The younger brother of renowned physicist J. Robert Oppenheimer, Frank Oppenheimer conducted research on aspects of nuclear physics during the time of the Manhattan Project, and made contributions to uranium enrichment. After the war, Oppenheimer's earlier involvement with the American Communist Party placed him under scrutiny, and he resigned from his physics position at the University of Minnesota. Oppenheimer was a target of McCarthyism and was blacklisted from finding any physics teaching position in the United States until 1957, when he was allowed to teach science at a high school in Colorado. This rehabilitation allowed him to gain a position at the University of Colorado teaching physics. In 1969, Oppenheimer founded the Exploratorium in San Francisco, and he served as its first director until his death in 1985.
Early life and education
Frank Friedman Oppenheimer was born in 1912 in New York City to a Jewish family. His parents were Ella (née Friedman), a painter, and Julius Seligmann Oppenheimer, a successful textile importer from Hanau in the Kingdom of Prussia.[5] During his childhood, he studied painting. He also studied the flute under nationally known teacher George Barrera, becoming competent enough at the instrument to consider a career as a flautist.[6]: 30 [7]
He was close to his brother Robert throughout their lives.[citation needed]
Oppenheimer began his schooling at the Ethical Culture School, where he attended until seventh grade. The remainder of his high school education was completed at Fieldston School in Riverdale, a school operated by the Ethical Culture Society.[8]
Following the advice of his older brother Robert, he became a professional physicist. In 1930 he began his studies at Johns Hopkins University, graduating three years later with a BS in physics.[8] He then studied for a further 18 months at the Cavendish Laboratory in Cambridge, England. While in England he earned a pilot's license.[2] In 1935, he worked on the development of nuclear particle counters at the Institute di Arcetri in Florence, Italy.
While completing his PhD at the California Institute of Technology, Oppenheimer became engaged to Jacquenette Quann, an economics student at the University of California, Berkeley; she was also active in the Young Communist League. In spite of his brother Robert's advice,[9] Oppenheimer and Jackie were married in 1936 and they both joined the American Communist Party, also against the older brother's advice. Oppenheimer and his wife were atheists.[10]
Oppenheimer received his PhD in 1939 and completed two postdoctoral years at Stanford University.[8]
Physics career
Oppenheimer (center) with part of a calutron at Berkeley (date unknown)
The home that once belonged to Frank Oppenheimer, on his 1,500-acre (610 ha) cattle ranch in the valley of the Rio Blanco in the mountains near Pagosa Springs, Colorado
On July 12, 1947, the Washington Times Herald reported that Oppenheimer had been a member of the Communist Party during the years 1937–1939. At first, he denied these reports, but later said they were true.[14] In June 1949, as part of a larger investigation on the possible mishandling of "atomic secrets" during the war, he was called before the United States Congress House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC). Before the committee, he testified that he and his wife had been members of the Communist Party for about three and a half years. In 1937 they had been involved in local attempts to desegregate the Pasadena public swimming pool, which was open to non-white people only on Wednesday.[6]
Oppenheimer said he and his wife had joined at a time when they sought answers to the high unemployment experienced in the United States during the later part of the Great Depression. He refused to name others he knew to be members. This caused a media sensation—that J. Robert Oppenheimer's brother was a former member of the Communist Party—and led to Oppenheimer resigning his post at the University of Minnesota.[15]
After being branded a Communist, Oppenheimer could no longer find work in physics in the United States, and he was also denied a passport, preventing him from working abroad.[6]: 99 He and his wife eventually sold one of the Van Gogh paintings that he had inherited from his father, and with the money bought 1,500 acres (610 ha) of ranch land near Pagosa Springs, Colorado, and spent nearly a decade as cattle ranchers.[6]: 104–115 [16][17][18]
Return to teaching
In 1957, the Red Scare had lessened to the point that Oppenheimer was allowed to teach science at a local high school.
Frank taught a number of subjects within the field of science such as chemistry, physics, biology in addition to general science at the local High School in Pagosa Springs Colorado. He expressed his driving force to teach was to simply share his appreciation and skills to the youth, and to prepare them for learning as if they might prepare for higher education in the field of science.
