Convair CV-240 family

CV-240 family
CV-240 family
	A Scandinavian Airlines System Convair CV-440 in flight. The CV-440 is a low-wing airliner with twin radial engines
General information
Type	Airliner
Manufacturer	Convair
Status	In limited service
Primary users	American Airlines (historical) Zantop International Airlines (historical), Air Chathams (historical)
Number built	1076 (Convair); 10 (Canadair); 1086 (total)
History
Manufactured	1947–1954
Introduction date	February 29, 1948 with American Airlines
First flight	March 16, 1947
Variants	Convair C-131 Samaritan; Canadair CC-109 Cosmopolitan

The Convair CV-240 is an American airliner that Convair manufactured from 1947 to 1954, initially as a possible replacement for the ubiquitous Douglas DC-3. Featuring a more modern design with cabin pressurization, the 240 series made some inroads as a commercial airliner, and had a long development cycle that produced various civil and military variants. Though reduced in numbers by attrition, various forms of the "Convairliners" continue to fly in the 21st century.

Design and development

The design began with a requirement by American Airlines for an airliner to replace its Douglas DC-3s. Convair's original design, the unpressurised Model 110, was a twin-engine, low-wing monoplane of all-metal construction, with 30 seats. It was powered by Pratt & Whitney R-2800 Double Wasp radial engines. It had a tricycle landing gear, and a ventral airstair for passenger boarding.^[5] The prototype Model 110, registration NX90653, first flew on July 8, 1946.^[5] By this time, American Airlines had changed the requirements to include pressurization and deemed the design too small. Convair used the first prototype for 240 series development work before it had the plane broken up in 1947.^[6]

To meet the requirements of airlines for a pressurized airliner, Convair produced a revised design—the Model 240. This had a longer but thinner fuselage than the Model 110, accommodating 40 passengers in the first pressurized, twin-engined airliner.^[1] The 240 first flew on March 16, 1947.^[7]

The Model 240 was followed by the Model 340, which had a longer fuselage, longer-span wings, and more powerful engines. The 340 first flew on October 5, 1951.^[8] In 1954, in an attempt to compete with turboprop-powered airliners such as the Vickers Viscount, Convair produced the Model 440 Metropolitan, with more streamlined cowlings, new engine exhausts, and better cabin soundproofing.^[9] As the "Super 240" evolved into the CV-340 and CV-440, the design reached the limit of piston-engine performance, and future development centered on conversion to turboprop power.^[4]

Operational history

Convair delivered the first production Convairliner to American on February 29, 1948.^[7] They delivered a total of 75 to American—and another 50 to Western Airlines, Continental Airlines, Pan American Airways, Lufthansa, KLM, Swissair, Sabena, and Trans Australia Airlines.^[10] A CV-240 was the first private aircraft used in a United States presidential campaign. In 1960, John F. Kennedy used a CV-240 named Caroline (after his daughter) during his campaign. This aircraft is now preserved in the National Air and Space Museum.

After aborted negotiations with TWA and Eastern for "Super 240" orders, Convair temporarily halted 240 series production. In response to a United inquiry, Convair redesigned the Super 240, calling it the CV-340. United ordered 55, and more US orders came from Braniff, Continental, Delta, Northeast, and National. Other orders came from abroad, and the CV-340 was popular in South America. The CV-340 earned a reputation for reliability and profitability, and was developed into the CV-440 Metropolitan, the final piston-engined variant of the Convairliners.^[4] Kelowna Flightcraft Air Charter, the major remaining operator of this model, currently holds the type certificate for this aircraft. Used price for a Convair 240 in 1960 was around £40,000.^[11]

Variants

Data from: General Dynamics Aircraft and their predecessors^[4]

Civil variants

Convair Model 110: Unpressurized prototype with seats for 30 passengers. 89 ft (27.13 m) wingspan, 71 ft (21.64 m) length, powered by two 2,100 hp (1,567 kW) Pratt & Whitney R-2800-SC13G engines. One built.^[5]
Convair CV-240: Initial production version, with seats for 40 passengers in a pressurised fuselage. Powered by two Pratt & Whitney 2,400 hp (1,800 kW) R-2800 engines.^[12] 176 built (excluding military derivatives).^[13]

