Coelodonta

Coelodonta; Temporal range: 3.7–0.014 Ma PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N ↓ Pliocene - Late Pleistocene
	Skeleton of the woolly rhinoceros, Coelodonta antiquitatis.
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Mammalia
Order:	Perissodactyla
Family:	Rhinocerotidae
Tribe:	Dicerorhinini
Genus:	†Coelodonta; Bronn, 1831
Type species
	Coelodonta antiquitatis; (Blumenbach, 1799)
Species
	Coelodonta antiquitatis (Blumenbach, 1799) (type species); Coelodonta nihowanensis Chow, 1978; Coelodonta thibetana Deng, et al., 2011; Coelodonta tologoijensis Beliajeva, 1966;

Coelodonta (/koʊiloʊˈdɒntə/, from the Greek κοιλία, koilía and οδούς, odoús, "hollow tooth", in reference to the deep grooves of their molars) is an extinct genus of Eurasian rhinoceroses that lived from about 3.7 million years to 14,000 years ago, in the Pliocene and the Pleistocene epochs. It is best known from the type species, the woolly rhinoceros (Coelodonta antiquitatis), which ranged throughout northern Eurasia during the Pleistocene. The earliest known species, Coelodonta thibetana, lived in Tibet during the Pliocene, with the genus spreading to the rest of Eurasia during the Pleistocene.

Coelodonta presumably grew to be around 3.6m long and 1.7m tall.^[1]

Species

Species recognised as members of Coelodonta, according to Deng et al. (2011), include:

Coelodonta thibetana (Deng et al. 2011): The most primitive species of the genus, inhabited the Tibetan Plateau during the Pliocene.^[2]
Coelodonta nihowanensis (Chow, 1978): A primitive species from northern China, it lived in the earliest Pleistocene.^[2]
Coelodonta tologoijensis (Beliajeva, 1966): Appeared in northern China around 2 million years ago, and was present in eastern Eurasia during the Early-Middle Pleistocene.^[3]
Coelodonta antiquitatis (Blumenbach, 1799): The type species of the genus, commonly known as the woolly rhinoceros. It lived in the steppes of northern Eurasia during the Middle and Late Pleistocene, and was the last living representative of the genus.

Phylogeny

DNA evidence suggests that the Sumatran rhinoceros (Dicerorhinus sumatrensis) is the closest living relative of Coelodonta, with Coelodonta also being closely related to the extinct genus Stephanorhinus.^[4]

Cladogram of living and subfossil rhinoceros species based on nuclear DNA after Liu et al, 2021:^[4]

Elasmotheriinae

†Elasmotherium

Rhinocerotinae

	Black rhinoceros (Diceros bicornis)

	White rhinoceros (Ceratotherium simum)

	Indian rhinoceros (Rhinoceros unicornis)

	Javan rhinoceros (Rhinoceros sondaicus)

Sumatran rhinoceros (Dicerorhinus sumatrensis)

	† Woolly rhinoceros (Coelodonta antiquitatis)

	† Merck's rhinoceros (Stephanorhinus kirchbergensis)

† denotes extinct taxa

Bayesian morphological phylogeny (Pandolfi, 2023) Note: This excludes living African rhinoceros species.^[5]

Rhinocerotina

	Gaindatherium browni

	Lartetotherium sansaniense

Nesorhinus

	Nesorhinus hayasakai

	Nesorhinus philippinensis

Rhinoceros

	Rhinoceros sondaicus (Javan rhinoceros)

	Rhinoceros unicornis (Indian rhinoceros)

Dicerorhinus

Dicerorhinus gwebinensis

	Dicerorhinus fusuiensis

	Dicerorhinus sumatrensis (Sumatran rhinoceros)

Dihoplus schleiermacheri

"Dihoplus" pikermiensis

Coelodonta

Coelodonta thibetana

Coelodonta nihowanensis

	Coelodonta tologoijensis

	Coelodonta antiquitatis (woolly rhinoceros)

Pliorhinus

	Pliorhinus megarhinus

	Pliorhinus miguelcrusafonti

Stephanorhinus

Stephanorhinus jeanvireti

Stephanorhinus etruscus

Stephanorhinus hundsheimensis

	Stephanorhinus hemitoechus (Narrow-nosed or steppe rhinoceros)

	Stephanorhinus kirchbergensis (Merck's or forest rhinoceros)

References

^ Museumsführer - Dinosaurier-Freilichtmuseum und Naturdenkmal Dinosaurierfährten Münchehagen [Museum guide - Dinosaur open-air museum and natural monument Dinosaur Tracks Münchehagen] (in German) (1st ed.). Münchehagen, Lower Saxony, Germany: Dinosaurier-Park Münchehagen GmbH & Co. KG, Rehburg-Loccum. 2012. p. 94.
^ ^a ^b Deng, T.; Wang, X.; Fortelius, M.; Li, Q.; Wang, Y.; Tseng, Z.J.; Takeuchi, G.T.; Saylor, J.E.; Säilä, L.K.; Xie, G. (2011). "Out of Tibet: Pliocene Woolly Rhino Suggests High-Plateau Origin of Ice Age Megaherbivores". Science. 333 (6047): 1285–1288. Bibcode:2011Sci...333.1285D. doi:10.1126/science.1206594. PMID 21885780. S2CID 8913866.
^ Uzunidis, Antigone; Antoine, Pierre-Olivier; Brugal, Jean-Philip (July 2022). "A Middle Pleistocene Coelodonta antiquitatis praecursor (Mammalia, Perissodactyla) from Les Rameaux, SW France, and a revised phylogeny of Coelodonta". Quaternary Science Reviews. 288: 107594. Bibcode:2022QSRv..28807594U. doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2022.107594.
^ ^a ^b Liu, Shanlin; Westbury, Michael V.; Dussex, Nicolas; Mitchell, Kieren J.; Sinding, Mikkel-Holger S.; Heintzman, Peter D.; Duchêne, David A.; Kapp, Joshua D.; von Seth, Johanna; Heiniger, Holly; Sánchez-Barreiro, Fátima (24 August 2021). "Ancient and modern genomes unravel the evolutionary history of the rhinoceros family". Cell. 184 (19): 4874–4885.e16. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2021.07.032. hdl:10230/48693. ISSN 0092-8674. PMID 34433011.
^ Pandolfi, Luca (2023-01-19). "Reassessing the phylogeny of Quaternary Eurasian Rhinocerotidae". Journal of Quaternary Science: jqs.3496. doi:10.1002/jqs.3496. hdl:11563/163194. ISSN 0267-8179.