[19]
While returning to particle physics research, Oppenheimer also took an increasing interest in developing improvements in science education. He was eventually awarded a grant from the National Science Foundation to develop new pedagogical methods, which resulted in a "Library of Experiments"—nearly one hundred models of classical laboratory experiments which could be used in aiding the teaching of physics to elementary and high school children.[6]: 138–139 These models would later become the core of the first exhibits at the Exploratorium.[16] Oppenheimer also worked with the Physical Science Study Committee (PSSC), helping to develop a new high school physics curriculum in the immediate post-Sputnik years.[6]: 118
In his work, Oppenheimer followed the well-known old Latin principle Docendo discimus—"the (best) way to learn is to teach".[20]
Four years later, in 1969, the Exploratorium opened its doors, set within the north wing of the Palace of Fine Arts of San Francisco. Oppenheimer was able to fund the opening of the Exploratorium partly due to a grant from the San Francisco Foundation.[21] The San Francisco Foundation gave a $50,000 grant to Oppenheimer to open the 90,000-square-foot (8,400 m2) facility.[21]
Oppenheimer served as the first director of the museum, and later continued to be involved in the museum's daily operations. He had visited the Tel Aviv Science Museum in 1965, and later used several of Ivan Moscovich's designs and exhibits in his revolutionary Exploratorium in San Francisco.[citation needed] The first exhibits in the Exploratorium were constructed with the aid of the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center (SLAC) and the Ames Research Center (NASA).[22]
Oppenheimer had a lifelong belief in the importance of art in an equal and closely connected relationship to science.[6]: 185 He recruited artist Bob Miller to create Sun Painting, the first major art installation at the Exploratorium.[6]: 180 Another early work was the Tactile Dome (1971), by August Coppola (father of actor Nicolas Cage and brother of the film director Francis Coppola). This was a three-dimensional tightly convoluted passage that was completely dark inside, and which visitors had to explore relying on the sense of touch. Renewed versions of both are still on display today. In 1974, Oppenheimer established an ongoing artist-in-residence program at the Exploratorium, regularly bringing in both emerging and established artists working in art and science.[6]: 179–203
The Exploratorium provided a form of "educational sightseeing" as well as the understanding of the underlying principles.[22][23] The exhibits were arranged and structured to allow for free access to any part of the museum. Instead of tour guides, fifteen to twenty college students or secondary students, as well as some adults, were employed as "explainers". They demonstrate the exhibits and explain the principles involved all while circulating among visitors, rather than guiding them along.[22]
Final years
In 1977, Oppenheimer was diagnosed with lymphoma, and underwent two years of successful chemotherapy.[6]: 294 Oppenheimer's first wife Jacquenette, died in 1980.[2] In 1982, he married Mildred "Milly" Danielson.[3][4]
In 1983, lung cancer was discovered (he was a heavy smoker[6]), and he underwent a lobectomy, in spite of which he continued to play the flute.[6]: 294 Oppenheimer still remained active, appearing at the Exploratorium nearly daily until the last few weeks of his life. He died at home in Sausalito, California, on February 3, 1985.[6]: 298 [16]
Legacy
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (May 2014)
When Oppenheimer died in 1985, he was survived by his second wife Mildred Danielson, son Michael, and daughter Judith — as well as a third child, Sarah, from a relationship he had with the wife of a friend and colleague at the University of Colorado.
Sarah had been raised by her mother and the colleague and only learned of her relationship to Oppenheimer when she was contacted in 2019 by Oppenheimer's son, Michael. Sarah and Michael verified their genetic relationship in 2020. A brief account of the affair can be found in Judy Oppenheimer's book From Deedle to Dr. Judy: A Memoir of Metamorphosis.
Oppenheimer's papers and archives were transferred to the Bancroft Library at the University of California, Berkeley, including over 60 technical and nontechnical papers he'd authored.[2] The bulk of this collection covers his work in physics and education in the years leading up to his founding of the Exploratorium. Also included are papers related to his investigation by the House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC).[24] Historical archives of the Exploratorium (1957–present) are also kept at the Bancroft.[25] The University of Minnesota holds archives covering Oppenheimer's physics work during 1946–1959.
Oppenheimer considered the Exploratorium and its educational programs to be his most important accomplishment and legacy. A collection of selected Oppenheimer papers on science, art, and education is available online at the Exploratorium website.[16]
The Frank Oppenheimer Fellowship Fund was created at the Exploratorium to provide for the exchange of science museum personnel both nationally and internationally.[2]
In media
Interviewed by director Jon Else, Oppenheimer appears throughout The Day After Trinity (1980), an Academy Award-nominated documentary about J. Robert Oppenheimer and the building of the atomic bomb.[26]
^Bird, Kai; Martin J. Sherwin (2005). American Prometheus. New York: Random House. p. 131. ISBN978-0-375-72626-2.
^Cole, K.C.; Gell-Mann, Murray (foreword) (2012). "Something incredibly wonderful happens : Frank Oppenheimer and his astonishing Exploratorium". American Journal of Physics. 81 (7) (University of Chicago Press reprint ed.): 104–105. Bibcode:2013AmJPh..81..558C. doi:10.1119/1.4802812. ISBN978-0-226-11347-0. For the locals, it was as if aliens had landed. 'The normal folks were wearing tight jeans and cowboy hats, and here was a rancher who didn't wear a hat,' said Pete Richards, who lived on one of the neighboring ranches at the time. 'He was skinnier than a rail, he was really hyper. Both he and Jackie swore like sailors. And they were atheists!.'
