Share to: share facebook share twitter share wa share telegram print page

Gerhard Homuth

Gerhard Homuth
Homuth as an officer
Born(1914-09-20)20 September 1914
Kiel
Died2 August 1943(1943-08-02) (aged 28)
near Oryol
Cause of deathKilled in action
Allegiance Nazi Germany
Service / branch Luftwaffe
Years of service1933–1943
RankMajor (major)
UnitLG 2, JG 27, JG 54
Commands3./JG 27, I./JG 27, I./JG 54
Battles / warsWorld War II
AwardsKnight's Cross of the Iron Cross

Gerhard Homuth (20 September 1914 – 2 August 1943) was a World War II Luftwaffe fighter ace. He scored all but two of his 63 victories against the Western Allies whilst flying the Messerschmitt Bf 109, and was one of the top scoring aces in the North African campaign.[1]

Born in Kiel, Homuth grew up in the Weimar Republic. He joined the military service in the Reichsmarine before transferring to the Luftwaffe in 1935. Trained as a fighter pilot, he was posted Lehrgeschwader 2 (LG 2—2nd Demonstration Wing) where he flew with the aerobatics team. In October 1939, Homuth was posted Jagdgeschwader 27 (JG 27—27th Fighter Wing). In February 1940, he was appointed squadron leader of 3. Staffel (3rd squadron) of JG 27. He claimed his first aerial victory on 11 May 1940 during the Battle of France. In early 1941, his unit was transferred to North Africa where he was awarded the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross on 14 June 1941 following his 22nd aerial victory. In June 1942, Homuth was appointed group commander of I. Gruppe (1st group) of JG 27. In late 1942, Homuth fell ill and was taken off operational flying. Following his convalesance, he served as an instructor for Bulgarian fighter pilots. On 1 August 1943, Homuth was given command of I. Gruppe of Jagdgeschwader 54 (JG 54—54th Fighter Wing) which was fighting on Eastern Front. The following day, he was posted as missing in action when he was shot down and likely killed in action near Kromy.

Early life and career

Homuth was born 20 September 1914 in Kiel, at the time in the Province of Schleswig-Holstein, a province of the Kingdom of Prussia.[2][Note 1] He joined the Reichsmarine before transferring to the Luftwaffe in 1935. In late 1938, I. (leichte Jagd) Gruppe, the light fighter group, of Lehrgeschwader 2 (LG 2—2nd Demonstration Wing) was created at Graz Airfield. With this Gruppe, Homuth was appointed chief of the Stabskompanie (staff company).[3] Homuth had been a member of LG 2's aerobatics team which was equipped with the Bücker Bü 133 Jungmeister. The team's first public appearance was on 10 May 1938 on account of a demonstration to the Belgian Air Component at Arlon.[4]

World War II

World War II in Europe began on Friday, 1 September 1939, when German forces invaded Poland. In preparation for the invasion, I.(J)/LG 2 had deployed to an airfield at Malzkow, present-day Malczkowo.[5] The Gruppe supported the 4th Army as part of Army Group North.[6]

On 1 October 1939, the new I. Gruppe (1st group) of Jagdgeschwader 27 (JG 27—27th Fighter Wing) was created at Münster-Handorf Airfield and placed under command of Hauptmann Helmut Riegel. Homuth was transferred and served as adjutant to Riegel, supporting him in the creation of the Gruppe.[7] On 22 January 1940, the Gruppe moved to Krefeld Airfield where they were tasked with flying fighter protection during the "Phoney War" along the German – Belgian border. During this period, the pilots had little to no enemy contact.[8] On 1 February, Homuth was appointed Staffelkapitän (squadron leader) of 3. Staffel of JG 27, replacing Oberleutnant Gerhard Rutsch in this capacity.[9] In late March, I. Gruppe moved to an airfield at Mönchengladbach. In April, Homuth was briefly assigned to III. Gruppe of Jagdgeschwader 53 (JG 53—53rd Fighter Wing) which was commanded by Hauptmann Werner Mölders. Mölders' III./JG 53 was stationed further south on the German – French border and had already been engaged in aerial combat with Armée de l'air (French Air Force) and the Royal Air Force (RAF) of the British Expeditionary Force. The idea behind this assignment was to provide Homuth, and other Luftwaffe pilots, some combat experience.[10]

Battle of France and Britain

On 10 May 1940, German forces launched the invasion of France and the Low Countries (Fall Gelb). At the start of the invasion, I. Gruppe of JG 27 was subordinated to the VIII. Fliegerkorps (8th Air Corps).[11] The next day, Homuth claimed his first victory on 11 May, shooting down a Bristol Blenheim bomber in the late afternoon. That day, I. Gruppe operated in the area of Maastricht. The following day, 3. Staffel intercepted eight low flying Blenheim bombers on a mission to bomb the bridges crossing the Meuse and Albert Canal near Veldwezelt. Defending against this attack, Homuth shot down one of the Blenheim bombers.[12] His opponent likely belonged to the RAF No. 110 Squadron.[13] On 18 May, I. Gruppe moved to Charleville located approximately 15 kilometers (9.3 miles) west-northwest of Sedan. The next day, Homuth claimed a Hawker Hurricane fighter shot down.[14] On 22 May, the Gruppe moved to Guise. Three days later, they were ordered to Saint-Omer for combat against the encircled Allied forces fighting in the Battle of Dunkirk. Prior to the relocation, Homuth shot down a Blenheim bomber, his fourth aerial victory. The Gruppe returned to Guise on 31 May.[15]

