The complex comprises three originally separate stations, formerly known as the 23rd Street–Ely Avenue station (Queens Boulevard Line), Long Island City–Court Square station (Crosstown Line), and 45th Road–Court House Square station (Flushing Line). The Flushing Line station was the first to open, in 1916. The Crosstown Line station opened in 1933, followed by the Queens Boulevard Line station in 1939.
Two passageways were built to connect the three stations. The first was built in 1990, following the opening of the Citigroup office tower at One Court Square. In December 2001, this passageway came into greater use when G trains started to terminate at Court Square. A second passageway was completed between the Crosstown and Flushing Line stations in 2011. The Flushing and Crosstown Line stations were renamed "Court Square"; these stations became ADA-accessible in 2011 and 2023, respectively. The Queens Boulevard Line station, which is not fully ADA-compliant, was renamed "Court Square–23rd Street".
History
IRT Flushing Line station
NYCT president Thomas Prendergast at the complex's opening in 2011
Escalators to the Flushing Line platform
In 1913, the New York City Public Service Commission formalized the Dual Contracts, specifying new lines or expansions to be built by the Interborough Rapid Transit Company (IRT) and the Brooklyn Rapid Transit Company. As part of the Dual Contracts, the IRT was to complete and open the Steinway Tunnel as part of the new Flushing subway line.[3][4]: 168 The tunnel, running under the East River with trolley loops on both the Manhattan and Queens sides, had sat unused since 1907, when test runs had been performed in the then-nearly-complete tunnel.[5] The route was to go from Times Square through the tunnel over to Long Island City and from there continue toward Flushing.[3][6]
The first part of the future IRT Flushing Line, from Grand Central–42nd Street in Manhattan to Vernon–Jackson Avenues in Long Island City, opened in 1915[7] and was extended to Hunters Point Avenue in February 1916.[8] The IRT's 45th Road–Court House Square station opened on November 5, 1916, as part of a two-stop extension of the line from Hunters Point Avenue to Queensboro Plaza.[9][10]
The city government took over the IRT's operations on June 12, 1940.[11][12] The IRT routes were given numbered designations in 1948 with the introduction of "R-type" rolling stock, which contained rollsigns with numbered designations for each service.[13] The route from Times Square to Flushing became known as the 7.[14] In 1949, the New York City Board of Transportation announced that the Flushing Line platforms would be lengthened to 11 IRT car lengths; the platforms were only able to fit nine 51-foot-long IRT cars beforehand.[15][16] The platforms at the station were extended in 1955–1956 to accommodate 11-car trains.[17] However, nine-car trains continued to run on the 7 route until 1962, when they were extended to ten cars.[18] In 2005, the station was listed on the National Register of Historic Places.[19][20]: L6
IND stations
In the late 1920s and early 1930s, the city-owned Independent Subway System (IND) constructed the first sections of the Crosstown and Queens Boulevard Lines. The Crosstown Line station at Court Square was the first Queens station on either line to be built; its structure was completed in July 1930, and the tilework and equipment were installed afterward.[21][22] On August 19, 1933, the IND opened the Court Square station as part of the first leg of the IND Crosstown Line. The IND Queens Boulevard Line between Manhattan and Roosevelt Avenue opened that same day, with GG trains (predecessor to today's G service) operating between Queens Plaza and Nassau Avenue in Brooklyn.[23][24]
The Queens Boulevard Line station, provisionally called "21st Street/Van Alst Avenue,"[22][25] was constructed between 1931 and 1933 along with the original section of the line east to Roosevelt Avenue.[26] Although the station had been completed,[25][26] it was not opened alongside the rest of the line due to lack of demand perceived by the city Board of Transportation, which called the station a "dead" station.[22][27][28][29] This was in spite of protests from local civic and industry leaders, due to the numerous factories in the surrounding area.[21][22][25][30] By December 1933, the station was referred to as "Ely Avenue", likely to avoid confusion with the nearby station on the Crosstown Line.[26] In September 1936, it was decided to complete the station as an in-fill station due to expanding commercial and industrial operations in the area, with tilework, staircases, and other equipment installed.[29][27][28][31] The station was finished by 1938, but its opening was delayed once again due to alleged lack of demand, with calls to open the station to serve the Long Island City Courthouse, St. John's Hospital (now the site of One Court Square), and the newly opened Queensbridge Houses.[32][33]
