GTFS or the General Transit Feed Specification defines a common data format for public transportation schedules and associated geographic information.[1] GTFS contains only static or scheduled information about public transport services, and is sometimes known as GTFS Static or GTFS Schedule to distinguish it from the GTFS Realtime extension, which defines how information on the realtime status of services can be shared.[1][2]
History
What was to become GTFS started out as a side project of Google employee Chris Harrelson in 2005, who "monkeyed around with ways to incorporate transit data into Google Maps when he heard from Tim and Bibiana McHugh, married IT managers at TriMet, the transit agency for Portland, Oregon".[3] McHugh is cited with being frustrated about finding transit directions in unfamiliar cities, while popular mapping services were already offering easy-to-use driving directions at the time.[4]
Bibiana and Tim McHugh eventually got into contact with Google and provided the company with CSV exports of TriMet's schedule data. In December 2005, Portland became the first city to be featured in the first version of Google's "Transit Trip Planner".[5] In September 2006, five more US cities were added to the Google Transit Trip Planner, and the data format released as the Google Transit Feed Specification.[6]
In the United States, there had not been any standard for public transit timetables prior to the advent of GTFS, not even a de facto standard. According to long-time BART website manager Timothy Moore, before the advent of GTFS, BART had to provide different data consumers with different formats, making a standardized transit format very desirable.[3] The publicly and freely available format specification, as well as the availability of GTFS schedules, quickly made developers base their transit-related software on the format. This resulted in "hundreds of useful and popular transit applications"[4] as well as catalogues listing available GTFS feeds. Due to the common data format those applications adhere to, solutions do not need to be custom-tailored to one transit operator, but can easily be extended to any region where a GTFS feed is available.
Due to the wide use of the format, the "Google" part of the original name was seen as a misnomer "that makes some potential users shy away from adopting GTFS". As a consequence, it was proposed to change the name of the specification to General Transit Feed Specification in 2009.[7]
Applications
Screenshot showing OpenTripPlanner with route from GTFS data highlighted.GTFS-based reachability analysis via Mapnificent
Journey planning
GTFS is typically used to supply data on public transit for use in multi-modaljourney planner applications. In most cases, GTFS is combined with a detailed representation of the street/pedestrian network to allow routing to take place from point to point rather than just between stops. This data is often extended using GTFS-Realtime to factor delays, cancellations, and modified trips into realtime journey planning queries. OpenTripPlanner is open-source software that can do journey planning with a combination of GTFS and OpenStreetMap data.[8] Other general purpose applications exist such as the ArcMap Network Analyst extension which can incorporate GTFS for transit routing.[9]
GTFS was originally designed for use in Google Transit, an online multi-modal journey planning application.
Accessibility research
GTFS is often used in research on transit accessibility where it is typically used to estimate travel times by transit from one point to many other points at different times of day.[10][11] Studies however have called such applications into question due to their reliance on schedules alone without accounting for reliability issues and regular schedule non-adherence.[12]
Comparing service levels
GTFS has been used to measure changes in accessibility due to changes in transit service provision, either actual[13] or proposed.[14] Analysis of changes in service over time can be accomplished by simply comparing published GTFS data for the same agency from different time periods. For comparison of existing service with proposed infrastructure or service changes, a future GTFS must often be constructed by hand based on proposed service characteristics.[14]
Feed registries
Public GTFS feeds have been aggregated in a variety of feed registries:
Mobility Database (2023 - present) builds on TransitFeeds (2013-2024) which maintained a directory of GTFS and GTFS Realtime feeds and an interactive website for browsing feed contents.
Transitland (2014 - present) maintains a directory of GTFS and GTFS Realtime feeds in 55+ countries and provides both an interactive website and APIs for querying feed contents. Transitland was originally created by Mapzen and is now maintained by Interline Technologies.
GTFS Data Exchange (2008–2016) allowed public transit agencies of all sizes to upload copies of their GTFS feeds. The website is no longer active.
Structure
Class diagram of GTFS
A GTFS feed is a collection of at least six, and up to 13 CSV files (with extension .txt) contained within a .zip file. Preferred character encoding is UTF-8. Together, the related CSV tables describe a transit system's scheduled operations as visible to riders. The specification is designed to be sufficient to provide trip planning functionality, but is also useful for other applications such as analysis of service levels and some general performance measures. In contrast to European transit industry exchange standards such as Transmodel or VDV-45X, GTFS only includes scheduled operations that are meant to be distributed to riders. It is also limited to scheduled information and does not include real-time information. However, real-time information can be related to GTFS schedules according to the related GTFS Realtime specification.[1][2]
Following are descriptions of the tables required for a valid GTFS data feed. Each table is literally a text CSV file whose filename is the name of the table, suffixed by '.txt'. So for the 'agency' table below, a CSV file called 'agency.txt' would be included in a valid GTFS feed.
Mandatory tables
agency
The agency table provides information about the transit agency as such, including name, website and contact information.
Required fields:
agency_name
agency_url
agency_timezone
routes
The routes table identifies distinct routes. This is to be distinguished from distinct routings (or paths), several of which may belong to a single route.
block_id - The block ID indicates the schedule block to which a trip belongs.
stop_times
Required fields:
stop_id (primary key)
trip_id (foreign key)
arrival_time
departure_time
stop_sequence
Note that dwell time may be modelled by the difference between the arrival and departure times. However, many agencies do not seem to model dwell time for most stops.[original research?]
stops
The stops table defines the geographic locations of each and every actual stop or station in the transit system as well as, and optionally, some of the amenities associated with those stops.
Required fields:
stop_id (primary key)
stop_name
stop_lon
stop_lat
calendar
The calendar table defines service patterns that operate recurrently such as, for example, every weekday. Service patterns that don't repeat such as for a one-time special event will be defined in the calendar_dates table.
Required fields:
service_id (primary key)
Monday
Tuesday
Wednesday
Thursday
Friday
Saturday
Sunday
start_date
end_date
Optional tables
calendar_dates
Calendar dates is an optional table which adds exceptions to the calendar.txt file. This can be adding additional days or removing days, such as for holiday service. The file only contains three columns, the service id, date, and exception type (either added or removed). A service id does not have to be inside the calendar.txt file to be added to this table.
fare_attributes
fare_rules
shapes
Rules for drawing lines on a map to represent a transit organization's routes.
frequencies
This table specifies headway (time between trips) for routes with variable frequency of service.
transfers
Rules for making connections at transfer points between routes.
feed_info
An optional feed start date and optional feed expiration date can be set. Agencies may publish feeds that are several days into the future. Thus, journey planning software applications keep multiple feed versions and the correct feed for a particular day or time.
translations
The translations table consists of the columns table_name, field_name, field_value,record_id,record_sub_id,language,translation. Translations are broken down into their respective tables, and any text field or URL may be translated. Translations in GTFS use two types of keys in the key-value table. Record_id uses ID for the field like stop_id or trip_id, while field_value is a matching value to the field_name's original contents. Tables using a two value tuple, such as stop_times, use record_id and record_sub_id to represent the tuple. The translation column is the output.
^Farber, Steven; Morang, Melinda Z.; Widener, Michael J. (1 September 2014). "Temporal variability in transit-based accessibility to supermarkets". Applied Geography. 53: 149–159. Bibcode:2014AppGe..53..149F. doi:10.1016/j.apgeog.2014.06.012.
This article contains excerpts from "Opening Public Transit Data in Germany" by Stefan Kaufmann, which is available under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 unported license.