The Gruppe predominately patrolled the area along the Somme on 1 and 2 June. On a combat air patrol to Dunkirk on 2 June, Homuth claimed two Supermarine Spitfire fighters shot down.[16] On 5 June, German forces launched Fall Rot (Case Red), the second phase of the conquest of France. That day in the vicinity of Compiègne, Homuth claimed two Morane-Saulnier M.S.406 fighters shot down.[17] One of the M.S.406 fighters may have been piloted by Sous lieutenant René Pomier Layrargues from Groupe de Chasse II/7, who was killed in action. Layrargues was the pilot who had shot down Hauptmann Werner Mölders from III. Gruppe of JG 53 that day and who was captured and taken prisoner of war.[18] The Gruppe relocated again on 11 June, this time to an airfield near Soisson-Saconin-et-Breuil. On 14 June, Homuth claimed his last and ninth aerial victory of the Battle of France when he shot down a Bloch MB.131 bomber near Léchelle.[19] When the Armistice of 22 June 1940 was signed, Homuth was one of the leading fighter pilots of I. Gruppe of JG 27. On 28 June, the Gruppe was ordered to Neuenlander Feld in Bremen for a brief period of rest and replenishment.[20]

In preparation in what would become the Battle of Britain, I. Gruppe was moved to the English Channel on 2 July where they were based at an airfield near Plumetot.[21] On 20 July, I. Gruppe escorted a number of Junkers Ju 87 dive bombers on a Kanalkampf mission against Convoy Bosom to the Isle of Purbeck. On this mission, Homuth claimed two Spitfire fighters shot down near Swanage.[22] On 12 August, JG 27 escorted bombers to Portsmouth, claiming two aerial victories, including a Spitfire fighter by Homuth near Bembridge.[23] On 1 October, I. Gruppe was withdrawn from the English Channel and had relocated to an airfield at Stade in Northern Germany. Here the Gruppe was subordinated to the Geschwaderstab (headquarters unit) of Jagdgeschwader 1 (JG 1—1st Fighter Wing) and tasked with patrolling the German Bight. This assignment ended on 21 October, when the Gruppe was ordered to relocate to Dinan in northwestern France.[24]

Invasion of Greece and North Africa

A Bf 109 E of I./JG 27 similar to those flown by Homuth

On 3 December 1940, I. Gruppe was again withdrawn from the English Channel and relocated to Döberitz located approximately 10 kilometers (6.2 miles) west of Staaken. There, the pilots were sent on home leave, returning in January 1941. In February, the Gruppe began preparations for Operation Marita, the German invasion of Greece while the ground elements of the Gruppe began their relocation to Tripoli in North Africa, arriving there on 18 March. There, the ground crew began preparations for the air elements to arrive at the designated airfield at Ayn al-Ġazāla. In parallel, the air elements of I. Gruppe relocated to Munich-Riem Airfield in early March.[25] Credited with fifteen aerial victories, Homuth was the leading fighter pilot of I. Gruppe at the time.[26] There, the Gruppe received refurbished Messerschmitt Bf 109 E-7 fighter aircraft. The aircraft had been equipped with a sand-filter on the front of the supercharger intake which made the aircraft more suitable for deployment in North Africa. On 4 April, the Gruppe was ordered to move to Graz Airfield for Operation Marita. German forces launched the attack on 6 April. The orders for I. Gruppe that day were to attack and destroy the Yugoslavian air defenses in the area of Laibach, present-day Ljubljana in Slovenia. Leading 3. Staffel, Homuth was given the order to attack the airfield at Laibach where they came under heavy anti-aircraft artillery fire. The Staffel attacked the hangars and inflicted damage on parked Potez 25 aircraft.[27] Following Operation Marita, the air elements briefly returned to Munich-Riem before they transferred to North Africa, arriving in Ayn al-Ġazāla between 18 and 22 April 1941.[28]

Homuth claimed his first aerial victory over North Africa on 1 May 1941. That day his Staffel escorted Ju 87 dive bombers on a bombing mission to Tobruk. The Luftwaffe force was intercepted by six Hurricane fighters near Tobruk. In this aerial engagement, the Luftwaffe claimed four aerial victories, including two Hurricanes by Homuth shot down taking his total to 17 aerial victories. On 5 May, then again on 8 May, Homuth shot down a Martin Maryland bomber, the latter claimed as a Blenheim bomber.[29] On 15 May, British forces launched Operation Brevity aimed at the Axis front-line forces in the SollumCapuzzoBardia area of the border between Egypt and Libya. I. Gruppe was dispatched to the combat area near Sollum and the Halfaya Pass where Homuth claimed a Hurricane fighter shot down.[30] Following two Blenheim bombers shot down near Fort Capuzzo on 21 May 1941, Homuth was awarded the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross (Ritterkreuz des Eisernen Kreuzes) on 14 June for 22 aerial victories in total.[31] He was the first recipient of the Knight's Cross within I. Gruppe of JG 27.[32] On 14 September, German forces sent an armored reconnaissance mission to Sidi Barrani, approximately 100 kilometers (62 miles) into Egypt. The advance was repelled by British forces. Both sides committed aerial forces resulting in eight aerial victories claimed by I. Gruppe, including a Maryland bomber and Hurricane fighter by Homuth.[33] On 9 February 1942, Homuth claimed his 40th aerial victory over a Hurricane fighter near Al Adm.[34] Homuth was awarded the German Cross in Gold (Deutsches Kreuz in Gold) on 9 April.[35]