The Queens Boulevard Line station finally opened as 23rd Street–Ely Avenue on August 28, 1939, six years after the first section of the Queens Boulevard Line and the opening of Court Square station on the Crosstown line.[27][28] Ely Avenue was the former name of 23rd Street[28][26][34] until many named streets in the borough were given numbers by the Queens Topographical Bureau in 1915.[35] Similarly, Van Alst Avenue is now 21st Street,[21][28][36] while the former Nott Avenue is the present-day 44th Drive.[25]
Connections and renovations
The 1990s-era entrance to the station, built under a renovation funded by Citicorp
In 1984, the Metropolitan Transportation Authority (MTA) planned to construct a transfer passageway between the Queens Boulevard and Crosstown Line stations as part of a planned connector between the Queens Boulevard Line and the IND 63rd Street Line.[37][38] Around 1986, Citigroup (then Citicorp) agreed to fund the passageway, at a cost of $8.5 million, as part of a zoning requirement for the construction of the adjacent One Court Square tower, which was being built to allow Citicorp to split its operations between several different buildings.[39]: 9 [40][41][42] Two of these buildings, Citigroup Center and 399 Park Avenue, were located near the Lexington Avenue–53rd Street station, the next stop southbound on the Queens Boulevard Line. However, that stop was located in Manhattan, across the East River from Queens. The company selected the Court Square site due to its proximity to the Queens Boulevard subway.[43]
The building opened in 1989, with the passageway completed later on.[42] In 2000, the MTA began designing a second in-system passageway between the Flushing and Crosstown Line stations.[44][45] On December 16, 2001, the 63rd Street Line connector was opened and service on the Queens Boulevard Line was increased, requiring G trains to terminate at Court Square on weekdays. To compensate Crosstown riders going into Queens, a free out-of-system transfer to the Flushing Line station was created.[46][47] In addition, moving walkways in the corridor between the Crosstown and Queens Boulevard Line platforms were installed in December 2001.[46][47][48] The moving walkway was subsequently found to have limited benefits: it saved commuters an average of 9 seconds; was often out of service; and could only operate in one direction toward the Queens Boulevard Line platforms.[49][50]
ADA-accessible elevator to the westbound Queens Boulevard Line platform
In October 2005, Citigroup announced they would be funding the passageway between the Flushing and Crosstown line stations, as a zoning requirement for the construction of the Court Square Two building.[51][52] On March 17, 2011, the Queens Boulevard station was renamed to "Court Square–23rd Street".[35] On June 3, 2011, the $47 million ADA-accessible connection between the Crosstown Line and Flushing Line stations was opened and the two stations were renamed "Court Square".[53][54][55] Most of the project was funded by Citigroup, but $13.9 million was covered by the MTA.[51][56] The Flushing Line station was closed from January 21 to April 2, 2012, to complete further renovations, including platform upgrades and alterations to the station's mezzanine to make the station fully ADA-compliant.[57][58]
ADA accessibility for the Crosstown Line platform was funded as part of the 2015–2019 Capital Program.[59][60][61] The elevator project was originally expected to begin in 2018.[62] However, after the 14th Street Tunnel shutdown was announced in 2016, the project was placed on hold in favor of capacity improvements to accommodate displaced riders on the 14th Street Tunnel, used by riders of the L train. Two staircases between the IND Crosstown Line platform and the mezzanine were widened and two new staircases added, and the moving walkways were removed, providing additional capacity.[63][49][64] In December 2021, the MTA awarded a contract for the installation of elevators at eight stations, including the Crosstown Line platform at the Court Square station, replacing one of the stairways which had been added in 2018.[65][66] The project was scheduled to be completed in March 2023,[67] but completion was pushed back to mid-July of that year.[68][69]
In December 2019, the MTA announced that the Queens Boulevard Line platforms would become ADA-accessible as part of the agency's 2020–2024 Capital Program.[70] With the construction of the Skyline Tower above the station in the late 2010s, its developer spent $17 million to construct a new entrance to the Queens Boulevard Line's westbound platform,[71] which opened in March 2021.[72][73] A future developer will construct an elevator from the westbound Queens Boulevard Line platform to the mezzanine.[74] The MTA began receiving bids for the construction of a ramp to the eastbound platform in May 2023,[75] and the contract was awarded that December.[76]
