Order of lilioid monocotyledonous flowering plants
You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in Spanish. (January 2016) Click [show] for important translation instructions.
View a machine-translated version of the Spanish article.
Machine translation, like DeepL or Google Translate, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Wikipedia.
Consider adding a topic to this template: there are already 938 articles in the main category, and specifying|topic= will aid in categorization.
Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article.
You must provide copyright attribution in the edit summary accompanying your translation by providing an interlanguage link to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is Content in this edit is translated from the existing Spanish Wikipedia article at [[:es:Dioscoreales]]; see its history for attribution.
You may also add the template {{Translated|es|Dioscoreales}} to the talk page.
Dioscoreales contains the familyDioscoreaceae, which notably includes the yams (Dioscorea) and several other bulbous and tuberous plants, some of which are heavily cultivated as staple food sources in certain countries.
Certain species are found solely in arid climates (incl. parts of Southern Africa), and have adapted to this harsh environment as caudex-forming, perennial caudiciformes, including Dioscorea elephantipes, the "elephant's foot" or "elephant-foot yam".
All of the species except the genera placed in Nartheciaceae express simultaneous microsporogenesis. Plants in Nartheciaceae show successive microsporogenesis which is one of the traits indicating that the family is sister to all the other members included in the order.
Taxonomy
Pre-Darwinian
For the early history from Lindley (1853)[7] onwards, see Caddick et al. (2000) Table 1,[8] Caddick et al. (2002a) Table 1[5] and Table 2 in Bouman (1995).[9] The taxonomic classification of Dioscoreales has been complicated by the presence of a number of morphological features reminiscent of the dicotyledons, leading some authors to place the order as intermediate between the monocotyledons and the dicotyledons.[9]
While Lindley did not use the term "Dioscoreales", he placed the family Dioscoraceae together with four other families in what he referred to as an Alliance (the equivalent of the modern Order) called Dictyogens. He reflected the uncertainty as to the place of this Alliance by placing it as a class of its own between Endogens (monocots) and Exogens (dicots)[10] The botanical authority is given to von Martius (1835) by APG for his description of the family Dioscoreae or Ordo,[3] while other sources[11] cite Hooker (Dioscoreales Hook.f.) for his use of the term "Dioscorales" in 1873[12] with a single family, Dioscoreae.[13] However, in his more definitive work, the Genera plantara (1883), he simply placed Dioscoraceae in the Epigynae "Series".[14]
Post-Darwinian
Although Charles Darwin's Origin of Species (1859) preceded Bentham and Hooker's publication, the latter project was commenced much earlier and George Bentham was initially sceptical of Darwinism.[15] The new phyletic approach changed the way that taxonomists considered plant classification, incorporating evolutionary information into their schemata, but this did little to further define the circumscription of Dioscoreaceae. The major works in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century employing this approach were in the German literature. Authors such as Eichler,[16]Engler[17] and Wettstein[18] placed this family in the Liliiflorae, a major subdivision of monocotyledons. it remained to Hutchinson (1926)[19] to resurrect the Dioscoreales to group Dioscoreaceae and related families together. Hutchinson's circumscription of Dioscoreales included three other families in addition to Dioscoreaceae, Stenomeridaceae, Trichopodaceae and Roxburghiaceae. Of these only Trichopodaceae was included in the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (APG) classification (see below), but was subsumed into Dioscoraceae. Stenomeridaceae, as Stenomeris was also included in Dioscoreaceae as subfamily Stenomeridoideae, the remaining genera being grouped in subfamily Dioscoreoideae.[9] Roxburghiaceae on the other hand was segregated in the sister orderPandanales as Stemonaceae. Most taxonomists in the twentieth century (the exception was the 1981 Cronquist system which placed most such plants in order Liliales, subclass Liliidae, class Liliopsida=monocotyledons, division Magnoliophyta=angiosperms) recognised Dioscoreales as a distinct order, but demonstrated wide variations in its composition.[5][9]