Convair CV-240-21 Turboliner: Turboprop-powered conversion fitted with Allison T38 engines. It became the first turboprop airliner to fly in the United States (on December 29, 1950), but problems with the engines resulted in development being terminated. Used as a test bed before being converted back to piston power.^[14]
Convair CV-300: A conversion from a Convair CV-240 with two R-2800 CB-17 engines and nacelles as used on the CV-340.^[15]
Convair CV-340: Built for United Airlines and other operators including KLM, the CV-340 was a CV-240 lengthened to hold an additional four seats. The wingspan was extended for better performance at higher altitudes. The CV-340 replaced the DC-3 in United service. The airline flew 52 340s for 16 years without a fatality. KLM operated the type from early 1953 until mid-1963. Many CV-340 aircraft were converted to CV-440 standard.^[16]
Convair CV-440 Metropolitan: CV-340 with improved soundproofing and an option for weather radar. Maximum weight rose to 49,700 lbs. An optional increase from 44 to 52 passengers was facilitated by the replacement of the carry-on luggage area with two more rows of seats, marked by the addition of an extra cabin window. This option was taken up by several airlines including Swissair, Lufthansa and SAS.^[16] Finnair operated the type from 1956 until 1980.
Convair CV-540: Conversion from a Convair CV-340 aircraft with two Napier Eland turboprop engines in place of the piston engines. Six aircraft were converted by Napier for Allegheny Airlines.^[17] Cost for the conversions was £160,000 per-aircraft. 12 built as new-builds by Canadair for RCAF as CC-109 in 1960 for £436,000 per-aircraft. First flight February 9, 1955.^[18] When Rolls-Royce purchased Napier, the Eland program was terminated, and the Allegheny aircraft were converted back to piston power, but were later converted to Convair 580s with Allison turbo props.
Convair CV-580: Conversion from Convair CV-340 (Allison Prop-Jet Convair 340) or CV-440 aircraft with two Allison 501 D13D/H turboprop engines with four-blade propellers, in place of piston engines with three-blade propellers, an enlarged vertical fin and modified horizontal stabilizers. The conversions were performed by Pacific Airmotive on behalf of the Allison Engine Company.^[17] Cost of the conversions was around £175,000 per aircraft and took 60 days.^[11] The CV-580 served with the original Frontier Airlines (1950-1986), Allegheny Airlines, and North Central Airlines for many years and was also the first aircraft type operated by American Eagle on behalf of American Airlines in code sharing feeder service. General Motors Air Transport (GMATs) also used CV-580's on their internal air shuttle operation which ran between Detroit Metro Airport, Dayton,OH, Anderson, IN and other locations as needed.
Convair CV-580 Airtanker: Firefighting airtanker conversions with retardant tanks and dropping systems.
Convair CV-600: Conversion from a Convair 240 aircraft with Rolls-Royce Dart turboprop engines with four-blade propellers, in place of piston engines with three-blade propellers. CV-600 conversions were performed by Convair.^[17] The CV-600 first flew with Central Airlines on 30 November 1965 and also served with Trans-Texas Airways (TTa) and successor Texas International Airlines for many years. The CV-600 aircraft that flew with Air Metro Airways was configured as a 40-passenger airliner. In 2012 the last Convair CV-600 (Rhoades Aviation) went out of service.^[19]
Convair CV-640: Conversion from a Convair CV-340 or -440 with Rolls-Royce Dart turboprop engines with four-blade propellers, in place of piston engines with three-blade propellers. The conversions were performed by Convair.^[17] In 2012, a total of seven Convair CV-640 aircraft remained in airline service, with Rhoades Aviation (one) and C&M Airways (six).^[19]
Convair CV-5800

A stretched Convair CV-5800 of IFL Group with this aircraft being developed by Kelowna Flightcraft (now KF Aerospace) in Canada

Conversion from former US Navy C-131F Samaritans by Kelowna Flightcraft Ltd. (KF Aerospace since 2015) in Canada. The CV-5800 is a C-131F Samaritan stretched by 16 ft 7 in (4,98 m)^[20] with the Samaritan's original tail unit rather than the enlarged tail of the CV-580. These conversions also have a new freight door, digital avionics with EFIS and Allison 501-D22G engines in place of the original R-2800 engines. The prototype of this conversion first flew on February 11, 1992; the type certificate was issued on December 11, 1993.^[21] A total of six aircraft were converted (construction numbers 276 to 279, 309, 343) and mostly used by Contract Air Cargo (later IFL Group); one aircraft later operated by Air Freight NZ was then returned to KF Aerospace for operation in their own fleet.^[22]^[23]
Allison Turbine ATF 580S Turbo Flagship: Stretched Convairliner conversion.^[24]

Military variants

Convair C-131 Samaritan: The CV-240/340/440 series was used by the United States Air Force for medical evacuation and VIP under this designation
Convair T-29 trainer: A trainer model of the C-131 was used to instruct navigators and radio operators
Convair R4Y Samaritan: The United States Navy used the Samaritan under this designation
Canadair CC-109 Cosmopolitan: Conversion from CV-440, with Napier Eland turboprops in place of the piston engines. The conversions were performed in Canada by Canadair. In Royal Canadian Air Force and later in Canadian Armed Forces service they were known as the CC-109 Cosmopolitan. All were re-engined in 1966 with Allison 501-D13 engines.
Canadair CL-66: Company designation for the CC-109 Eland powered variant