Group commander and death

On 10 June 1942, Homuth was appointed Gruppenkommandeur (group commander) of I. Gruppe of JG 27. He replaced Major Eduard Neumann who had taken command of JG 27 as Geschwaderkommodore (wing commander). Command of 3. Staffel was then handed to Oberleutnant Hans-Joachim Marseille.[36] His 60th claim came on 27 October, when he shot down a Spitfire over Bi'r Mu'min Busak located approximately 5 kilometers (3.1 miles) west of Sidi Abdel Rahman.[37][38]

On 11 November, I. Gruppe was detached from JG 27 and ordered to return to Germany.[39] Coinciding with the withdrawal from North Africa, Homuth fell seriously ill and was on convalescence until February 1943.[40] Command of I. Gruppe then fell to Hauptmann Heinrich Setz who took command on 12 November.[36] In February 1943, Homuth was posted to the Luftwaffe Command in Sofia where he led the training Bulgarian fighter pilots.[40]

On 1 August 1943, Homuth was appointed Gruppenkommandeur of I. Gruppe of Jagdgeschwader 54 (JG 54—54th Fighter Wing). He replaced Oberleutnant Hans Götz who had temporarily led the Gruppe after its former commander Major Reinhard Seiler had been wounded in combat on 6 July.[41] At the time, I. Gruppe was based at Karachev and was fighting in the Battle of Kursk on the Eastern Front.[42] The following day, the Gruppe flew multiple combat missions in support of German ground forces retreating in the area north and northwest of Oryol. In the early afternoon, the Gruppe escorted Ju 87 dive bombers to the combat area near Kromy. Homuth failed to return from this mission and was posted missing in action.[43] Flying Focke-Wulf Fw 190 A-6 (Werknummer 550436—factory number), he was shot down and likely killed in action 20 kilometers (12 miles) south of Kromy.[44] Command of the Gruppe was then again given to Götz who was killed in action two days later.[41][45]

Summary of career

Aerial victory claims

According to Obermaier, Homuth was credited with 63 victories claimed in approximately 450 missions, 47 in Africa. He recorded two victories over the Eastern Front.[2] Mathews and Foreman, authors of Luftwaffe Aces — Biographies and Victory Claims, researched the German Federal Archives and found records for 62 aerial victory claims, all of which claimed over the Western Allies on the Western Front or in North Africa.[46]

Chronicle of aerial victories

  This and the ? (question mark) indicates information discrepancies listed by Prien, Stemmer, Rodeike, Bock, Mathews, and Foreman.