^Unknown (September 28, 2011). "Frank Oppenheimer". Atomic Heritage Foundation. Archived from the original on April 2, 2012. Retrieved September 28, 2011.
^ abcOppenheimer, Frank (Autumn 1972). "The Palace of Arts and Science: An Exploratorium at San Francisco, California, U.S.A". Leonardo. 5, 4 (4): 343–346. doi:10.2307/1572592. JSTOR1572592. S2CID193027810.
^Dackman, Linda (April 1984). "On Designing of a Science Museum and a Particle Accelerator Laboratory: Interview with Frank Oppenheimer and Robert Wilson". Leonardo. 17, 2: 75–80. doi:10.2307/1574992. JSTOR1574992. S2CID191405935.
село Шумське Країна Україна Область Сумська область Район Роменський Рада Артюхівська сільська рада Код КАТОТТГ UA59060010320063125 Облікова картка Шумське Основні дані Населення 29 Поштовий індекс 42062 Телефонний код +380 5448 Географічні дані Географічні координати 50°39′20″…
Natural history museum in Turin, italyTurin Museum of Natural HistoryMuseo regionale di scienze naturaliLocation within TurinEstablished1978LocationVia Giovanni Giolitti 36 , Turin, italyTypeNatural history museumDirectorMarco ChiriottiWebsitewebsite The Turin Museum of Natural History (Italian: Museo Regionale di Scienze Naturali di Torino or MRSN) was established in 1978 to house the natural history collections of the University of Turin and other collections of natural history, originated fro…
قرية الشراخ - قرية - تقسيم إداري البلد اليمن المحافظة محافظة حجة المديرية مديرية وشحة العزلة عزلة بني هني السكان التعداد السكاني 2004 السكان 348 • الذكور 185 • الإناث 163 • عدد الأسر 44 • عدد المساكن 55 معلومات أخرى التوقيت توقيت اليمن (+3 غرينيتش) تعديل …
Positive emotion related to humor For other uses, see Amusement (disambiguation). Amuse redirects here. For the Japanese entertainment company, see Amuse, Inc. For the Swedish music company, see Amuse (music company). Part of a series onEmotions Affect Classification In animals Emotional intelligence Mood Regulation Interpersonal Dysregulation Valence Emotions Acceptance Admiration Affection Amusement Anger Angst Anguish Annoyance Anticipation Anxiety Apathy Arousal Awe Boredom Confidence Confus…
Herr Reinmar der Alte (Codex Manesse, frühes 14. Jahrhundert) Reinmar der Alte, auch Reinmar von Hagenau, war ein deutscher Minnesänger der zweiten Hälfte des 12. Jahrhunderts. Seine Person ist urkundlich nicht belegt, jedoch sind unter seinem Namen in verschiedenen Liederhandschriften Minnelieder, Tageliedreflexionen, Frauenlieder sowie die so genannte „Witwenklage“ überliefert. Reinmars Minnelieder werden sowohl inhaltlich als auch formal als herausragende Beispiele des hohen Minnesang…
У Вікіпедії є статті про інші значення цього терміна: Рошіорі. комуна РошіоріRoșiori Країна Румунія Повіт Бреїла Телефонний код +40 239 (Romtelecom, TR)+40 339 (інші оператори) Координати 44°48′27″ пн. ш. 27°23′14″ сх. д.H G O Висота 45 м.н.р.м. Площа 63,91 км² Населення 2892[1] (2009) Ро
Кількісна гістологія — це розділ гістології, що вивчає закономірності розвитку та функціонування тканин, використовуючи при цьому кількісні параметри та строгі методи перевірки гіпотез. Кількісну гістологію більш коректно розглядати не як окрему наукову дисципліну,…
لبغادة لفاكا تقسيم إداري البلد المغرب الجهة الشرق الإقليم بركان الدائرة أحفير الجماعة القروية أغبال المشيخة أولاد المنكار السكان التعداد السكاني 182 نسمة (إحصاء 2004) • عدد الأسر 33 معلومات أخرى التوقيت ت ع م±00:00 (توقيت قياسي)[1]، وت ع م+01:00 (توقيت صيفي)[1] تعدي…
يفتقر محتوى هذه المقالة إلى الاستشهاد بمصادر. فضلاً، ساهم في تطوير هذه المقالة من خلال إضافة مصادر موثوق بها. أي معلومات غير موثقة يمكن التشكيك بها وإزالتها. (ديسمبر 2018) لمعانٍ أخرى، طالع الهجر (توضيح). الهجر تقسيم إداري البلد اليمن مديرية مديرية مرخة السفلى المسؤول