Dahlgren, in the second version of his taxonomic classification (1982)[20] raised the Liliiflorae to a superorder and placed Dioscoreales as an order within it. In his system, Dioscoreales contained only three families, Dioscoreaceae, Stemonaceae (i.e. Hutchinson's Roxburghiaceae) and Trilliaceae. The latter two families had been treated as a separate order (Stemonales, or Roxburghiales) by other authors, such as Huber (1969).[21] The APG would later assign these to Pandanales and Liliales respectively. Dahlgren's construction of Dioscoreaceae included the Stenomeridaceae and Trichopodaceae, doubting these were distinct, and Croomiaceae in Stemonaceae. Furthermore, he expressed doubts about the order's homogeneity, especially Trilliaceae. The Dioscoreales at that time were marginally distinguishable from the Asparagales. In his examination of Huber's Stemonales, he found that the two constituent families had as close an affinity to Dioscoreaceae as to each other, and hence included them. He also considered closely related families and their relationship to Dioscoreales, such as the monogeneric Taccaceae, then in its own order, Taccales. Similar considerations were discussed with respect to two Asparagales families, Smilacaceae and Petermanniaceae.[20]
In Dahlgren's third and final version (1985)[22] that broader circumscription of Dioscoreales was created within the superorder Lilianae, subclass Liliidae (monocotyledons), class Magnoliopsida (angiosperms) and comprised the seven families Dioscoreaceae, Petermanniaceae, Smilacaceae, Stemonaceae, Taccaceae, Trichopodaceae and Trilliaceae. Thismiaceae has either been treated as a separate family closely related to Burmanniaceae or as a tribe (Thismieae) within a more broadly defined Burmanniaceae, forming a separate order, Burmanniales, in the Dahlgren system.[23] The related Nartheciaceae were treated as tribe Narthecieae within the Melanthiaceae in a third order, the Melanthiales, by Dahlgren.[22] Dahlgren considered the Dioscoreales to most strongly resemble the ancestral monocotyledons, and hence sharing "dicotyledonous" characteristics, making it the most central monocotyledon order.[9] Of these seven families, Bouman considered Dioscoreaceae, Trichopodaceae, Stemonaceae and Taccaceae to represent the "core" families of the order. However, that study also indicated both a clear delineation of the order from other orders particularly Asparagales, and a lack of homogeneity within the order.[9]
Molecular phylogenetics and the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group
The increasing availability of molecular phylogenetics methods in addition to morphological characteristics in the 1990s led to major reconsiderations of the relationships within the monocotyledons.[24] In that large multi-institutional examination of the seed plants using the plastidgenerbcL the authors used Dahlgren's system as their basis, but followed Thorne (1992)[25] in altering the suffixes of the superorders from "-iflorae" to "-anae".[a] This demonstrated that the Lilianae comprised three lineages corresponding to Dahlgren's orders Dioscoreales, Liliales, and Asparagaless.
In APG II (2003),[27] a number of changes were made to Dioscoreales, as a result of an extensive study by Caddick and colleagues (2002),[5][28] using an analysis of three genes, rbcL, atpB and 18S rDNA, in addition to morphology. These studies resulted in a re-examination of the relationships between most of the genera within the order. Thismiaceae was shown to be a sister group to Burmanniaceae, and so was included in it. The monotypic families Taccaceae and Trichopodaceae were included in Dioscoreaceae, while Nartheciaceae could also be grouped within Dioscoreales. APG III (2009)[29] did not change this, so the order now comprises three families Burmanniaceae, Dioscoreaceae and Nartheciaceae.
Although further research on the deeper relationships within Dioscoreales continues,[30][31][23] the APG IV (2016) authors felt it was still premature to propose a restructuring of the order. Specifically these issues involve conflicting information as to the relationship between Thismia and Burmanniaceae,[32] and hence whether Thismiaceae should be subsumed in the latter, or reinstated.[1]
The data for the evolution of the order is collected from molecular analyses since there are no such fossils found. It is estimated that Dioscoreales and its sister clade Pandanales split up around 121 million years ago during Early Cretaceous when the stem group was formed. Then it took 3 to 6 million years for the crown group to differentiate in Mid Cretaceous.