Operators

Civil operators

A Nolinor Convair 580 landing at Vancouver International Airport

An Air Chathams Convair 580 at Tuuta Airport, Chatham Islands in September 2003

Africa

Air Algerie – CV-640
Ethiopian Air Lines – CV-240^[25]
Kardair (Libya) – CV-440
Titan Helicopter Group (South Africa) – 3 CV-580
Regional Air (South Africa – 2 CV-580)
Rovos Air (South Africa – CV-340)

Asia

Air Jordan – CV-240^[26]
Air Maldives – CV-440
All Nippon Airways – CV-440^[27]
Ariana Afghan Airlines – CV-340^[28]
Central Air Transport Corporation [zh] (CATC), - 6 CV-240^[29]^[30]
Garuda Indonesia – CV-240,^[31] CV-340^[31] & CV-440^[32]
Iran Air ^{[citation needed]} – CV-240
Japan Domestic Airlines – CV-240
Orient Airways CV-240^[33]
Pakistan International Airlines – CV-240^[33]
Philippine Airlines – CV-340^[34]
Royal Air Cambodge – CV-440^[35]
Saudia – CV-340^[36]
Seulawah Air Services – CV-640^[37]
South East Asia Air Transport – CV-340^[38]
Toa Airways

Oceania

Air Chathams – CV-580
Air Fiji – CV-580
Air Freight NZ – CV-580 & CV-5800
Airlines of New South Wales – CV-440^[26]
Airlines of South Australia – CV-440^[26]
Ansett Airlines – CV-340,^[39] CV-440 (some were formerly operated by Braniff International Airways)^[40]
Chathams Pacific – CV-580
Pionair – CV-580
Real Tonga – CV-580
Trans Australia Airlines – CV-240^[41]

Europe

Aviaco – CV-440^[42]
Alitalia – Linee Aeree Italiane – CV-240^{[citation needed]}, CV-340 & CV-440^[27]
Condor (& predecessor Deutsche Flugdienst) – CV-240^{[citation needed]} & CV-440^[43]
Delta Air Transport – CV-440
European Air Transport – CV-580^[44]
Finnair – CV-340^[45] & CV-440^[45]
Fred Olsen Air Transport – CV-340^[46]
General Air (Germany) – CV-440
Iberia Airlines – Convair CV-440^[43]
JAT Yugoslav Airlines – CV-340 & CV-440
Kar-Air CV-440^[47]
KLM – CV-240^[48] & CV-340^[48]
Linjeflyg – CV-340 & CV-440
LOT Polish Airlines – CV-240 (5 in 1957–1966)^[49]
Lufthansa – CV-340^[50] & CV-440^[51]
Martinair – CV-640
Mey-Air – CV-240
Norsk Metropolitan Klubb – CV-440
Nor-Fly Charter – CV-440 & CV-580
Pan Adria Airways CV-440
Partnair – CV-580
Polaris Air Transport [de] – CV-240
SABENA – CV-240^[41] & CV-440^[51]
SAS – CV-440
SATA, SA de Transport Aérien – CV-440 & CV-640
Stellar Airfreighter (Norway) – CV-440
Swiftair – CV-580
Swissair – CV-240 & CV-440^[51]
Tellair – CV-440