Claim Date Time Type Location Claim Date Time Type Location
– 3. Staffel of Jagdgeschwader 27 –[35]
Battle of France — 10 May – 25 June 1940
1 11 May 1940 17:30 Blenheim Diest[47] 6 2 June 1940 09:25 Spitfire southwest of Dunkirk[47]
2 12 May 1940 06:20 Blenheim Liège[47] 7 5 June 1940 18:15 M.S.406 Beauvais[47]
3 19 May 1940 16:30 Hurricane north of Albert[47] 8 5 June 1940 18:20 M.S.406 3 km (1.9 mi) southeast of Troissy[47]
4 25 May 1940 12:30 Blenheim west of Calais[47] 9 14 June 1940?[Note 2] 20:15 MB.131 Léchelle[47]
5 2 June 1940 09:20 Spitfire 5 km (3.1 mi) southwest of Dunkirk[47]
– 3. Staffel of Jagdgeschwader 27 –[35]
Action at the Channel and over England — 26 June – 3 December 1940
10 20 July 1940 14:25 Spitfire west of Swanage[48] 13 3 September 1940 11:35 Hurricane Burnham[48]
11 20 July 1940 14:28 Spitfire west of Swanage[48] 14 11 September 1940 18:10 Hurricane 5 km (3.1 mi) southwest of Selsey Bill[48]
12 12 August 1940 12:50 Spitfire Bembridge[48] 15 30 September 1940 18:10 Spitfire south of Eastbourne[49]
– 3. Staffel of Jagdgeschwader 27 –[35]
Sicily, Balkans and North Africa — 4 December 1940 – 31 May 1941
16 1 May 1941 09:15 Hurricane 20 km (12 mi) south of Tobruk[50] 23 30 August 1941 17:30 Blenheim Sallum[51]
17 1 May 1941 09:20 Hurricane Tobruk airfield[50] 24 14 September 1941 17:45 Martin 167 south of El Sofafi[52]
18 5 May 1941 08:32 Martin 167 10 km (6.2 mi) east-southeast of Fort Acroma[50] 25 14 September 1941 17:48 Hurricane southeast of El Sofafi[52]
19 8 May 1941 10:10 Blenheim 100 km (62 mi) east-northeast of Tobruk[50] 26 24 September 1941 14:40 P-40 Sidi Omar[52]
20 15 May 1941 12:15 Hurricane Sallum[50] 27 24 September 1941 16:47 Hurricane Buq Buq[52]
21 21 May 1941 07:57 Blenheim southeast of Fort Capuzzo[50] 28 27 September 1941 10:10 Hurricane 5 km (3.1 mi) southeast of Ras Azaz[52]
22 21 May 1941 07:58 Blenheim southeast of Fort Capuzzo[50]
– 3. Staffel of Jagdgeschwader 27 –[46]
In North Africa — 18 November 1941 – 10 June 1942
29 5 December 1941 15:35 Hurricane[53] 40 9 February 1942 10:51 Hurricane south of Al Adm[54]
30 9 December 1941 14:15 P-40 south of Kambut[53] 41 21 February 1942 12:11 P-40 20 km (12 mi) southeast of Ayn al-Ġazāla[54]
31 13 December 1941 16:15 P-40 southwest of Tmimi[53] 42 27 February 1942 12:10 P-40 northeast of Fort Acroma[54]
32 23 December 1941 14:00 Beaufighter southeast of Arco Philaenorum[55] 43 2 March 1942 10:51 P-40 west of Tobruk[54]
33 23 December 1941 14:10 Beaufighter southeast of Arco Philaenorum[55] 44 2 March 1942 10:52 P-40 southeast of Fort Acroma[54]
34 3 January 1942 08:20 P-40 northeast of Ajdabiya[55] ?[Note 3] 2 March 1942 12:11 P-40 20 km (12 mi) southeast of Ayn al-Ġazāla
35 7 January 1942 12:15 P-40 northeast of Ajdabiya[55] 45 2 April 1942 18:07 P-40 30 km (19 mi) north of Fort Acroma[56]
36 7 January 1942 12:20 P-40 30 km (19 mi) northeast of Ajdabiya[55] 46 6 April 1942 09:10 Hurricane northwest of Tmimi[56]
37 9 January 1942 14:15 P-40 Marsa al-Brega[55] 47 7 April 1942 08:37 P-46 southwest of Ayn al-Ġazāla[56]
38 9 January 1942 14:20 P-40 10 km (6.2 mi) north of Gadd el Ahmar[55] 48 23 May 1942 11:18 Boston north of Fort Acroma[57]
39 8 February 1942 14:32 P-40 east of Bomba Bight[55]
Stab I. Gruppe of Jagdgeschwader 27 –[58]
In North Africa — 10 June – November 1942
49 25 July 1942 17:45 Hurricane west of El Dabaa[59] 56 29 August 1942 08:55 P-40 15 km (9.3 mi) southeast of Abu Dweis[60]
50 27 July 1942 12:25 Hurricane southeast of El Hammam[59] 57 2 September 1942 16:10 P-46 (P-40) southwest of El Hammam[61]
51 27 July 1942 12:27 Hurricane southeast of El Hammam[59] 58 7 September 1942 17:42 P-40 southeast of El Alamein[61]
52 27 July 1942 12:28 Hurricane southeast of El Hammam[59]
5 km (3.1 mi) south of El Alamein
59 15 September 1942 16:54 P-40 southwest of El Alamein[61]
53 7 August 1942 09:35 Hurricane north-northwest of El Alamein[59] 60 27 October 1942 15:15 Spitfire south of Bi'r Mu'min Busak[62]
54 7 August 1942 09:37 P-40 north of El Alamein[59]
north of El Hammam
61 2 November 1942 12:06 P-46 (P-40) southeast of Bi'r Mu'min Busak[62]
55 18 August 1942 09:38 P-40 west of El Alamein[60]

Awards

Notes

  1. ^ His older brother was killed in action in 1942 on the Eastern Front, his father was shot by looting soldiers on 23 April 1945.[2]
  2. ^ According to Mathews and Foreman claimed on 13 June 1940.[35]
  3. ^ This claim is not listed by Prien, Stemmer, Rodeike and Bock.[54]

