French ironclad Valeureuse

	A scale model of sister ship Flandre
History
France
Name	Valeureuse
Namesake	Valorous
Ordered	16 November 1860
Builder	Arsenal de Brest
Laid down	23 May 1861
Launched	18 August 1864
Commissioned	25 March 1867
Stricken	26 February 1886
Fate	Scrapped, 1888
General characteristics
Class and type	Provence-class ironclad frigate
Displacement	5,810 t (5,720 long tons)
Length	82.9 m (272 ft) (o/a)
Beam	17.06 m (56 ft)
Draft	8.4 m (27 ft 7 in) (deep load)
Installed power	8 boilers; 3,200 PS (2,400 kW);
Propulsion	1 shaft, 1 compound-expansion steam engine
Sail plan	Barque-rig
Speed	13.83 knots (25.61 km/h; 15.92 mph)
Range	2,410 nautical miles (4,460 km; 2,770 mi) at 10 knots (19 km/h; 12 mph)
Complement	579–594
Armament	4 × 240 mm (9.4 in) rifled muzzle-loading (RML) guns; 7 × 194 mm (7.6 in) smoothbore guns; 6 × 164.7 mm (6.5 in) RML guns;
Armor	Belt: 150 mm (5.9 in); Battery: 110 mm (4.3 in); Conning tower: 100 mm (3.9 in);

The French ironclad Valeureuse was one of 10 Provence-class armored frigates built for the French Navy (Marine Nationale) during the 1860s. Commissioned in 1867, she was initially assigned to the Northern Squadron (Escadre du Nord), but was soon transferred to the Mediterranean Squadron (Escadre de la Méditerranée), often serving as a flagship. The ironclad played a minor role in the Franco-Prussian War of 1870–1871, blockading the North Sea coast of Prussia and later a Prussian commerce raider in a neutral Spanish port. Valeureuse was reduced to reserve after the war, but was reactivated in 1875 and assigned to the Northern Squadron. The ship was decommissioned two years later and was stricken in 1886. She was scrapped in 1888.

Design and description

The Provence class was designed as an enlarged version of the Gloire-class ironclads with thicker armor, more powerful guns, and better seakeeping qualities. The ships had an overall length of 82.9 meters (272 ft), a beam of 17.06 meters (56 ft), and a draft of 8.4 meters (27 ft 7 in) at deep load. They displaced 5,810 metric tons (5,720 long tons).^[1] Their crew numbered 579–594 officers and enlisted men.^[2]

When the French discovered that the British ironclad Warrior had reached 14.3 knots (26.5 km/h; 16.5 mph) during her sea trials, they decided to add an extra cylinder to the engine of the five ships still under construction in an attempt to achieve 14.5 knots (26.9 km/h; 16.7 mph). In Valeureuse and her sister ships Magnanime and Savoie, the middle cylinder received the steam provided by eight boilers first which then expanded into the two outer cylinders, making the engine an early form of a compound-expansion steam engine.^[1] The engine drove the single propeller shaft^[3] and was rated at 1,000 nominal horsepower or 3,200 metric horsepower (2,400 kW). The ship reached a speed of 13.83 knots (25.61 km/h; 15.92 mph) from 3,383 metric horsepower (2,488 kW) during her sea trials.^[2] The Provence class carried enough coal to allow them to steam for 2,410 nautical miles (4,460 km; 2,770 mi) at a speed of 10 knots (19 km/h; 12 mph).^[4] They were fitted with a three-masted barque rig that had a sail area of 1,960 square meters (21,100 sq ft).^[5]

Armament and protection

The main battery of the Provence-class ships was intended to be thirty 164.7-millimeter (6.5 in) Modèle 1858–60 rifled muzzle-loading (RML) guns, but this was changed to a mixed armament of four 240-millimeter (9.4 in) Modèle 1864 RMLs and six 194-millimeter (7.6 in) Modèle 1864 smoothbore muzzle-loading guns on the gundeck. Positioned on the quarterdeck and the forecastle were another 194 mm smoothbore and six 164.7 mm Modèle 1858 RMLs, at least some of which served as chase guns. Shortly after commissioning, Valeureuse's gundeck armament was probably changed to eight 240 mm Modèle 1864 RMLs.^[1]

From the upper deck down to below the waterline, the sides of the ships were completely armored with 150 mm (5.9 in) of wrought iron, backed by 750 mm (29.5 in) of wood. The sides of the battery itself were protected with 110 mm (4.3 in) of armor that was backed by 610 mm (24 in) of wood. The conning tower's sides consisted of 100-millimeter (3.9 in) armor plates.^[1]