United States and Canada

Air Mid-America – CV-600
Air New England – CV-580^[52]
Air Ontario – CV-580, CV-640^[52]
Air Rajneesh – CV-240^[52]
Air Resorts – CV-440
Air Tahoma – CV-240 & CV-580
Allegheny Airlines - CV-340^{[citation needed]}, CV-440,^[53] CV-540^[27] & CV-580^[53]
Alaska Airlines – CV-240
American Airlines – CV-240^[27]
American Eagle – See Metro Airlines
American Inter-Island – CV-440 (wholly owned subsidiary of American Airlines, which operated flights between San Juan, St. Thomas and St. Croix in the Caribbean)
Aspen Airways – CV-240, CV-440 & CV-580
Atlantic Gulf Airlines – CV-580
Bar Harbor Airlines – CV-600
Braniff International Airways – CV-340 & CV-440^[42]
Buffalo Airways – CV-240 bought for its engines, not put in service
Cal Sierra Airlines – CV-580
Canadian Pacific Airlines – CV-240^[54]
Caribair (Puerto Rico) – CV-340, CV-440 & CV-640
Central Airlines – CV-240 & CV-600
Charter Airlines – CV-580
Cochise Airlines – CV-440
Conair Group – CV-580
Continental Airlines – CV-240, CV-340 & CV-440^[55]
Continental Express – CV-580 (operated by Trans-Colorado Airlines)
Cordova Airlines – CV-240 (acquired by and merged into Alaska Airlines)
Delta Air Lines – CV-340 & CV-440^[56]
Desert Air – CV-240
Eastern Air Lines – CV-440^[56]
Era Aviation – CV-580
Executive Airlines – CV-440
Freedom Airlines – CV-580
Frontier Airlines (1950–1986) – CV-240, CV-340, CV-440, CV-580 & CV-600 (CV-600 aircraft formerly operated by Central Airlines)
Great Lakes Airlines (Canada) – CV-440 & CV-580
Gulf Air Transport – CV-340, CV-440 & CV-580 (U.S. charter air carrier. CV-580 aircraft were formerly operated by North Central and Republic.)
Harrison Airways (Canada) – CV-440
Hawaiian Airlines – CV-340,^[50] CV-440 & CV-640^[57]
IFL Group – CV-580 & CV-5800
Kelowna Flightcraft Air Charter (KF Aerospace) – CV-580 & CV-5800
Kitty Hawk Aircargo – Convair CV-240, CV-340, CV-440, CV-600 and CV-640
L&J Company of Addison, Texas – CV-240 (aircraft tragically crashed with the band Lynyrd Skynyrd on board)^[58]
Lake Central Airlines – CV-340 & CV-580
Laredo Air – CV-580
Mackey Airlines (also known as Mackey International) – CV-440 & CV-580
Metro Airlines (via its wholly owned Metroflight division) – CV-580 (former Frontier Airlines aircraft that were operated for American Eagle via agreement with American Airlines)
Miami Air Lease – CV-440
Midwest Air Charter/Airborne Express – CV-600
Mohawk Airlines – CV-240 & CV-440^[59]
National Airlines – CV-340 & CV-440^[60]
Nolinor Aviation – CV-580
Norcanair – CV-580 & CV-640
Nordair (Nordair Metro division) – CV-580
North Central Airlines – CV-580
Northeast Airlines – CV-240^[61]
Northwest Airlines – CV-580 (former Republic Airlines aircraft that were previously operated by North Central Airlines)
Pacific Western Airlines – CV-640
Pan American World Airways (Pan Am) – CV-240 & CV-340^[62]
Powell Air – CV-440
Quebecair – CV-540 (CL-66)
Renown Aviation – CV-440 & CV-580
Republic Airlines – CV-580 (formerly operated by North Central Airlines)
Resort Air Commuter – CV-580
Rhoades Aviation – CV-640
Sea Airmotive – CV-340, CV-440 & CV-580
Sierra Pacific Airlines – CV-340, CV-440 & CV-580
Skyfreighters – CV-440
SMB Stage Lines – CV-600 & CV-640
Summit Airlines – CV-580
Sun Valley Key Airlines – CV-440 (U.S. commuter air carrier previously known as Sun Valley Airlines, which operated out of Salt Lake City, UT and Sun Valley, ID, and then changed its name back to Key Airlines)
Trans-Texas Airways (TTa) – CV-240 & CV-600
Texas International Airlines – CV-600 (former Trans-Texas Airways aircraft)
Time Air – CV-580 & CV-640 (former Norcan Air and North Caribou, also one previously owned by Domino's Pizza)
Trans-Colorado Airlines – CV-580 (aircraft painted in the livery of Continental Express)
United Airlines – CV-340^[63] & CV-580 (CV-580 aircraft operated via wet lease contract by Frontier Airlines (1950–1986) as the replacement for former United Douglas DC-6 service to Elko, NV and Ely, NV)
Viking International Airlines – CV-600 & CV-640
Westates Airlines – CV-580
Western Airlines – CV-240^[64]
Wright Airlines – CV-440, CV-600 & CV-640
Zantop International Airlines – Convair 640

Mexico, the Caribbean, Central and South America

Aero California – CV-340
Aerocaribe – CV-340 & CV-440^[65]
Aerolíneas Argentinas – CV-240^[45]
Aerolineas Colonia (Uruguay) – CV-240
Aeromexico – CV-340^[45]
Aeroquetzal – CV-580
ALM Antillean Airlines – CV-340 & CV-440
Arawak Airlines (Trinidad and Tobago) CV-440
ARCO Aerolíneas Colonia S.A. (Uruguay) – CV-240, CV-600
Avensa – CV-240, CV-340,^[66] CV-580
Aviateca – CV-240, CV-340 & CV-440
Caribair (Puerto Rico) – see North America
Chilean Airways – CV-580
COPA Compañia Panameña de Aviación – CV-340
Cruzeiro do Sul – CV-240, CV-340 & CV-440^[67]
Flota Aérea Mercante Argentina [de] (FAMA)^[68]
LACSA – CV-340 & CV-440^[69]
Líneas Aéreas Paraguayas (LAP) – 3 CV-240
LAN Chile – CV-440
Prinair – CV-580
Real Transportes Aéreos – CV-340 & CV-440^[70]
SAHSA – CV-580
Transportes Aéreos Nacional – CV-440
VARIG – CV-240, CV-340 & CV-440

Military operators

Australia

Royal Australian Air Force - Two CV-440 Metropolitans (RAAF serial A95-313 and 353) were in service with RAAF from 1956 to 1968.^[71]
- No. 34 Squadron RAAF

Bolivia

Transporte Aéreo Militar - Six CV-440s and five CV-580s acquired. One of each remaining as of 1987.^[72]

Canada

Royal Canadian Air Force and Canadian Armed Forces CV-540s were re engined with T56 turbo props with 412 Squadron

Colombia: CV-580
Germany

Luftwaffe operated six CV-440s.