References

Citations

  1. ^ Spick 1996, p. 240.
  2. ^ a b c Obermaier 1989, p. 136.
  3. ^ Prien 1992, p. 54.
  4. ^ Prien 1992, pp. 54–55.
  5. ^ Prien 1992, p. 67.
  6. ^ Prien 1992, p. 71.
  7. ^ Prien, Rodeike & Stemmer 1998, p. 20.
  8. ^ Prien, Rodeike & Stemmer 1998, p. 23.
  9. ^ Prien et al. 2001a, p. 238.
  10. ^ Prien, Rodeike & Stemmer 1998, pp. 23, 25.
  11. ^ Prien, Rodeike & Stemmer 1998, p. 60.
  12. ^ Prien, Rodeike & Stemmer 1998, pp. 62–63.
  13. ^ Weal 2003, p. 21.
  14. ^ Prien, Rodeike & Stemmer 1998, pp. 65, 561.
  15. ^ Prien, Rodeike & Stemmer 1998, pp. 66–67.
  16. ^ Prien, Rodeike & Stemmer 1998, pp. 68, 561.
  17. ^ Prien, Rodeike & Stemmer 1998, p. 68.
  18. ^ Goss 2017, pp. 29–30.
  19. ^ Prien, Rodeike & Stemmer 1998, p. 70.
  20. ^ Prien, Rodeike & Stemmer 1998, p. 71.
  21. ^ Prien, Rodeike & Stemmer 1998, p. 81.
  22. ^ Prien, Rodeike & Stemmer 1998, p. 83.
  23. ^ Prien, Rodeike & Stemmer 1998, pp. 84, 562.
  24. ^ Prien, Rodeike & Stemmer 1998, p. 88–89.
  25. ^ Prien, Rodeike & Stemmer 1998, pp. 120–121.
  26. ^ Scutts 1994, p. 8.
  27. ^ Prien, Rodeike & Stemmer 1998, pp. 123–124.
  28. ^ Prien, Rodeike & Stemmer 1998, p. 138.
  29. ^ Prien, Rodeike & Stemmer 1998, p. 141.
  30. ^ Prien, Rodeike & Stemmer 1998, pp. 141, 563.
  31. ^ Weal 2003, p. 18.
  32. ^ Prien, Rodeike & Stemmer 1998, p. 144.
  33. ^ Prien, Rodeike & Stemmer 1998, pp. 144, 564.
  34. ^ Shores, Massimello & Guest 2012, p. 35.
  35. ^ a b c d e Mathews & Foreman 2015, p. 549.
  36. ^ a b Prien et al. 2004, p. 170.
  37. ^ Prien, Rodeike & Stemmer 1998, p. 310.
  38. ^ Shores, Massimello & Guest 2012, p. 408.
  39. ^ Prien, Rodeike & Stemmer 1998, p. 313.
  40. ^ a b Prien, Rodeike & Stemmer 1998, p. 314.
  41. ^ a b Prien et al. 2012, p. 165.
  42. ^ Prien et al. 2012, p. 140.
  43. ^ Prien et al. 2012, p. 141.
  44. ^ Prien et al. 2012, p. 192.
  45. ^ Weal 2001, p. 100.
  46. ^ a b Mathews & Foreman 2015, pp. 549–550.
  47. ^ a b c d e f g h i Prien et al. 2001b, p. 245.
  48. ^ a b c d e Prien et al. 2002, p. 376.
  49. ^ Prien et al. 2002, p. 378.
  50. ^ a b c d e f g Prien et al. 2003, p. 370.
  51. ^ Prien et al. 2003, p. 371.
  52. ^ a b c d e Prien et al. 2003, p. 372.
  53. ^ a b c Prien et al. 2004, p. 176.
  54. ^ a b c d e f Prien et al. 2004, p. 178.
  55. ^ a b c d e f g h Prien et al. 2004, p. 177.
  56. ^ a b c Prien et al. 2004, p. 179.
  57. ^ Prien et al. 2004, p. 180.
  58. ^ Mathews & Foreman 2015, p. 550.
  59. ^ a b c d e f Prien et al. 2004, p. 183.
  60. ^ a b Prien et al. 2004, p. 184.
  61. ^ a b c Prien et al. 2004, p. 185.
  62. ^ a b Prien et al. 2004, p. 186.
  63. ^ Dixon 2023, p. 64.
  64. ^ Fellgiebel 2000, p. 234.
  65. ^ Scherzer 2007, p. 404.
  66. ^ Patzwall & Scherzer 2001, p. 196.

