Eritrean Civil Wars

Second Eritrean Civil War
	Part of the Eritrean War of Independence and the Ethiopian Civil War
Date	February 1980 – 24 March 1981
Location	Eritrea Province, Ethiopia
Result	ELF decisively defeated
Belligerents
ELF	EPLF; TPLF
Commanders and leaders
Ahmed Mohammed Nasser	Isaias Afewerki; Meles Zenawi

First Eritrean Civil War
	Part of the Eritrean War of Independence
Date	February 1972 – 13 October 1974
Location	Eritrea Province, Ethiopia
Result	ELF fails to suppress rivals
Belligerents
ELF	EPLF
Commanders and leaders
Ahmed Mohammed Nasser	Isaias Afewerki
Casualties and losses
	3,000 dead

Eritrean Civil Wars
	Part of the Eritrean War of Independence, the Ethiopian Civil War and conflicts in the Horn of Africa
	; Map of Eritrea
Date	1st Civil War: February 1972 – 13 October 1974; 2nd Civil War: February 1980 – 24 March 1981
Location	Ethiopian Empire and Socialist Ethiopia
Result	1st Civil War: ELF fails to suppress rivals; 2nd Civil War: ELF decisively defeated
Belligerents
ELF	EPLF; TPLF
Commanders and leaders
Ahmed Mohammed Nasser	Isaias Afewerki; Meles Zenawi

The Eritrean Civil Wars^[1] were two conflicts that were fought between competing organizations for the liberation of Eritrea.^[2]

The First Eritrean Civil War was fought from 1972 to 1974. The Eritrean Liberation Front (ELF) tried to suppress dissident groups that disliked the ELF leadership and wished to break away to form a new insurgency. Dissidents included Christians who resented an alleged Islamic bias in the ELF, inhabitants of the coast with regionalist concerns, and radical Marxists. The ELF failed to suppress the dissident groups, who ultimately united themselves into the Eritrean People's Liberation Front (EPLF).

The Second Eritrean Civil War was fought from 1980 to 1981. The EPLF attacked the ELF when it appeared that the ELF were attempting to negotiate a peace deal with the enemy Soviet and Ethiopian governments. The ELF was defeated and pushed out of Eritrea. The remnants of the ELF withdrew to the Sudan.

Background

In 1952, Eritrea was federated with Ethiopia under great domestic controversy. Throughout the federation the autonomy of Eritrea was whittled away until it was no longer legal to teach in all of Eritrea's tongues. With increasing divisiveness being sown in the local press between Christians and Muslims the ELF was formed in Cairo, Egypt by a number of Eritrean Muslim intellectuals in 1960.

This organization was socialist in nature, however attracted mostly Muslim fighters in the early 1960s. By the late 1960s, the frustration with the dissolution of the federation had pushed Eritrean Christians to join the fight for independence. Integration of Christian fighters under Muslim commanders did not go well and the regional emphasis of the ELF caused friction between the old guard and the new radical students.

This friction lead to the separation of parts of ELF from the ELF Command, sparking a military conflict. In the words of the ELF command, the purpose of the conflict was, "...to assert the continuation of the revolution through the liquidation of counter-revolution..."^[3]

First Civil War

The First Civil War^[4] was fought by the ELF against the nascent organizations of the Popular Liberation Forces that were formerly under the command of the ELF and the Obel group. Fighting began in February 1972 and spread through lowlands, particularly the Red Sea coast. Eventually this conflict spread further into the highlands until in October 1974 calls for the conflict to stop were finally heeded after a battle at Woki left 600 fighters dead. These calls for peace came from local villagers at a time when the independence movement was close to victory over Ethiopia.^[5] The ELF and EPLF negotiated an agreement at Koazien in January 1975 in which they agreed to fight the Ethiopian government together.^[6] There were around 3,000 casualties from this civil war, more than the Eritreans had lost fighting the government for thirteen years up to this point.^[7]

Second Civil War

The Second Civil War^[4] was executed by the EPLF against the ELF in a bid to protect the flanks of the Front under tremendous pressure from a resurgent Ethiopia. In 1980, the ELF had entered into secret negotiations with the Soviet Union to end the war. Furthermore, on defence of the Sahel stronghold of the EPLF, ELF units withdrew from the lines in August of the same year.^[8] This created tremendous friction between the fronts which eventually led to the resumption of conflict. By this point the ELF had been drained during the Ethiopian resurgence after Soviet assistance was leveraged, and were eventually defeated by the EPLF forces in 1981. The TPLF also assisted in driving the ELF out of Eritrea.^[9] They were eventually pushed across the border into the Sudan.^[8]^[10]

References

^ Cousin, Tracey L. "Eritrean and Ethiopian Civil War". ICE Case Studies. Retrieved 2007-09-03.
^ "How Eritrea fuels the civil war in Ethiopia – DW – 10/15/2022". Deutsche Welle.
^ "Liquidation of Counter-Revolution". The Eritrean Struggle (3): 8. 1973.
^ ^a ^b Pool, David (2001-12-01). From Guerrillas to Government: The Eritrean People's Liberation Front. Ohio University Press. ISBN 0-8214-1387-2.
^ Harris, Paul. "Eritrea: A Small War in Africa". Combat & Survival. 10 (7): October 1998.
^ Waal, Alexander De (1991). Evil Days: Thirty Years of War and Famine in Ethiopia. Human Rights Watch. p. 49. ISBN 9781564320384. wolki.
^ Waal, Alexander De (1991). Evil Days: Thirty Years of War and Famine in Ethiopia. Human Rights Watch. p. 42. ISBN 9781564320384.
^ ^a ^b Killion, Tom (1998). Historical Dictionary of Eritrea. Lanham, Md.: Scarecrow. ISBN 0-8108-3437-5.
^ Connell, Dan. Historical Dictionary of Eritrea.
^ "Eritrea—Hope For Africa's Future". Kurdistan Report. 9 (10): 1996.