Italy

Italian Air Force operated four CV-440 Metropolitans from 1957 until 1978^[73]

Paraguay

Paraguayan Air Force: CV-440/C-131D

Sri Lanka

Sri Lanka Air Force - CV-440

Mexico

Mexican Air Force CV-580 Nowadays used as an AEW&C Simulator on AFB #1 Santa Lucia

Other operators

National Research Council of Canada Convair-580

Canada

National Research Council (Canada) (CV-580 C-FNRC^[74] multi purpose flying laboratory, mainly used for airborne atmospheric research,^[75]^[76]^[77]^[78]^[79]^[80]^[81]^[82] carrying more than 40 in-situ sensors and cloud probes and remote sensing instrumentation such as X,W band radars, 355 nm lidars, and radiometers.^[83]^[84]^[85]^[86]^[87]^[88]^[89] )

Canada Centre for Remote Sensing, later Environment Canada, retired to the Canada Aviation and Space Museum in June 2015 in recognition of its historical significance to Canadian science (CV-580 C-GRSC^[90])

China

CAAC - One CATC CV-240 defected to the People's Republic in November 1949. This may have been used as a VIP aircraft.^[91]^[92]

United States

Airborne Imaging, (C-131B N131CR^[93])
Environmental Research Institute of Michigan, later Veridian and then General Dynamics Advanced Information Systems (CV-580s N51211)^[94] and N51255^[95]^{[failed verification]})
Honeywell International, Everett Washington (CV-580 N580HW^[96])
Raytheon, Tucson Arizona (CV-580 N580HH^[97])
University of Washington, (CV-580 N3UW^[98])

Accidents and incidents

Specifications (CV-240)

Data from General Dynamics Aircraft and their Predecessors.^[12]

General characteristics

Crew: 2 or 3 flight deck crew
Capacity: 40
Length: 74 ft 8 in (22.76 m)
Wingspan: 91 ft 9 in (27.97 m)
Height: 26 ft 11 in (8.20 m)
Wing area: 817 sq ft (75.9 m²)
Empty weight: 25,445 lb (11,542 kg) (revised 29,500 lb (13,381 kg))
Gross weight: 40,500 lb (18,370 kg) (revised 42,500 lb (19,278 kg))
Fuel capacity: 1,000 US gal (3,785.41 L) - 1,550 US gal (5,867.39 L)
Powerplant: 2 × Pratt & Whitney R-2800-CA3 Double Wasp / CA15 / CA18 / CB3 or CB16 18-cyl air-cooled radial engines, 2,400 hp (1,800 kW) each
Propellers: 3-bladed Hamilton Standard or Curtiss reversible pitch

Performance

Maximum speed: 315 mph (507 km/h, 274 kn)
Cruise speed: 280 mph (450 km/h, 240 kn) (maximum)
Range: 1,200 mi (1,900 km, 1,000 nmi)
Service ceiling: 16,000 ft (4,900 m)
Rate of climb: 1,520 ft/min (7.7 m/s)