Fare control, station agent, MetroCard and OMNY machines Elevator at northeast corner of 23rd Street and Jackson Avenue for and trains; transfers to other services not accessible
Ground
Street level
Exit/entrance
Basement 1
Lower mezzanine
Fare control, station agent, MetroCard and OMNY machines, passageways between platforms Elevator to southbound trains at northeast corner of 23rd Street and 44th Drive; transfers to other services not accessible
The station complex is located in Long Island City, in western Queens.[77] It consists of three formerly separate stations along the IND Queens Boulevard Line, IND Crosstown Line, and IRT Flushing Line. There are several entrances to the complex, with two passageways within fare control connecting the stations.[37][78] In addition, there is no direct connection between the Flushing and Queens Boulevard platforms.[78]
Crosstown–Queens Boulevard Lines transfer passageway
The northernmost passageway, which is 360 feet (110 m) long, connects the eastern end of the Queens Boulevard Line station, at 44th Drive east of 23rd Street, with the north end of the Crosstown Line station at Jackson Avenue and 45th Avenue.[37][78] This passageway was originally planned in the 1980s to compensate for the planned reroute of the G service away from the Queens Boulevard line when the track connection from the Queens Boulevard Line to the 63rd Street Line was completed[37][38] (which ultimately occurred in 2001).[46][47] It was constructed in the 1990s after Citigroup opened its 658-foot (201 m) office tower at One Court Square.[39]: 9 [40][42]
The passageway is split into two sections, and between these two sections is the full-time fare control area for the complex. The main fare control area has a ceiling with a skylight, as well as a turnstile bank, token booth, and two staircases. One has two escalators and goes up to south side of 44th Drive inside a Citibank location next to the tower, and the other is open weekdays only and leads to the entrance plaza of One Court Square.[39][78] A set of escalators opposite the street stairs lead to the building's lobby.[47]
Lining the walls of this passageway is Stream, a glass mosaic mural by Elizabeth Murray, which was installed in 2001.[79][80] This is one of two murals Murray made for MTA Arts & Design; the other, Blooming, was installed at Lexington Avenue/59th Street.[80]
The former moving sidewalk, removed in summer 2018
Flushing–Crosstown Lines transfer passageway
The second passageway, opened in June 2011, consists of two escalators, one elevator, and one staircase within a glass-enclosed structure that connects the underground Crosstown Line station and the elevated Flushing Line station at 45th Road.[46][51][56] Between 2001 and 2011, this was a free out-of-system transfer that could be made using MetroCards.[46] The elevators provide ADA access to the IRT Flushing Line and IND Crosstown Line platforms, as well as an accessible transfer between the two sets of platforms (though not to the IND Queens Boulevard Line station). Starting in 2020, one of the stairs to the IND Crosstown Line platform was to be demolished and replaced with an elevator.[81] The elevator from the Flushing–Crosstown Lines transfer passageway to the IND Crosstown Line platform opened in mid-July 2023.[68]
The Court Square station on the IRT Flushing Line, previously called 45th Road–Court House Square station,[35] is an elevated station with two side platforms and two tracks.[83] The 7 train stops here at all times, and the <7> train stops here during rush hours in the peak direction.[84] The next stop to the west is Hunters Point Avenue, while the next stop to the east is Queensboro Plaza.[85] The station opened on November 5, 1916, as 45th Road–Court House Square.[9][10] The station measures 55.5 feet (16.9 m) wide and was originally 350 feet (110 m) long. As part of the 1950s platform-lengthening project, the platforms were increased from 480 to 565 feet (146 to 172 m) long.[86]: 3 The platforms generally measure 12 feet (3.7 m) wide.[87]: 994
As with other elevated viaducts built by the IRT, the elevated structure at Court Square is carried on two column bents, one on each side of the road, at places where the tracks are no more than 29 feet (8.8 m) above the ground level. There is zigzag lateral bracing at intervals of every four panels.[86]: 3
