources.^[1]

Both mission targets show evidence for rings and/or cometary activity. Chiron is the second largest known centaur, by diameter, after 10199 Chariklo. Activity was identified in the past, which appears to feed its rapidly-evolving ring system.^[4]^[5]^[6] SW1 is the most active centaur known, averaging over 7 periods of activity each year.^[7] This equates to an outburst of cometary activity approximately every 50 days. Thus, there was a high likelihood of Centaurus flying by SW1 during a period of activity.

Depiction of Chiron with rings.
Comparison of Chiron and SW1 to 486958 Arrokoth and comet 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko. Pluto is shown at the bottom of the image.

Mission leadership

Centaurus is a joint proposal of the Southwest Research Institute (SwRI) and the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL). The Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboartory (APL) and NASA Goddard Spaceflight Center are also involved.^[1] The principal investigator (PI) of the Centaurus mission is Alan Stern of SwRI in Boulder, Colorado. The Deputy PI is Kelsi Singer of SwRI.

References

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g Singer, Kelsi N.; Stern, S. Alan; Stern, Daniel; Verbsicer, Anne; Olkin, Cathy; et al. (September 2019). Centaurus: Exploring Centaurs and More, Messengers from the Era of Planet Formation (PDF). EPSC-DPS Joint Meeting 2019. Geneva, Switzerland. Bibcode:2019EPSC...13.2025S. EPSC-DPS2019-2025.
^ "NASA Selects Four Possible Missions to Study the Secrets of the Solar System". NASA. 13 February 2020.
^ Fernández, J.A.; Helal, M.; Gallardo, Tabaré (2018). "Dynamical evolution and end states of active and inactive Centaurs". Planetary and Space Science. 158: 6–15. arXiv:1805.05994. Bibcode:2018P&SS..158....6F. doi:10.1016/j.pss.2018.05.013. S2CID 119474923.
^ Ortiz, J.L.; Duffard, R.; Pinilla-Alonso, N.; Alvarez-Candal, A.; Santos-Sanz, P.; Morales, N.; Fernández-Valenzuela, E.; Licandro, J.; Campo Bagatin, A.; Thirouin, A. (2015). "Possible ring material around centaur (2060) Chiron". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 576: A18. arXiv:1501.05911. Bibcode:2015A&A...576A..18O. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201424461. S2CID 38950384.
^ Ortiz, J. L.; Pereira, C. L.; Sicardy, P. (7 August 2023). "The changing material around (2060) Chiron from an occultation on 2022 December 15". Astronomy & Astrophysics. arXiv:2308.03458. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202347025. S2CID 260680405.
^ Ruprecht, J.D.; Bosh, A.S.; Person, M.J.; Bianco, F.B.; Fulton, B.J.; Gulbis, A.A.S; Bus, S.J.; Zangari, A.M. (2015). "29 November 2011 stellar occultation by 2060 Chiron: Symmetric jet-like features". Icarus. 252: 271–276. Bibcode:2015Icar..252..271R. doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2015.01.015.
^ Trigo-Rodríguez; Melendo; García-Hernández; Davidsson; Sánchez (2008). "A continuous follow-up of Centaurs, and dormant comets: looking for cometary activity" (PDF). European Planetary Science Congress.