References

Notes

^ ^a ^b Wegg 1990, pp. 187–188.
^ Wegg 1990, pp. 222–226
^ Wegg 1990, p. 226
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Wegg 1990, pp. 187–199.
^ ^a ^b ^c Wegg 1990, p. 183.
^ Gradidge 1997, p. 10.
^ ^a ^b Wegg 1990, p. 188.
^ Wegg 1990, pp. 188–189.
^ Wegg 1990, p. 192.
^ Gradidge 1997, pp. 10–11.
^ ^a ^b Flight November 18, 1960, p. 794.
^ ^a ^b Wegg 1990, pp. 188, 199.
^ Wegg 1990, p. 189.
^ Wegg 1990, p. 194.
^ "Convair-Liner History." The American Museum of Aviation. Retrieved: October 21, 2011.
^ ^a ^b Gradidge 1997, p. 13
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Frawley 1997, p. 86.
^ Flight November 18, 1960, p. 793.
^ ^a ^b Flight International, October 3–9, 2006.
^ aerofavourites, Convair CV-240 - CV-640 Archived 2017-01-01 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved: August 17, 2016.
^ Gradidge 1997, p. 39.
^ Klee, Ulrich & Bucher, Frank et al. jp airline-fleets international 2013/14. Sutton, UK, 2013, pp. 321 and 583.
^ Ruud Leeuw, ConvairLiners background information. Retrieved: August 17, 2016.
^ John W.R. Taylor, ed. (1987). Jane's All the World's Aircraft 1987–88. London: Jane's Information Group. ISBN 978-0-7106-0850-5.
^ Archive 1992 No. 3, pp. 64–65
^ ^a ^b ^c Flight April 8, 1960, p. 491.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Flight April 8, 1960, p. 492.
^ Wragg 1969, p. 7.
^ Best Air-Britain Archive Summer 2009, p. 83
^ Best Air-Britain Archive Autumn 2009, p. 104
^ ^a ^b Bridgman 1955, p. 21
^ Veronico & Larkins 2005, p. 58
^ ^a ^b Veronico & Larkins 2005, pp. 59–60
^ Bridgman 1955, p. 26
^ "SINGAPORE PROPLINERS 1975". goodall.com.au. Retrieved 10 February 2021.
^ Bridgman 1955, p. 27
^ "SOUTH EAST ASIA 1960s-1970s – INDONESIA & DUTCH NEW GUINEA". goodall.com.au. Retrieved 10 February 2021.
^ "SINGAPORE and BALI 1980". goodall.com.au. Retrieved 10 February 2021.
^ Bridgman 1955, p. 14
^ Veronico & Larkins 2005, pp. 57–558
^ ^a ^b Bridgman 1955, p. 15
^ ^a ^b Flight April 8, 1960, p. 493.
^ ^a ^b Flight April 8, 1960, p. 497.
^ Lambert 1993, p. [37].
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Flight April 8, 1960, p. 489.
^ Hagby 1998, p. 34.
^ Wragg 1969, pp. 34–35.
^ ^a ^b Bridgman 1955, p. 25
^ Jońca, Adam (1986) Samoloty linii lotniczych 1957–1981, WKiŁ, Warsaw, ISBN 83-206-0530-X (in Polish), p.2
^ ^a ^b Bridgman 1955, p. 20
^ ^a ^b ^c Veronico & Larkins 2005, p. 55
^ ^a ^b ^c Gradidge 1997, p. 67.
^ ^a ^b Gradidge 1997, pp. 69–70.
^ Flight April 8, 1960, p. 495.
^ Veronico & Larkins 2005, pp. 44–45
^ ^a ^b Veronico & Larkins 2005, p. 45
^ Veronico & Larkins 2005, pp. 45–46, 80
^ 1977 Convair CV-240 crash
^ Veronico & Larkins 2005, p. 46
^ Veronico & Larkins 2005, p. 47
^ Veronico & Larkins 2005, pp. 47–48
^ Veronico & Larkins 2005, p. 48
^ Veronico & Larkins 2005, pp. 48–49
^ Veronico & Larkins 2005, pp. 49–50
^ Lambert 1993, p. [27].
^ Flight April 8, 1960, p. 490.
^ Veronico & Larkins 2005, pp. 52–53
^ Tony Eastwood, John Roach: Piston Engine Airliner Production List. The Aviation Hobby Shop, West Drayton, 2007.
^ Veronico & Larkins 2005, pp. 53–54
^ Veronico & Larkins 2005, p. 53
^ Wilson, Stewart (1994). Military Aircraft of Australia. Weston Creek, Australia: Aerospace Publications. p. 216. ISBN 978-1-875671-08-3.
^ Siegrist 1987, p. 175.
^ "Italian Air Force Aircraft Types". www.aeroflight.co.uk.
^ Derden, Jonathan. "Convair 580." airliners.net, April 19, 2008. Retrieved: June 7, 2011.
^ Gardy, Jennifer (2016). "Myth or Science: In the Eye of the Storm". CBC.
^ "Aircraft Campaign over Canada's Iqaluit YOPP Supersite" (PDF). PolarPredictNews. 2019.
^ Schuettemeyer, Dirk (2018). "Measuring precipitation in the Arctic". European Space Agency Blogs. Archived from the original on 2020-10-23.
^ Thurton, David (2018). "Flying air-monitoring lab tests emissions in oilsands region". CBC.
^ Rosuck, Ethan (2019). "Meteorology students take part in aircraft icing research". 23WIFR.
^ Pearson, Marilyn (2020). "Operation ICICLE" (PDF). FAA Safety briefing.