Bibliography

  • Dixon, Jeremy (2023). Day Fighter Aces of the Luftwaffe: Knight's Cross Holders 1939–1942. Pen and Sword Books. ISBN 978-1-52677-864-2.
  • Fellgiebel, Walther-Peer [in German] (2000) [1986]. Die Träger des Ritterkreuzes des Eisernen Kreuzes 1939–1945 — Die Inhaber der höchsten Auszeichnung des Zweiten Weltkrieges aller Wehrmachtteile [The Bearers of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross 1939–1945 — The Owners of the Highest Award of the Second World War of all Wehrmacht Branches] (in German). Friedberg, Germany: Podzun-Pallas. ISBN 978-3-7909-0284-6.
  • Goss, Chris (2017). Jagdgeschwader 53 "Pik-As" Bf 109 Aces of 1940. Aircraft of the Aces. Vol. 132. London, UK: Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4728-1873-7.
  • Mathews, Andrew Johannes; Foreman, John (2015). Luftwaffe Aces — Biographies and Victory Claims — Volume 2 G–L. Walton on Thames: Red Kite. ISBN 978-1-906592-19-6.
  • Obermaier, Ernst (1989). Die Ritterkreuzträger der Luftwaffe Jagdflieger 1939 – 1945 [The Knight's Cross Bearers of the Luftwaffe Fighter Force 1939 – 1945] (in German). Mainz, Germany: Verlag Dieter Hoffmann. ISBN 978-3-87341-065-7.
  • Patzwall, Klaus D.; Scherzer, Veit (2001). Das Deutsche Kreuz 1941 – 1945 Geschichte und Inhaber Band II [The German Cross 1941 – 1945 History and Recipients Volume 2] (in German). Norderstedt, Germany: Verlag Klaus D. Patzwall. ISBN 978-3-931533-45-8.
  • Prien, Jochen (1992). Geschichte des Jagdgeschwaders 77—Teil 1—1934–1941 [History of Jagdgeschwader 77—Volume 1—1934–1941] (in German). Eutin, Germany: Struve-Druck. ISBN 978-3-923457-19-9.
  • Prien, Jochen; Rodeike, Peter; Stemmer, Gerhard (1998). Messerschmitt Bf 109 im Einsatz bei Stab und I./Jagdgeschwader 27 1939 – 1945 [Messerschmitt Bf 109 in Action with the Headquarters Unit and I./Jagdgeschwader 27 in 1939 – 1945] (in German). Eutin, Germany: Struve-Druck. ISBN 978-3-923457-46-5.
  • Prien, Jochen; Stemmer, Gerhard; Rodeike, Peter; Bock, Winfried (2001a). Die Jagdfliegerverbände der Deutschen Luftwaffe 1934 bis 1945—Teil 2—Der "Sitzkrieg"—1.9.1939 bis 9.5.1941 [The Fighter Units of the German Air Force 1934 to 1945—Part 2—The "Phoney War"—1 September 1939 to 9 May 1940] (in German). Eutin, Germany: Struve-Druck. ISBN 978-3-923457-59-5.
  • Prien, Jochen; Stemmer, Gerhard; Rodeike, Peter; Bock, Winfried (2001b). Die Jagdfliegerverbände der deutschen Luftwaffe 1934 bis 1945 Teil 3—Einsatz in Dänemark und Norwegen 9.4. bis 30.11.1940—Der Feldzug im Westen 10.5. bis 25.6.1940 [Fighter Pilot Association of the German Luftwaffe 1934 to 1945 Part 3—Assignments in Denmark and Norway 9 April to 30 November 1940—The campaign in the West 10 May to 25 June 1940] (in German). Struve-Druck. ISBN 978-3-923457-61-8.
  • Prien, Jochen; Stemmer, Gerhard; Rodeike, Peter; Bock, Winfried (2002). Die Jagdfliegerverbände der Deutschen Luftwaffe 1934 bis 1945—Teil 4/I—Einsatz am Kanal und über England—26.6.1940 bis 21.6.1941 [The Fighter Units of the German Air Force 1934 to 1945—Part 4/I—Action at the Channel and over England—26 June 1940 to 21 June 1941] (in German). Eutin, Germany: Struve-Druck. ISBN 978-3-923457-63-2.
  • Prien, Jochen; Stemmer, Gerhard; Rodeike, Peter; Bock, Winfried (2003). Die Jagdfliegerverbände der Deutschen Luftwaffe 1934 bis 1945—Teil 5—Heimatverteidigung—10. Mai 1940 bis 31 Dezember 1941—Einsatz im Mittelmeerraum—Oktober 1940 bis November 1941—Einsatz im Westen—22. Juni bis 31. Dezember 1941—Die Ergänzungsjagdgruppen—Einsatz 1941 bis zur Auflösung Anfang 1942 [The Fighter Units of the German Air Force 1934 to 1945—Part 5—Defense of the Reich—10 May 1940 to 31 December 1941—Action in the Mediterranean Theater—October 1940 to November 1941—Action in the West—22 June to 31 December 1941—The Supplementary Fighter Groups—Action from 1941 until their Breakup in Early 1942] (in German). Eutin, Germany: Struve-Druck. ISBN 978-3-923457-68-7.
  • Prien, Jochen; Stemmer, Gerhard; Rodeike, Peter; Bock, Winfried (2004). Die Jagdfliegerverbände der Deutschen Luftwaffe 1934 bis 1945—Teil 8/I—Einsatz im Mittelmeerraum—November 1941 bis December 1942 [The Fighter Units of the German Air Force 1934 to 1945—Part 8/I—Action in the Mediterranean Theater—November 1941 to December 1942] (in German). Eutin, Germany: Struve-Druck. ISBN 978-3-923457-74-8.
  • Prien, Jochen; Stemmer, Gerhard; Rodeike, Peter; Bock, Winfried (2012). Die Jagdfliegerverbände der Deutschen Luftwaffe 1934 bis 1945—Teil 12/III—Einsatz im Osten—4.2. bis 31.12.1943 [The Fighter Units of the German Air Force 1934 to 1945—Part 12/III—Action in the East—4 February to 31 December 1943] (in German). Eutin, Germany: Buchverlag Rogge. ISBN 978-3-942943-07-9.
  • Scherzer, Veit (2007). Die Ritterkreuzträger 1939–1945 Die Inhaber des Ritterkreuzes des Eisernen Kreuzes 1939 von Heer, Luftwaffe, Kriegsmarine, Waffen-SS, Volkssturm sowie mit Deutschland verbündeter Streitkräfte nach den Unterlagen des Bundesarchives [The Knight's Cross Bearers 1939–1945 The Holders of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross 1939 by Army, Air Force, Navy, Waffen-SS, Volkssturm and Allied Forces with Germany According to the Documents of the Federal Archives] (in German). Jena, Germany: Scherzers Militaer-Verlag. ISBN 978-3-938845-17-2.
  • Shores, Christopher F.; Massimello, Giovanni; Guest, Russell (2012). A History of the Mediterranean Air War, 1940–1945, Volume Two: North African Desert, February 1942 – March 1943. London, UK: Grub Street. ISBN 978-1-909166-12-7.
  • Scutts, Jerry (1994). Bf 109 Aces of North Africa and the Mediterranean. Aircraft of the Aces. Vol. 2. London, UK: Osprey Publishing. ISBN 978-1-85532-448-0.
  • Spick, Mike (1996). Luftwaffe Fighter Aces. New York: Ivy Books. ISBN 978-0-8041-1696-1.
  • Weal, John (2001). Jagdgeschwader 54 "Grünherz". Aviation Elite Units. Vol. 6. Oxford, UK: Osprey Publishing. ISBN 978-1-84176-286-9.
  • Weal, John (2003). Jagdgeschwader 27 "Afrika". Aviation Elite Units. Vol. 12. London, UK: Osprey Publishing. ISBN 978-1-84176-538-9.

