Genyodectes

Genyodectes; Temporal range: Early Cretaceous, 112 Ma PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N ↓
	Genyodectes holotype
	Illustration from original description
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Clade:	Dinosauria
Clade:	Saurischia
Clade:	Theropoda
Family:	†Ceratosauridae
Genus:	†Genyodectes; Woodward 1901
Species:	†G. serus
Binomial name
	†Genyodectes serus; Woodward, 1901

Genyodectes ("jaw bite", from the Greek words genys ("jaw") and dektes ("bite")) is a genus of ceratosaurian theropod dinosaur from the Lower Cretaceous (Aptian) of South America. The holotype material (MLP 26–39, Museo de La Plata, La Plata, Argentina) was collected from the Cerro Barcino Formation, Cañadón Grande, Departamento Paso de Indios in the Chubut Province of Argentina and consists of an incomplete snout, including the premaxillae, portions of both maxillas, the right and left dentary, many teeth, a fragment of the left splenial, and parts of the supradentaries. These elements are generally poorly preserved and some are in articulation. The premaxilla of Genyodectes possesses relatively large and protruding teeth, similar to those of Ceratosaurus. The specific name, serus, means "late". In 2016 it was estimated to be 6.25 meters (20.5 ft) in length and 790 kg (1,740 lb) in weight.^[1]

Taxonomy and phylogeny

Known material of Genyodectes.

Size comparison with a human.

Depicted chasing an early mammal.

The taxon has long been considered a nomen dubium, owing to its fragmentary nature and some doubt as to its precise geographic and stratigraphic origins (see Tykoski et Rowe, 2004, p. 50).^[2] However, a recent redescription of the type material by Rauhut (2004) has shed some light on these questions and seems to establish the taxonomic validity of Genyodectes serus, the only species referred to the genus.^[3]

English paleontologist Sir Arthur S. Woodward described Genyodectes in 1901,^[4] and, after Loncosaurus (Ameghino, 1899; nomen dubium),^[5] it is the second non-avian dinosaur described from the South American continent, and it remained the most completely known South American theropod until the 1970s.^[3]

Over the last decade, the holotype has been variously referred to as a megalosaurid, a tyrannosaurid, Theropoda incertae sedis, and a possible abelisaurid (perhaps even a senior synonym of Abelisaurus). However, the recent removal of the holotype from the "artificial matrix" in which it had long been displayed has permitted a reevaluation of the specimen. Rauhut (2004, p. 900) concluded that the specimen lacks important abelisaurid and tyrannosaurid synapomorphies, but found many neoceratosaurian traits.^[3] This would seem to imply Genyodectes was closer to Ceratosaurus than the more derived abelisaurs (that also descended from animals like Ceratosaurus). Also, by studying historical records and preservation of the bones, Rauhut (2004, p. 894) concluded that the specimen was likely collected from the Cerro Castaño Member of the Cerro Barcino Formation (Aptian-Albian).^[3]

Diagnosis

Rauhut diagnoses Genyodectes serus as follows:^[6] "Differs from all theropods with the possible exception of Ceratosaurus in that the premaxillary teeth are arranged in an overlapping en-echelon pattern and the longest maxillary tooth crowns are longer apicobasally than the minimal dorsoventral depth of the mandible. Differs from Ceratosaurus in the presence of four, as opposed to three, premaxillary teeth."^[3]

References

^ Molina-Pérez & Larramendi (2016). Récords y curiosidades de los dinosaurios Terópodos y otros dinosauromorfos. Barcelona, Spain: Larousse. p. 255.
^ Tykoski, R.S., and Rowe, T. (2004). Ceratosauria. In: Weishampel, D.B., Dodson, P., and Osmólska, H. (Eds.). The Dinosauria (2nd edition). University of California Press:Berkeley. ISBN 0-520-24209-2.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Rauhut, O.W.M. (2004). Provenance and anatomy of Genyodectes serus, a large-toothed ceratosaur (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from Patagonia. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 24(4):894-902.
^ Woodward A. S. 1901. On some extinct reptiles from Patagonia, of the genera Meiolania, Dinilysia, and Genyodectes. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1901:169-184.
^ Ameghino, F. (1899). Nota preliminar sobre el Loncosaurus argentinus, un representante de la familia de los Megalosauridae en la Republica Argentina. Anales de la Sociedad Cientifica Argentina 47:61-62.
^ Rauhut, O.W.M. (2004) Provenance and anatomy of Genyodectes serus, a large-toothed ceratosaur (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from Patagonia. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 24(4):895-895