Dawit I

Dawit I
ቀዳማዊ ዐፄ ዳዊት
Dawit I ; ቀዳማዊ ዐፄ ዳዊት
Emperor of Ethiopia
Reign	1382 – 6 October 1413
Predecessor	Newaya Maryam
Successor	Tewodros I
Spouse	Seyon Mangasha; 'Egzi'e Kebra
Issue	Tewodros I; Yeshaq I; Takla Maryam; Zara Yaqob
Dynasty	House of Solomon
Father	Newaya Krestos
Mother	Lazzab Warqa
Religion	Ethiopian Orthodox

Dawit I^[2] (Ge'ez: ዳዊት) was Emperor of Ethiopia from 1382 to 6 October 1413,^[3] and a member of the Solomonic dynasty. He was the younger son of Newaya Krestos.

Reign

Early in his reign, around 1380, Dawit campaigned against Egypt. He initiated this campaign in an attempt to assist the Coptic Christians of Upper Egypt who he thought were being oppressed under Muslim rule and he felt he had the duty to protect them as he saw himself as the protector of Orthodox Christianity in East Africa. In response, the Emir forced the Patriarch of Alexandria, Matthew I, to send a deputation to Dawit to persuade him to retire back to his kingdom. "There seems to be little or no doubt that, on the eve of the advent of the Burji dynasty of Mamluk Egypt, King Dawit had in fact led his troops beyond the northern frontiers of his kingdom, and created much havoc among the Muslim inhabitants of the area who had been within the sphere of influence of Egypt since the thirteenth century."^[4] The Emperor apparently had a much friendlier relationship with the Sultan's successor, for according to the medieval historian al-Maqrizi, Dawit sent 22 camels laden with gifts to Berkuk, the first Sultan of the Burji dynasty.^[5]

He confronted the problem of raids from the Muslim kingdoms on his eastern border with numerous counterattacks on those kingdoms. According to al-Maqrizi, in 1403 Emperor Dawit pursued the Sultan of Ifat, Sa'ad ad-Din II, to Zeila, where he killed Sa'ad ad-Din and sacked the city. However, another contemporary source dates the death of Sa'ad ad-Din to 1415, and gives the credit to Emperor Yeshaq.^[6]

Dawit sent an embassy to Europe, which had reached Venice by 23 June 1402, requesting that a number of artisans are sent to his domain.^[7] Carlo Conti Rossini assembled the surviving documents concerning this visit in 1927, which record that five artisans departed with the Ethiopian envoy that August, but not if they arrived in Ethiopia. However, Marilyn E. Heldman found evidence of a "silver-gilt chalice" made in Venice, which, if it was the one Francisco Álvares described as seeing in Ethiopia, did reach Dawit.^[8] Another possible sign of their arrival is an itinerary of a journey from Venice by Rhodes, Cyprus, Jerusalem, Cairo and Axum to the court of Preste John in Shewa. which O. G. S. Crawford dates to Dawit's reign. Crawford considers this document the "first unambiguous account of Abyssinian geography which has survived; it certainly refers to the journey of a European, and the route followed can be identified pretty accurately."^[9]

A notable horseman, Dawit was killed when his horse lashed out and kicked him in the head.^[10] Scottish Traveller James Brue stated that the mark of the horse's hit was still visible on the emperor's skull by the time he visited it.^[11]

Other events

The Emperor Dawit was an enthusiastic Christian. He dealt with a revolt of the Beta Israel in Gonder, and encouraged missionary work in Gojjam. Early in his reign, he led a campaign against Upper Egypt after hearing stories that the native Orthodox Copts were being mistreated under Muslim rule. During this campaign, his troops were forced to retreat back to their kingdom after the Sultan of Egypt made peace with Dawit. According to E. A. Wallis Budge, during Dawit's reign, a piece of the True Cross arrived in Ethiopia.^[12] He also made endowments to the Ethiopian Church: three charters survive of grants he made of lands in Wolqayt, Serae, Adiyabo, Shire, Addi Arkay, northern Semien, the Gar'alta, Manbarta, and Karnesem which lies north of present-day Asmara.^[13]

During Dawit's time atop the throne, two surviving examples of illustrated manuscripts were produced. One is a translation of the Miracles of Mary, which had been written in Arabic, done at the command of Emperor Dawit. This is the oldest surviving illustrated book commissioned by an Ethiopian Emperor.^[14] The other, described as "one of the most beautiful illustrated books of the period", is a copy of the gospels, which is now preserved at the monastery of Saint Gabriel on Kebran Island in southern Lake Tana.^[15]

Notes

^ ^a ^b Budge, E. A. Wallis (1928). A History of Ethiopia: Nubia and Abyssinia (Volume 1). London: Methuen & Co. p. 301.
^ In Ethiopian sources he is referred to as Dawit II (and all subsequent Dawits are numerated accordingly), as Dawit I is used to refer only to King David of Judah.
^ Kaplan, Stephen (2002). "Notes Towards a History of Aṣe Dawit I (1382-1413)". Aethiopica. 5: 74. Retrieved 29 September 2022.
^ Taddesse Tamrat, Church and State in Ethiopia (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1972), p. 255
^ E. A. Wallis Budge, A History of Ethiopia: Nubia and Abyssinia, 1928 (Oosterhout, the Netherlands: Anthropological Publications, 1970), p. 301.
^ J. Spencer Trimingham, Islam in Ethiopia (London: Geoffrey Cumberlege for the University Press, 1952), p. 74 and note explains the discrepancy in the sources; some historians pick one of the two possible dates (e.g. Paul Henze selects 1403 in Layers of Time, A History of Ethiopia [New York: Palgrave, 2000], p. 67) without even mentioning the problem.)
^ Salvadore, Matteo (January 2017). "The African Prester John and the Birth of Ethiopian-European Relations (Introduction)". {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
^ Heldman, "A Chalice from Venice for Emperor Dāwit of Ethiopia", Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, 53 (1990), pp. 442-445
^ Crawford, "Some Medieval Theories about the Nile", Geographical Journal, 114 (1949), p. 8
^ Budge, E. A. W. (2014). A History of Ethiopia: Volume I (Routledge Revivals): Nubia and Abyssinia. United Kingdom: Taylor & Francis. p.300
^ R.E Cheesman, Lake Tana and its islands, p 85
^ Budge, History, p. 300.
^ G.W.B. Huntingford, The Historical Geography of Ethiopia (London: The British Academy, 1989), p. 82
^ Jacques Mercier, "Ethiopian Art History" in Ethiopian Art: The Walters Museum (London: Third Millennium, 2001), p. 51.
^ Mercier, "Art History", p. 53.