Read other articles:

Front Pembebasan Nasional Angola Frente Nacional de Libertação de AngolaPresidenNgola KabanguPendiriHolden RobertoDibentuk1954 (sebagai gerakan gerilya União dos Povos do Norte de Angola)1959 (sebagai gerakan gerilya União dos Povos de Angola)1961 (sebagai gerakan gerilya FNLA)1992 (sebagai sebuah partai)Kantor pusatLuanda, Republik AngolaIdeologiNasionalisme sipil[1]Demokrasi Kristen[1]Konservatisme[2]Posisi politikKanan tengahKursi dalam Majelis Nasional2 / ...

 

Esta página cita fontes, mas que não cobrem todo o conteúdo. Ajude a inserir referências. Conteúdo não verificável pode ser removido.—Encontre fontes: ABW  • CAPES  • Google (N • L • A) (Setembro de 2020) Coordenadas: 25º 57' S, 43º 07' O Fortaleza de Santa Cruz da Barra Fortaleza de Santa Cruz da BarraFortaleza de Santa Cruz da Barra, Niterói (RJ), Brasil. Construção Filipe III de Espanha (1612) Estilo Abaluartado Co...

 

Sister Nivedita Nacimiento 28 de octubre de 1867Condado de Tyrone (Reino Unido)Fallecimiento 13 de octubre de 1911 Darjeeling (India)Obras notables Kali the Mother[editar datos en Wikidata] Sister Nivedita (nacida Margaret Elizabeth Noble; 28 de octubre de 1867 - 13 de octubre de 1911)[1]​[2]​ fue una Irlandesa profesora, autora, activista social, fundadora de una escuela y discípula de Swami Vivekananda.[3]​[4]​ Pasó su infancia y primera juventud en Irlan...

Іспанія в Європейському Союзі Іспанія Європейський Союз Ця стаття про відносини між Європейським Союзом і Королівством Іспанія. Про процес переговорів про вступ див. Вступ Іспанії до Європейських Співтовариств. Відносини Королівства Іспанія та Європейського Союзу — ц...

 

Aspect of history Part of a series on the History of California Periods Before 1900 Province of Las Californias Alta California California Republic Conquest of California Interim governments California Gold Rush Since 1900 Topics Maritime Wine Newspapers Bread Railroads Highways Slavery Eugenics Oil Cities Anaheim Chico Fresno Los Angeles Oakland Pasadena Piedmont Riverside Sacramento San Bernardino San Diego San Francisco San Jose Santa Barbara Santa Monica Visalia Regions Bay Area San Ferna...

 

Bai白族Para wanita mengenakan pakaian khas BaiJumlah populasi1.858.063[1]Daerah dengan populasi signifikanTiongkok, sebagian besar di Yunnan (kawasan Dali), Guizhou (kawasan Bijie) dan Hunan (kawasan Sangzhi)BahasaBai, Bahasa MandarinAgamaBuddhisme, Benzhuisme, Taoisme dan KristenKelompok etnik terkaitHan Tiongkok • Huidan rumpun Sino-Tibet lainnya Orang Bai Hanzi: 白族 Alih aksara Kejia (Hakka) - Romanisasi: Pha̍k-tshu̍k Min Nan - Romanisasi POJ: Pe̍h-cho̍k - Romanisas...

ألعاب الدول الصغيرة الأوروبية 1989 البلد قبرص  التاريخ 1989  ألعاب الدول الصغيرة الأوروبية 1987  ألعاب الدول الصغيرة الأوروبية 1991  تعديل مصدري - تعديل   عقدت ألعاب الدول الصغيرة الأوروبية 1989 في جمهورية قبرص في الفترة من 17 مايو إلى 29 مايو وشارك حوالي 675 رياضي في الحدث.&#...