Subdivision
The three families of Dioscreales constitutes about 22 genera and about 849 species[33] making it one of the smaller monocot orders.[31] Of these, the largest group is Dioscorea (yams) with about 450 species. By contrast the second largest genus is Burmannia with about 60 species, and most have only one or two.[31]
Some authors,[23] preferring the original APG (1998)families, continue to treat Thismiaceae separately from Burmanniaceae and Taccaceae from Dioscoreaceae.[31] But in the 2015 study of Hertwerk and colleagues, seven genera representing all three families were examined with an eight gene dataset. Dioscoreales was monophyletic and three subclades were represented corresponding to the APG families. Dioscoreaceae and Burmanniaceae were in a sister group relationship.[32]
Cladogram II: Relationship of Dioscoreales families[32] (number of genera)[33]
Species from this order are distributed across all of the continents except Antarctica. They are mainly tropical or subtropical representatives, but some members of families Dioscoreaceae and Nartheciaceae are found in cooler regions of Europe and North America. Order Dioscoreales contains plants that are able to form an underground organ for reservation of nutritions as many other monocots. An exception is the family Burmanniaceae which is entirely myco-heterotrophic and contains species that lack photosynthetic abilities.
Ecology
The three families included in order Dioscoreales also represent three different ecological groups of plants. Dioscoreaceae contains mainly vines (Dioscorea) and other crawling species (Epipetrum). Nartheciaceae on the other hand is a family composed of herbaceous plants with a rather lily-like appearance (Aletris) while Burmanniaceae is entirely myco-heterotrophic group.
Chase, Mark W.; Soltis, Douglas E.; Olmstead, Richard G.; Morgan, David; Les, Donald H.; Mishler, Brent D.; Duvall, Melvin R.; Price, Robert A.; Hills, Harold G.; Qiu, Yin-Long; Kron, Kathleen A.; Rettig, Jeffrey H.; Conti, Elena; Palmer, Jeffrey D.; Manhart, James R.; Sytsma, Kenneth J.; Michaels, Helen J.; Kress, W. John; Karol, Kenneth G.; Clark, W. Dennis; Hedren, Mikael; Gaut, Brandon S.; Jansen, Robert K.; Kim, Ki-Joong; Wimpee, Charles F.; Smith, James F.; Furnier, Glenn R.; Strauss, Steven H.; Xiang, Qui-Yun; Plunkett, Gregory M.; Soltis, Pamela S.; Swensen, Susan M.; Williams, Stephen E.; Gadek, Paul A.; Quinn, Christopher J.; Eguiarte, Luis E.; Golenberg, Edward; Learn, Gerald H.; Graham, Sean W.; Barrett, Spencer C. H.; Dayanandan, Selvadurai; Albert, Victor A. (1993). "Phylogenetics of Seed Plants: An Analysis of Nucleotide Sequences from the Plastid Gene rbcL"(PDF). Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden. 80 (3): 528. doi:10.2307/2399846. hdl:1969.1/179875. JSTOR2399846.
Dahlgren, R. M. T. (February 1980). "A revised system of classification of the angiosperms". Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society. 80 (2): 91–124. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8339.1980.tb01661.x.
Hutchinson, John (1959) [1926–1934]. The families of flowering plants, arranged according to a new system based on their probable phylogeny. 2 vols (2nd ed.). Macmillan.
Brands, S.J. (2015). "The Taxonomicon". Universal Taxonomic Services, Zwaag, The Netherlands. Archived from the original on 11 February 2015. Retrieved 11 February 2015.