^ Thatcher, Chris (2019). "NRC studies aircraft icing". SKIES Magazine.
^ "Scientists fly plane into winter storm to study the impact of icy conditions". 9News. 2019.
^ Brown, Anthony P.; Wolde, Mengistu; Korolev, Alexei (2016-06-13). "In-situ Wind-fields Measured by the NRC Convair during HAIC-HIWC 2015". 8th AIAA Atmospheric and Space Environments Conference. AIAA AVIATION Forum. Washington, D.C.: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics. doi:10.2514/6.2016-4202. ISBN 978-1-62410-433-6.
^ Liggio, John; Li, Shao-Meng; Staebler, Ralf M.; Hayden, Katherine; Darlington, Andrea; Mittermeier, Richard L.; O’Brien, Jason; McLaren, Robert; Wolde, Mengistu; Worthy, Doug; Vogel, Felix (December 2019). "Measured Canadian oil sands CO2 emissions are higher than estimates made using internationally recommended methods". Nature Communications. 10 (1): 1863. Bibcode:2019NatCo..10.1863L. doi:10.1038/s41467-019-09714-9. ISSN 2041-1723. PMC 6478833. PMID 31015411.
^ Wolde, Mengistu; Nguyen, Cuong; Korolev, Alexei; Bastian, Matthew (2016-06-13). "Characterization of the Pilot X-band radar responses to the HIWC environment during the Cayenne HAIC-HIWC 2015 Campaign". 8th AIAA Atmospheric and Space Environments Conference. AIAA AVIATION Forum. Washington, D.C.: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics. doi:10.2514/6.2016-4201. ISBN 978-1-62410-433-6.
^ Pazmany, Andrew L.; Wolde, Mengistu (March 2008). "A compact airborne G-band (183 GHZ) water Vapor Radiometer and retrievals of liquid cloud parameters from coincident radiometer and millimeter wave radar measurements". 2008 Microwave Radiometry and Remote Sensing of the Environment. Florence, Italy: IEEE. pp. 1–4. doi:10.1109/MICRAD.2008.4579473. ISBN 978-1-4244-1986-9. S2CID 25720593.
^ Baibakov, Konstantin; Wolde, Mengistu; Nguyen, Cuong; Korolev, Alexei; Heckman, Ivan (2018). Nicolae, D.; Makoto, A.; Vassilis, A.; Balis, D.; Behrendt, A.; Comeron, A.; Gibert, F.; Landulfo, E.; McCormick, M.P. (eds.). "Retrievals of ice-water content from an airborne elastic lidar in tropical convective clouds". EPJ Web of Conferences. 176: 05051. Bibcode:2018EPJWC.17605051B. doi:10.1051/epjconf/201817605051. ISSN 2100-014X.
^ Korolev, Alexei; Heckman, Ivan; Wolde, Mengistu; Ackerman, Andrew S.; Fridlind, Ann M.; Ladino, Luis A.; Lawson, R. Paul; Milbrandt, Jason; Williams, Earle (2020-02-05). "A new look at the environmental conditions favorable to secondary ice production". Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics. 20 (3): 1391–1429. Bibcode:2020ACP....20.1391K. doi:10.5194/acp-20-1391-2020. ISSN 1680-7324.
^ Baibakov, Konstantin; LeBlanc, Samuel; Ranjbar, Keyvan; O'Neill, Norman T.; Wolde, Mengistu; Redemann, Jens; Pistone, Kristina; Li, Shao-Meng; Liggio, John; Hayden, Katherine; Chan, Tak W. (2020-12-21). "Airborne and ground-based measurements of aerosol optical depth of freshly emitted anthropogenic plumes in the Athabasca Oil Sands region". Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics. 21 (13): 10671–10687. doi:10.5194/acp-2020-1218. S2CID 241004223.
^ "Radar Remote Sensing Pioneering Convair 580 Added To Canada Aviation And Space Museum Collection". Canadian Air and Space Museum. 24 June 2015. Archived from the original on 19 September 2015. Retrieved 15 September 2015.
^ Best Air-Britain Archive Winter 2011, pp. 158–159
^ Best Air-Britain Archive Spring 2012, p. 17
^ Smithson, Peter. "Convair C-131B (340-70) aircraft." airliners.net, October 26, 2010. Retrieved: June 7, 2011.
^ Groenendijk, Bob. "Convair 580." airliners.net, 1981. Retrieved: June 7, 2011.
^ Kempf, Steve. "Convair 580." airliners.net, December 2, 2004. Retrieved: June 7, 2011.
^ King, Royal S. "Convair 580." airliners.net, August 5, 2012 Retrieved: November 14, 2012.
^ Lockett, Brian. "Convair 580." airliners.net, February 25, 2008. Retrieved: June 7, 2011.
^ Rodriguez, Javier. "Convair 580." airliners.net, 1999. Retrieved: June 7, 2011.