The original wooden platforms were placed atop the metal trusses of the viaduct and had corrugated-metal windscreens. The platforms were mostly covered by steel canopies with support frames, except at the northernmost 85 feet (26 m) of each platform. There were employee rooms above the southern end of the eastbound platform.[86]: 4 The current platforms were installed in the 2012 renovations[57][58] and are made of fiberglass.[87]: 2985 They are composed of numerous panels of composite fiberglass resin, lighter than conventional concrete and designed to resist corrosion and thermal expansion. The platform edges have ADA-compliant tactile strips.[57][58] Both platforms have beige windscreens that run along their entire lengths and brown canopies with green frames and support columns except for a small section at their north ends.[57] Small sections of the windscreens are mesh, allowing a view into the local area.[58]
Exits
This station has an elevated station house beneath the tracks at the extreme south end. A single staircase from each platform goes down to a combined waiting area and crossunder, where a turnstile bank provides entrance and exit from the station. Near these staircases, one elevator leads from each platform to the mezzanine.[78] Outside fare control, there is a token booth; an elevator and two staircases go down to the northwestern corner of 45th Road and 23rd Street.[20]: K2 Two escalators and a staircase, located within an enclosed structure, lead directly to the complex's underground mezzanine area via a new transfer passageway.[57][78] The northbound platform's elevator also leads to the underground mezzanine within fare control, stopping at the station house level but bypassing the street along the way.[78] The southbound platform's elevator only connects that platform to the station house. A single staircase also leads to the southwestern corner of 45th Road and 23rd Street.[20]: K2 It is signposted as serving only the Flushing Line station, as opposed to all three stations of the complex.[57][78]
The original station house, demolished as part of the 2011 renovation, had a relatively simple design. The exterior walls of the old station house were clad in painted metal. There were wooden windows to the north, south, and east. On the southern facade of the old station house, there were square panels below each window, as well as a set of three-by-three windows. There was a standing-seam metal roof above the southern part of the station house.[86]: 4 The floor of the station house was made of concrete (divided by wooden strips) and supported by a wooden deck.[86]: 4–5 Inside the station house was a station agent's booth on the south wall, a bank of turnstiles in the center, and three staff rooms to the north. The ceiling of the station house was made of concrete, which was painted.[86]: 5
The station house formerly had two more staircases leading to either eastern corner, as well as another staircase to the northwestern corner.[86]: 4 [39] These staircases had simple railings and were covered by cantilevered canopies.[86]: 5 The former staircases at the northeastern and southeastern corners of 45th Road and 23rd Street were replaced in June 2011 by the in-system transfer to the underground platforms, which added a new staircase to the former southeast corner of the intersection.[54][78] As part of the project, a short strip of 45th Road between 23rd Street and Jackson Avenue was de-mapped, while the adjacent Albert Short Triangle was renovated.[20]: G3, G5 In the early 20th century, there were requests for an additional entrance from 23rd Street at the north end of the station, but this was never constructed.[88]
Gallery
Manhattan-bound platform before renovation, looking south
Covered section of new platform at Court Square
Outdoor section of new platform
Station entrance in December 2004, prior to the construction of the direct connection to the IND complex
Partially ADA-accessible; accessibility to rest of station planned (Manhattan-bound only; eastbound accessibility planned; transfers to other routes are not ADA-accessible)
The Court Square–23rd Street station, previously called 23rd Street–Ely Avenue station,[35] on the IND Queens Boulevard Line is an underground station with two tracks and two side platforms.[83] The E train serves the station at all times,[90] while the M train serves the station on weekdays during the day.[91] The next stop to the west is Lexington Avenue–53rd Street, while the next stop to the east is Queens Plaza.[85] It is located along 44th Drive between 21st and 23rd Streets and is the westernmost station on the line in Queens. Going by railroad directions, Court Square–23rd Street is the Queens Boulevard Line's southernmost station in Queens.[35][78] 23rd Street–Ely Avenue opened on August 28, 1939.[27][28]