يفتقر محتوى هذه المقالة إلى الاستشهاد بمصادر. فضلاً، ساهم في تطوير هذه المقالة من خلال إضافة مصادر موثوق بها. أي معلومات غير موثقة يمكن التشكيك بها وإزالتها. (أكتوبر 2019) هذه المقالة يتيمة إذ تصل إليها مقالات أخرى قليلة جدًا. فضلًا، ساعد بإضافة وصلة إليها في مقالات متعلقة بها. (…
Artikel ini bukan mengenai Assassin (film 2023). The AssassinPoster teaserNama lainHangul살수 Alih AksaraSalsu Sutradara Kwak Jeong-deok ProduserDitulis oleh Kwak Jeong-deok SkenarioKwak Jeong-deokPemeran Shin Hyun-joon Lee Moon-sik Kim Min-kyung Perusahaanproduksi Joy&Cinema Co., Ltd. TCO The Contents On DistributorWide Release Co., Ltd.Tanggal rilis 22 Februari 2023 (2023-02-22) Durasi101 menitNegara Korea Selatan Bahasa Korea The Assassin (Hangul: 살수; RR:…
Town in Massachusetts, United StatesWayland, MassachusettsTownFirst Parish in Wayland SealLocation in Middlesex County in MassachusettsCoordinates: 42°21′45″N 71°21′41″W / 42.36250°N 71.36139°W / 42.36250; -71.36139[1]CountryUnited StatesStateMassachusettsCountyMiddlesexSettled1638Incorporated1780Government • TypeOpen town meetingArea • Total15.9 sq mi (41.2 km2) • Land15.2 sq mi (39.4 k…
NA-111 Nankana Sahib-IConstituencyfor the National Assembly of PakistanRegionSangla Hill TehsilShah Kot TehsilNankana Sahib Tehsil (partly) of Nankana Sahib DistrictElectorate411,484Current constituencyMember(s)VacantCreated fromNA-135 Nankana Sahib-I-cum-SheikhupuraNA-136 Nankana Sahib-II-cum-SheikhupuraNA-137 Nankana Sahib-III NA-111 Nankana Sahib-I (این اے-111، ننکانہ صاحب-١) is a constituency for the National Assembly of Pakistan.[1] Area During the delimitation of 2…
Theater in Wanhua, Taipei, Taiwan This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages) This article needs to be updated. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (November 2010) This article relies excessively on references to primary sources. Please improve this article by adding secondary or tertiary sources. Find sources: Red House Theater…
Інго Інстербургнім. Ingo Insterburg ЗображенняІм'я при народженні Інго Ветцкер (нім. Ingo Wetzker)Дата народження 6 квітня 1934(1934-04-06)[1][2][3]Місце народження Інстербург, Вільна держава ПруссіяДата смерті 27 жовтня 2018(2018-10-27)Місце смерті Берлін, НімеччинаПоховання Waldfriedhof Dahlemd …
Luiz Gustavo Informasi pribadiNama lengkap Luiz Gustavo DiasTanggal lahir 23 Juli 1987 (umur 36)Tempat lahir Pindamonhangaba, BrasilTinggi 1,87 m (6 ft 1+1⁄2 in)Posisi bermain Gelandang bertahanInformasi klubKlub saat ini Al-NassrNomor 18Karier junior Universal FC Rio LargoKarier senior*Tahun Tim Tampil (Gol)2006 Ipanema 2006 → do Colégio 2007–2008 → Corinthians Alagoano 21 (2)2007 CRB (Pinjam) 14 (1)2007-2008 1899 Hoffenheim (Pinjam) 27 (0)2008-2011 1899 Hoffenh…
смт Новосвітлівка Країна Україна Область Луганська область Район Луганський район Громада Молодогвардійська міська громада Код КАТОТТГ: Основні дані Засноване 1860 Площа км² Населення ▲3755 (01.01.2011)[1] Поштовий індекс 94456 Телефонний код +380 6435 Географічні координат
Excelsior!Sutradara Georges Méliès ProduserDitulis olehTanggal rilis 1901 (1901) Negara Prancis BahasaFilm bisu Excelsior!, yang dirilis di Britania Raya sebagai The Prince of Magicians, adalah sebuah film komedi bisu pendek Prancis tahun 1901 garapan Georges Méliès.[1] Film tersebut diberi nomor 357-358 dalam katalog-katalog Star Film Company. Referensi ^ Gomery, Douglas (2011). Movie History: A Survey (edisi ke-2nd). Routledge. hlm. 22. ISBN 978-0-415-77544-1. …
Artikel ini tidak memiliki referensi atau sumber tepercaya sehingga isinya tidak bisa dipastikan. Tolong bantu perbaiki artikel ini dengan menambahkan referensi yang layak. Tulisan tanpa sumber dapat dipertanyakan dan dihapus sewaktu-waktu.Cari sumber: SMK Negeri 1 Tembilahan – berita · surat kabar · buku · cendekiawan · JSTOR SMK Negeri 1 TembilahanInformasiDidirikan1964JenisNegeriKepala SekolahDrs. HasmarKetua KomiteH. SutiknoJurusan atau pemi…