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[Wegg_p188,99-12] Wegg 1990, pp. 188, 199.

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[Wegg_p194-14] Wegg 1990, p. 194.

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[Gradidge_p13-16] Gradidge 1997, p. 13

[DCA-17] Frawley 1997, p. 86.

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[20] rofavourites, Convair CV-240 - CV-640 Archived 2017-01-01 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved: August 17, 2016.

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[23] Ruud Leeuw, ConvairLiners background information. Retrieved: August 17, 2016.

[JAWA87-88-24] John W.R. Taylor, ed. (1987). Jane's All the World's Aircraft 1987–88. London: Jane's Information Group. ISBN 978-0-7106-0850-5.

[25] Archive 1992 No. 3, pp. 64–65

[fi8460_p491-26] Flight April 8, 1960, p. 491.

[fi8460_p492-27] Flight April 8, 1960, p. 492.

[wraggp7-28] Wragg 1969, p. 7.

[29] Best Air-Britain Archive Summer 2009, p. 83

[30] Best Air-Britain Archive Autumn 2009, p. 104

[jawa5521-31] Bridgman 1955, p. 21

[atp58-32] Veronico & Larkins 2005, p. 58

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[35] "SINGAPORE PROPLINERS 1975". goodall.com.au. Retrieved 10 February 2021.

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[jawa5514-39] Bridgman 1955, p. 14

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[fi8460_p489-45] Flight April 8, 1960, p. 489.

[46] Hagby 1998, p. 34.

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[jawa5525-48] Bridgman 1955, p. 25

[49] Jońca, Adam (1986) Samoloty linii lotniczych 1957–1981, WKiŁ, Warsaw, ISBN 83-206-0530-X (in Polish), p.2

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[Gradidge_p690-53] Gradidge 1997, pp. 69–70.

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[atp445-55] Veronico & Larkins 2005, pp. 44–45

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[atp45680-57] Veronico & Larkins 2005, pp. 45–46, 80

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[85] Wolde, Mengistu; Nguyen, Cuong; Korolev, Alexei; Bastian, Matthew (2016-06-13). "Characterization of the Pilot X-band radar responses to the HIWC environment during the Cayenne HAIC-HIWC 2015 Campaign". 8th AIAA Atmospheric and Space Environments Conference. AIAA AVIATION Forum. Washington, D.C.: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics. doi:10.2514/6.2016-4201. ISBN 978-1-62410-433-6.

[86] Pazmany, Andrew L.; Wolde, Mengistu (March 2008). "A compact airborne G-band (183 GHZ) water Vapor Radiometer and retrievals of liquid cloud parameters from coincident radiometer and millimeter wave radar measurements". 2008 Microwave Radiometry and Remote Sensing of the Environment. Florence, Italy: IEEE. pp. 1–4. doi:10.1109/MICRAD.2008.4579473. ISBN 978-1-4244-1986-9. S2CID 25720593.

[87] Baibakov, Konstantin; Wolde, Mengistu; Nguyen, Cuong; Korolev, Alexei; Heckman, Ivan (2018). Nicolae, D.; Makoto, A.; Vassilis, A.; Balis, D.; Behrendt, A.; Comeron, A.; Gibert, F.; Landulfo, E.; McCormick, M.P. (eds.). "Retrievals of ice-water content from an airborne elastic lidar in tropical convective clouds". EPJ Web of Conferences. 176: 05051. Bibcode:2018EPJWC.17605051B. doi:10.1051/epjconf/201817605051. ISSN 2100-014X.

[88] Korolev, Alexei; Heckman, Ivan; Wolde, Mengistu; Ackerman, Andrew S.; Fridlind, Ann M.; Ladino, Luis A.; Lawson, R. Paul; Milbrandt, Jason; Williams, Earle (2020-02-05). "A new look at the environmental conditions favorable to secondary ice production". Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics. 20 (3): 1391–1429. Bibcode:2020ACP....20.1391K. doi:10.5194/acp-20-1391-2020. ISSN 1680-7324.

[89] Baibakov, Konstantin; LeBlanc, Samuel; Ranjbar, Keyvan; O'Neill, Norman T.; Wolde, Mengistu; Redemann, Jens; Pistone, Kristina; Li, Shao-Meng; Liggio, John; Hayden, Katherine; Chan, Tak W. (2020-12-21). "Airborne and ground-based measurements of aerosol optical depth of freshly emitted anthropogenic plumes in the Athabasca Oil Sands region". Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics. 21 (13): 10671–10687. doi:10.5194/acp-2020-1218. S2CID 241004223.

[90] "Radar Remote Sensing Pioneering Convair 580 Added To Canada Aviation And Space Museum Collection". Canadian Air and Space Museum. 24 June 2015. Archived from the original on 19 September 2015. Retrieved 15 September 2015.

[91] Best Air-Britain Archive Winter 2011, pp. 158–159

[92] Best Air-Britain Archive Spring 2012, p. 17

[93] Smithson, Peter. "Convair C-131B (340-70) aircraft." airliners.net, October 26, 2010. Retrieved: June 7, 2011.

[94] Groenendijk, Bob. "Convair 580." airliners.net, 1981. Retrieved: June 7, 2011.

[95] Kempf, Steve. "Convair 580." airliners.net, December 2, 2004. Retrieved: June 7, 2011.

[96] King, Royal S. "Convair 580." airliners.net, August 5, 2012 Retrieved: November 14, 2012.

[97] Lockett, Brian. "Convair 580." airliners.net, February 25, 2008. Retrieved: June 7, 2011.

[98] Rodriguez, Javier. "Convair 580." airliners.net, 1999. Retrieved: June 7, 2011.

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