The platform walls have a scarlet lake trim line with a dark olive border and mosaic name tablets reading "23RD ST. – ELY AVE." in white sans serif letting on a dark olive background and scarlet lake border.[92] Below the trim line are small tile captions alternating between "23RD" and "ELY" in white on black, and directional signs in the same style are present below some of the name tablets.[93][94] The tile band is part of a color-coded tile system used throughout the IND.[95] The tile colors were designed to facilitate navigation for travelers going away from Lower Manhattan. As such, a different tile color is used at Queens Plaza, the next express station to the east; the red tiles used at the Court Square–23rd Street station were also used at Lexington Avenue–53rd Street and Fifth Avenue/53rd Street to the west.[96][97] Red I-beam columns run along both platforms at regular intervals with alternating ones having the standard black station name plate in white lettering.[98]
There are four ceramic mosaic/relief murals on the two platforms and connecting mezzanines, made by Frank Olt in 1992. Each one has an individual title according to nearby plaques. Collectively they are known as the Temple Quad Reliefs.[99]
Exits
This station has three entrances and exits; the full-time one is at the extreme geographical east end. A single staircase from each platform leads up to a crossover. On the Manhattan-bound side, there is a turnstile bank to a staircase and an elevator to the Manhattan-bound platform from the northeastern corner of 23rd Street and 44th Drive.[100] The entrance was renovated and the elevator was added as part of the construction of the Skyline Tower at the northeast corner of this intersection. There is a little wheelchair ramp and a 3-step staircase that connects the Manhattan-bound platform to the new staircase and elevator entrance.[101][102]: 11 Originally, there was one exit-only turnstile and one full-height turnstile from the crossover to a single staircase that went up to the same corner, but it was demolished when the current entrance to the corner was built.[78][26]
The long passageway to the IND Crosstown Line platform extends to the south, past the crossover.[46][78] Prior to the construction of the passageway, this exit contained a full-time token booth and staircases to both sides of 44th Drive.[28][37]
This station's second fare control area is at the station's extreme western end. A single staircase from each platform goes up to a raised crossover split in two by a steel fence.[28][26] The Manhattan-bound side has a turnstile bank, token booth, and one staircase going up to the northeastern corner of 21st Street and 44th Drive while the Queens-bound side has two exit-only turnstiles and one staircase going up to the southeastern corner of the same intersection.[78][102]: 7 All fare control areas have their original IND-style directional mosaics.[103]
Gallery
The Manhattan-bound platform as it looked when the station was known as "23rd Street – Ely Avenue"
The Manhattan-bound platform with updated Helvetica signs and a part of Temple Quad Reliefs
The Court Square station, previously called Long Island City−Court Square station,[35] is the northernmost station on the IND Crosstown Line and the northern terminal for G trains at all times.[104] The next stop to the south is 21st Street.[85] The station has one island platform between two tracks;[21][83] the platform generally measures 19.5 feet (5.9 m) wide.[87]: 2587
Although G service terminates here, the tracks themselves continue north and merge with the 60th Street Tunnel Connection to form the IND Queens Boulevard Line's local tracks just south of Queens Plaza. This section of the tracks are not used in regular service, though until April 19, 2010, trains traveled over this connection to continue to Forest Hills–71st Avenue at various times of the day. Just south of the station, the two tracks split into three, then merge again into two tracks. The third track is used to switch trains between track directions.[83][105]: D1
Each track wall has a green trim line with a black border and small "COURT SQ" tile captions below it in white lettering on black background.[106] The platforms have green I-beam columns,[106] which are spaced every 15 feet (4.6 m) and placed 3 feet 5 inches (1.04 m) from the platform edge.[87]: 2587 The tiles are also part of a color-coded tile system used throughout the IND.[95] Because the Crosstown Line does not merge into a line that enters Manhattan at either end, all stations on the line had green tiles.[96][97]
Exits
Three staircases from the platform go up to the full length mezzanine above and a passageway within fare control connects the station to the Queens Boulevard platform. All fare control areas are unstaffed, containing just full height turnstiles. The main fare control area has a single staircase that goes up to the southwest corner of Jackson Avenue and Court Square West, and a staircase to the north side of Jackson Avenue at Thompson Avenue in front of One Court Square.[39][78] There was previously a street stair to the southeast corner of Court Square West and Jackson Avenue and another to the southwest corner of Pearson Street and Jackson Avenue; the latter is currently used as employee space.[39]