Jean-Baptiste DelafosseJean-Baptiste Delafosse, Vue des tentes turques au parc Monceau, d'après CarmontelleBiographieNaissance 1721ParisDécès 1er février 1806[1]Ancien 10e arrondissement de ParisNom de naissance Jean-Baptiste Joseph DelafosseNationalité FrançaiseActivité graveur, pastelisteAutres informationsMaître Étienne Fessardmodifier - modifier le code - modifier Wikidata Jean-Baptiste Delafosse est un graveur d'interprétation et de cartographie (eau-forte et burin), également pa…
Football league seasonTercera DivisiónCD Mestalla team, leader of the IX Group.Season1957–58← 1956–57 1958–59 → The 1957–58 Tercera División season was the 22nd since its establishment. League table This sports-related list is incomplete; you can help by adding missing items. (April 2014) Group 1 Pos Team Pld W D L GF GA GD Pts Qualification or relegation 1 Turista 30 24 4 2 89 19 +70 52 Promotion play-offs (champions) 2 Orense 30 20 6 4 87 30 +57 46 Promotion/relegation play-offs …
Christuskirche mit Freitreppe von Süden Ostansicht Innenraum Die Christuskirche ist die evangelisch-lutherische Stadtkirche von Bad Pyrmont im niedersächsischen Landkreis Hameln-Pyrmont. Sie wurde von 1872 bis 1877 nach Plänen von August Orth im neugotischen Stil erbaut. Den Namen Christuskirche erhielt sie 1949. Inhaltsverzeichnis 1 Geschichte 2 Baugestalt 3 Ausstattung 3.1 Einrichtung 3.2 Orgel 3.3 Geläut 4 Weblinks 5 Einzelnachweise Geschichte Die heutige Kernstadt Bad Pyrmont entstand au…
British Labour politician This article is about the politician Naseem Shah. For other people with the same name, see Naseem Shah (disambiguation). Naz ShahMPOfficial portrait, 2020Shadow Minister for Crime ReductionIn office4 December 2021 – 15 November 2023LeaderKeir StarmerPreceded byHolly LynchShadow Minister for Community CohesionIn office9 April 2020 – 4 December 2021LeaderKeir StarmerPreceded byDawn ButlerSucceeded byPosition abolishedShadow Minister for Women and Equ…
1984 single by Bronski Beat This article is about the Bronski Beat song. For the Dustin Lynch song, see Small Town Boy (song). For other uses, see Small Town Boy (disambiguation). Smalltown BoySingle by Bronski Beatfrom the album The Age of Consent B-sideMemoriesInfatuation (12)Released25 May 1984 (UK)[1]StudioThe Garden (London, England)Genre Synth-pop[2][3] hi-NRG[4][5] disco[5][6] Length 5:02 (album version) 3:58 (single version) 9:00 (1…
El escándalo del Incentivo de Energía Renovable (escándalo de RHI), también conocido como el Escándalo de Cash for Ash (Escándalo Dinero por Cenizas),[1] es un escándalo político que sacude a Irlanda del Norte que se centró en un fracasado plan gubernamental de incentivos energéticos que costó al erario público Norirlandés casi 500 millones de libras esterlinas ). El plan fallido fue supervisado por Arlene Foster, entonces Ministra de Empresa, Comercio e Inversión, que no in…
منفذ تسلسلي نوع تسلسيمواصفات عامةعدد الدبابيس 8 دبابيس (RS-422) 9 دبابيس (DB-9) 25 دبوس (RS-232) المنفذ التسلسلي (بالإنجليزية: Serial ports) هو واجهة تخاطب فيزيائية تسلسلية تقوم بنقل المعلومات بين الحاسوب والطرفيات المربوطة إليه عن طريقها على مستوى بت واحد في وحدة الزمن على الرغم من أن بعض ا…
French television channel This article is about the French TV channel. For other uses, see Nick Jr. (disambiguation). This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: Nickelodeon Junior – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (March 2021) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) Television chan…