Construction and service

Valeureuse (Valorous)^[6] was ordered on 16 November 1860 from the Arsenal de Brest, laid down on 23 May 1861 and launched on 18 August 1864. She was commissioned for trials on 27 February 1867,^[1] and was definitively commissioned (armement définitif) on 25 March 1867.^[2] The ship was initially assigned to the Ironclad Division (Division cuirassée) of the Northern Squadron, based in Cherbourg, but then transferred to the Squadron of Evolutions (Escadre d'évolution) of the Mediterranean Squadron in November. Valeureuse became the flagship of Vice Admiral (vice amiral) Edmond Jurien de La Gravière on 9 June 1868 and was placed in reserve in April 1870. At an unknown date in that year a premature detonation blew the breech off a 240 mm gun, killing a dozen crewmen.^[7]

When the Franco-Prussian War began on 19 July 1870, the ship was assigned to Vice Admiral Léon Martin Fourichon's squadron that was tasked to blockade German ports in the Heligoland Bight. It departed Brest on 8 August and arrived off the British-owned island of Heligoland three days later. The neutral British denied the French permission to re-coal there and the ships were forced to perform it at sea under dangerous conditions. Bad weather and a series of storms beginning in late August prevented the squadron from coaling and the ships were forced to return to France in early September. By then the Prussians were besieging Paris and many of the trained gunners aboard the squadron's ships were transferred to defend the city. The squadron resumed the blockade with reduced crews until December when smaller ships took it over.^[8] In January 1871 Valeureuse fruitlessly searched for the German commerce raider SMS Augusta off the Gironde estuary and then joined the blockade of the ship in Vigo, Spain, where she was resupplying in the neutral harbour. The blockaders trapped Augusta until the Armistice of Versailles on 28 January.^[7]^[9]

Valeureuse was paid off on 1 April 1871 in Brest and remained in that status for the next four years. The ship was recommissioned in December 1875 as part of the 2nd Division of the Northern Squadron at Cherbourg. She was decommissioned in July 1877 at Brest and was stricken from the navy list on 26 February 1886. Valeureuse was broken up for scrap in 1888.^[1]^[7]

Citations

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Winfield & Roberts, p. 423
^ ^a ^b ^c Gille, p. 30
^ Campbell, p. 287
^ Silverstone, p. 62
^ de Balincourt & Vincent-Bréchignac, p. 10
^ Silverstone, p. 114
^ ^a ^b ^c de Balincourt & Vincent-Bréchignac, p. 12
^ Roche, p. 381; Wilson, pp. 275–276, 278
^ Roche, p. 455; Stenzel, p. 587

Bibliography

de Balincourt, Captain & Vincent-Bréchignac, Captain (1975). "The French Navy of Yesterday: Ironclad Frigates: Second Group – Provence Type". F.P.D.S. Newsletter. III (2): 9–13. OCLC 41554533.
Campbell, N. J. M. (1979). "France". In Chesneau, Roger & Kolesnik, Eugene M. (eds.). Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1860–1905. Greenwich, UK: Conway Maritime Press. pp. 282–333. ISBN 0-8317-0302-4.
Gille, Eric (1999). Cent ans de cuirassés français [A Century of French Battleships] (in French). Nantes: Marines. ISBN 2-909-675-50-5.
Roberts, Stephen S. (2021). French Warships in the Age of Steam 1859–1914: Design, Construction, Careers and Fates. Barnsley, UK: Seaforth Publishing. ISBN 978-1-5267-4533-0.
Roche, Jean-Michel (2005). Dictionnaire des bâtiments de la flotte de guerre française de Colbert à nos jours [Dictionary of French Warships from Colbert to Today] (in French). Vol. Tome I: 1671–1870. Toulon: Group Retozel-Maury Millau. ISBN 978-2-9525917-0-6. OCLC 165892922.
Silverstone, Paul H. (1984). Directory of the World's Capital Ships. New York: Hippocrene Books. ISBN 0-88254-979-0.
Stenzel, Alfred (1900). "The Fleet and the Coast". In von Pfiugk-Harttung, Julius Albert Georg (ed.). The Franco-German War. London: Swan Sonnenschein and Co. OCLC 3788640.
Wilson, H. W. (1896). Ironclads in Action: A Sketch of Naval Warfare From 1855 to 1895, with Some Account of the Development of the Battleship in England. Vol. 1. Boston: Little, Brown. OCLC 902936108.
Winfield, Rif & Roberts, Stephen S. (2015). French Warships in the Age of Sail, 1786–1861. Barnsley, UK: Seaforth Publishing. ISBN 978-1-84832-204-2.