After the IND 63rd Street Line was connected to the Queens Boulevard Line in December 2001, during a project known as the "63rd Street Connector",[47] another unstaffed entrance was added to the south end of the mezzanine at 45th Road. This was done to allow an out-of-system transfer to the IRT Flushing Line.[46] From this fare control area, a single staircase goes up to the north side of Jackson Avenue at Pearson Street directly outside the staircases to the IRT station.[39][78] A second staircase to the southwest corner of the intersection no longer exists.[39] In June 2011, this transfer was replaced by an enclosed in-system transfer that consists of two escalators, one elevator, and one staircase connecting both stations.[54][78]
Gallery
Elevator from the platform
G trains go south to Church Avenue, the opposite terminal
The site of the 5 Pointz building at Jackson Avenue and Davis Street,[78] which was famously covered in graffiti until its demolition in 2014,[107] is visible just south of the Flushing Line station and can be seen by passing 7 and <7> trains.[108]
The station sits in the center of the Hunters Point Historic District, and many historic buildings can be found near the station.[78] However, the area right around the station is also seeing a revitalization, with high-rise residential condominiums and rental buildings being built in the area, and upscale restaurants being built near the train station. In addition, there is a bourgeoning art community due to the presence of MoMA PS1 and 5 Pointz. There is also a 15,000-square-foot (1,400 m2) supermarket proposed for the area.[109]
^ abRogoff, David (1960). "The Steinway Tunnels". Electric Railroads (29). Electric Railroaders' Association. Archived from the original on December 10, 2019. Retrieved February 28, 2021.
^ abcRogoff, David (April 1960), "The Steinway Tunnels", Electric Railroads (29), Electric Railroaders’ Association, archived from the original on August 5, 2012, retrieved May 30, 2011, A station was erected midway at 11th St. and is now known as '45th Rd.-Court House Square'. Operation was extended to Hunters Point Ave. on the eastbound track on Feb. 15th, 1916, and to Queensboro Plaza on the following Nov. 5th, opening Court House Square station.
^ ab"New Subway Link"(PDF). The New York Times. November 5, 1916. p. XX4. Archived(PDF) from the original on March 18, 2020. Retrieved October 2, 2011.
^"Transit Unification Completed As City Takes Over I. R. T. Lines: Systems Come Under Single Control After Efforts Begun in 1921; Mayor Is Jubilant at City Hall Ceremony Recalling 1904 Celebration". New York Herald Tribune. June 13, 1940. p. 25. ProQuest1248134780.
^Friedlander, Alex; Lonto, Arthur; Raudenbush, Henry (April 1960). "A Summary of Services on the IRT Division, NYCTA"(PDF). New York Division Bulletin. 3 (1). Electric Railroaders' Association: 2–3. Archived(PDF) from the original on September 14, 2020. Retrieved January 27, 2021.
^"37 Platforms On Subways To Be Lengthened: All Stations of B. M. T. and I.R.T.in Queens Included in $5,000,000 Program". New York Herald Tribune. November 20, 1949. p. 32. ISSN1941-0646. ProQuest1325174459.
^ abc"New Transfer at Court Square". mta.info. Metropolitan Transportation Authority. June 3, 2011. Archived from the original on February 18, 2020. Retrieved June 4, 2011.
^Cox, Jeremiah (December 29, 2008). "Alternating with 23rd". subwaynut.com. Archived from the original on January 15, 2018. Retrieved January 14, 2008.
Note: Service variations, station closures, and reroutes are not reflected here. Stations with asterisks have no regular peak, reverse peak, or midday service on that route. See linked articles for more information.
Stations and line segments in italics are closed, demolished, or planned (temporary closures are marked with asterisks). Track connections to other lines' terminals are displayed in brackets. Struck through passenger track connections are closed or unused in regular service.
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Stream in Delaware, USA Spring BranchTributary to Murderkill RiverLocation of Spring Branch mouthShow map of DelawareSpring Branch (Murderkill River tributary) (the United States)Show map of the United StatesLocationCountryUnited StatesStateDelawareCountyKentPhysical characteristicsSourceFan Branch divide • locationabout 0.5 miles south of Felton, Delaware • coordinates38°59′32″N 075°33′59″W / 38.99222°N 75.56639°W / 38....