هذه المقالة يتيمة إذ تصل إليها مقالات أخرى قليلة جدًا. فضلًا، ساعد بإضافة وصلة إليها في مقالات متعلقة بها. (ديسمبر 2017) انظر أيضاً أحداث 2014 قائمة قادة الدول في 2015 قادة الدول حسب السنة هذه هي قائمة رؤوس الدول وقادة الحكومات، والحكام الآخرين في سنة 2014. أفريقيا الجزائر الرئيس - …
Soyuz TMA-03MCOSPAR ID2011-078ASATCAT no.38036 Awal misiTanggal luncur21 Desember 2011 (2011-12-21)[1][2]13:16 UTC[3] ← Soyuz TMA-22Soyuz TMA-04M → Soyuz TMA-03M adalah sebuah misi penerbangan luar angkasa ke Stasiun Luar Angkasa Internasional (ISS). Misi ini diluncurkan pada 21 Desember 2011 dari Situs Pertama di Kosmodrom Baykonur, Kazakhstan, dengan membawa 3 anggota Expedition 30 ke ISS. TMA-03M adalah penerbangan ke-122 dari wahana an…
Into the West Wykonawca singlaz albumu The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King – OST Annie Lennox Wydany listopad 2003 Nagrywany Nowa Zelandia Gatunek new age Długość 5:38 Wydawnictwo Reprise Producent Howard Shore, Nicky Ryan Format singel promocyjny Singel po singlu „Something So Right”(1995) „Into the West”(2003) „Pavement Cracks”(2003) Into the West – singel Annie Lennox z 2003 roku, skomponowany przez Fran Walsh, Howarda Shore'a i Annie Lennox. Ogólne informacje Ut…
Kun Bokator at the 2023 SEA GamesVenueHall C, Changvar Convention CentreLocationPhnom Penh, CambodiaDate4–8 May 2023 The Kun Bokator competition at the 2023 SEA Games, with 21 events, took place at Hall C, Changvar Convention Centre, Phnom Penh, Cambodia from 4-8 May 2023.[1] The sport marked its debut at the SEA Games. Kun Bokator is a Khmer martial art dating back two millenia and a UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage.[2] Medal table * Host n…
51°14′20″N 0°09′41″W / 51.239°N 0.1615°W / 51.239; -0.1615 The north portal of Redhill Tunnel Redhill Tunnel is a railway tunnel passing under the eastern area of Redhill in Surrey, Great Britain. It is on the 'Quarry Line' section of the Brighton Main Line and was constructed in 1899. The tunnel is 502 yards (459 m) in length but abuts on to a covered way under the Redhill to Tonbridge Line and Redhill sidings, giving a total length of 649 yards (593…
2022 single by Doja CatVegasSingle by Doja Catfrom the album Elvis: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack ReleasedMay 6, 2022 (2022-05-06)GenreHip hopLength3:02Label Kemosabe RCA Songwriter(s) Amala Dlamini Rogét Chahayed David Sprecher Jerry Leiber Mike Stoller Producer(s) Chahayed Yeti Beats Doja Cat singles chronology Get Into It (Yuh) (2022) Vegas (2022) I Like You (A Happier Song) (2022) Music videoVegas on YouTube Vegas is a song by American rapper and singer Doja Cat. It was …
Triwarna Melayu Semenanjung Malaka Malayisasi (Melayu: Pemelayuan[1] atau Melayuisasi[2] atau lazimnya Masuk Melayu[3][4][5][6][7][8]) adalah proses ketika orang-orang dari berbagai latar budaya dan etnis di Asia Tenggara Maritim mengadopsi identitas budaya Islam dan Melayu. Proses ini awalnya terjadi di semenanjung Melayu, Sumatra, dan Kalimantan zaman pra-modern dan cenderung didorong oleh penyebaran Islam sekaligus pendirian …
Sankha GhoshLahirChittapriyo Ghosh(1932-02-05)5 Februari 1932(২২ মাঘ , ১৩৩৮ বঙ্গাব্দ)Chandpur, BangladeshMeninggal21 April 2021(2021-04-21) (umur 89)Kolkata, Benggala Barat, IndiaKebangsaanIndiaAlmamaterUniversitas KalkutaDikenal atasPenyair dan kritikusPenghargaanPadma Bhushan (2011)Penghargaan Jnanpith (2016) Shankha Ghosh (5 Februari 1932 – 21 April 2021)[1][2] adalah seorang penyair dan kritikus Bengali India.[3] …