Region București-Ilfov Bukarest-Ilfov (rumänisch București – Ilfov) ist eine der acht Planungsregionen in Rumänien auf der Ebene NUTS 2. Wie andere Entwicklungsregionen hat sie keine Verwaltungsbefugnisse. Ihre Hauptaufgabe ist die Koordinierung regionaler Entwicklungsprojekte und die Verwaltung von EU-Mitteln. Inhaltsverzeichnis 1 Geografie 2 Demografie 2.1 Bevölkerungsentwicklung 3 Wirtschaft 4 Einzelnachweise Geografie Die Region besteht aus folgenden zwei Verwaltungseinheiten: Stad...
American culinary podcast PodcastRacist SandwichPresentationHosted bySoleil HoZahir JanmohammedGenreFoodinterviewLanguageEnglishUpdatesBi-weekly (Wednesday)ProductionProductionStephanie KuoJuan Diego RamirezAlan MontecilloTheme music composed byAF the NaysayerOpening themeImagerial Denoument (Instrumental)No. of seasons2No. of episodes48PublicationOriginal releaseMay 2016 (2016-05)RelatedWebsitewww.racistsandwich.com Racist Sandwich is an American food podcast hosted by Stephanie Ku...
Foresta nazionale di SequoiaSequoia National Forest Tipo di areaForesta nazionale Class. internaz.Categoria IUCN VI: area protetta per la gestione sostenibile delle risorse Stato Stati Uniti Stato federatoCalifornia ConteaFresno, Kern, Tulare ComuneBakersfield, Porterville Superficie a terra482917 km² GestoreUnited States Forest Service Mappa di localizzazioneForesta nazionale di Sequoia Sito istituzionale Modifica dati su Wikidata · ManualeCoordinate: 36°02′24″N 118°30′14...
Netflix is a subscription streaming service owned by the American company Netflix, Inc. Launched on August 29, 1997, it initially offered DVD rental and sale by mail, but the sales were eliminated within a year to focus on the DVD rental business. In 2007, the company began transitioning to its current subscription streaming model. Since its launch, the company has been subject to numerous criticisms, the basis of which range from its business practices and workplace culture to issues with th...
Muhammad bin NayefPutra Mahkota Arab Saudi Deputi Perdana Menteri PertamaMenjabat29 April 2015 – 21 Juni 2017PendahuluMuqrin bin AbdulazizPenerusMuhammad bin SalmanPenguasa monarkiSalmanMenteri Dalam Negeri Arab SaudiMenjabat5 November 2012 – 21 Juni 2017PendahuluAhmad bin AbdulazizPenerusAbdulaziz bin Saud Al SaudDeputi Putra Mahkota Arab SaudiDeputi Perdana Menteri KeduaMenjabat23 Januari 2015 – 29 April 2015PendahuluMuqrin bin AbdulazizPenerusMuhammad bin SalmanPenguasa monarkiSalman...
American songwriter A major contributor to this article appears to have a close connection with its subject. It may require cleanup to comply with Wikipedia's content policies, particularly neutral point of view. Please discuss further on the talk page. (February 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) Shelly PeikenBackground informationGenresPop, rockOccupation(s)Songwriter, authorInstrument(s)Piano, guitar, vocalsYears active1986–presentWebsitewww.shellypeiken.comMusica...
Artikel ini sebatang kara, artinya tidak ada artikel lain yang memiliki pranala balik ke halaman ini.Bantulah menambah pranala ke artikel ini dari artikel yang berhubungan atau coba peralatan pencari pranala.Tag ini diberikan pada Februari 2023. Islamisasi di Sulawesi Selatan secara khusus diawali oleh kedatangan tiga orang mubalig asal Minangkabau. Ketiganya yaitu Datuk ri Bandang, Datuk Patimang, dan Datuk ri Tiro. Ketiganya mengawali penyebaran Islam di masing-masing kerajaan yang ada di S...
2012 film by V. K. Prakash KarmayogiFilm posterDirected byV. K. PrakashWritten byBalram MattannurBased onHamletby ShakespeareProduced byVachan ShettySajitha PrakashStarringIndrajithNithya MenonPadmini KolhapureSaiju KurupNarrated byRenjithCinematographyR. D. RajasekharEdited byBeena PaulMusic byOusepachanProductioncompaniesTrends Add FilmsInnostorm Entertainment GroupCreative Land PicturesRelease date 16 March 2012 (2012-03-16) CountryIndiaLanguageMalayalam Karmayogi is a 2012 ...
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