 

Masjid Yıldız HamidiYıldız Hamidiye CamiiAgamaAfiliasi agamaIslam – SunniProvinsiIstanbulLokasiLokasiBeşiktaşNegara TurkiKoordinat41°2′57.88″N 29°0′35.77″E / 41.0494111°N 29.0099361°E / 41.0494111; 29.0099361Koordinat: 41°2′57.88″N 29°0′35.77″E / 41.0494111°N 29.0099361°E / 41.0494111; 29.0099361ArsitekturArsitekSarkis BalyanJenisMasjidGaya arsitekturTurki dengan sedikit sentuhan arsitektur UtsmaniyahDidirika...

 

To Fly!Poster rilis layar lebarSutradara Greg MacGillivray Jim Freeman Produser Greg MacGillivray Jim Freeman Ditulis olehGreg MacGillivrayJim FreemanFrancis ThompsonRobert M. YoungArthur ZegartPemeranEllen BryNaratorTom McGrathPenata musikBernardo SegallSinematograferBrad OhlundPenyuntingAlexander HammidDistributorNational Air and Space MuseumTanggal rilis 1 Juli 1976 (1976-07-01) Durasi27 menitNegara Amerika Serikat Bahasa Inggris Pendapatankotor$120,700,000[1] To Fly! (t...

2015 video gameKung Fu Panda: Showdown of Legendary LegendsDeveloper(s)Vicious Cycle SoftwarePublisher(s)Little OrbitProducer(s)DreamWorks AnimationSeriesKung Fu PandaPlatform(s)PlayStation 4PlayStation 3Xbox 360Xbox OneWii UWindowsNintendo 3DSReleaseMicrosoft Windows, Nintendo 3DS, PlayStation 3, PlayStation 4, Xbox 360, Xbox One EU: November 27, 2015[1]NA: December 1, 2015Wii UWW: December 15, 2015Genre(s)FightingMode(s)Single-Player, Versus Kung Fu Panda: Showdown of Legendary Lege...

 

Organization that honors scholastic achievement at secondary institutions This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: Cum Laude Society – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (January 2007) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) Cum Laude SocietyFounded1906; 117 years ag...

 

This article is about the district. For its eponymous headquarters, see Kapurthala. District of Punjab in IndiaKapurthala districtDistrict of PunjabKapurthala Sainik School, former palace of the Maharajas of KapurthalaLocation in PunjabCoordinates: 31°22′46″N 75°23′05″E / 31.37944°N 75.38472°E / 31.37944; 75.38472Country IndiaStatePunjabNamed forNawab Kapur SinghHeadquartersKapurthalaGovernment • Deputy commissionerD P S Kharbanda IASArea&#...

Private college in Springfield, Missouri Baptist Bible CollegeMottoLife Change UTypePrivateEstablished1950Religious affiliationBaptist Bible Fellowship InternationalPresidentMark MilioniUndergraduates227Postgraduates43LocationSpringfield, Missouri, United States37°14′24″N 93°17′05″W / 37.23995°N 93.28479°W / 37.23995; -93.28479 (Baptist Bible College)CampusSuburban, 38 acres (15.4 ha)Sporting affiliationsNCCAA Division I – CentralMascotPatrio...

 

American lawyer (born 1966) This article is about the former United States Solicitor General. For the English football manager, see Paul Clement (football manager). Not to be confused with Paul Clemente or Paul Clements. Paul ClementOfficial portrait, 2005Acting United States Attorney GeneralIn officeSeptember 17, 2007 – September 18, 2007PresidentGeorge W. BushPreceded byAlberto GonzalesSucceeded byPeter Keisler (Acting)43rd United States Solicitor GeneralIn officeJuly 11, 2004...

 

Former British Labour politician Helen GoodmanOfficial portrait, 2017Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State for Work and PensionsIn office9 June 2009 – 11 May 2010Prime MinisterGordon BrownPreceded byKitty UssherSucceeded byMaria MillerDeputy Leader of the House of CommonsIn office28 June 2007 – 5 October 2008Prime MinisterGordon BrownLeaderHarriet HarmanPreceded byPaddy TippingSucceeded byChris BryantMember of Parliament for Bishop AucklandIn office5 May 2005 –&#...

لحظة ضعف هو فيلم مصري من إنتاج سنة 1981، بطولة صلاح ذو الفقار ونيللي وحسين فهمي، من تأليف محمود أبو زيد وإخراج سيد طنطاوي. لحظة ضعفملصق الفيلممعلومات عامةالصنف الفني فيلم دراما تاريخ الصدور 1981مدة العرض 110 دقيقةاللغة الأصلية لهجة مصريةالبلد  مصرالطاقمالمخرج سيد طنطاويالك�...

 

Cameroonian basketball player (born 2005) Ulrich ChomcheChomche in 2023NBA Academy AfricaPositionCenterLeagueNBA Academy GamesRoad to BALPersonal informationBorn (2005-12-30) 30 December 2005 (age 17)Bafang, CameroonListed height6 ft 11 in (2.11 m)Listed weight225 lb (102 kg)Career informationHigh schoolNBA Academy Africa(Saly, Senegal)Playing career2022–presentCareer history2022→FAP2023→REG Ulrich Kamka Chomche (born 30 December 2005) is a Cameroonian bask...

 

Ця стаття є сирим перекладом з іншої мови. Можливо, вона створена за допомогою машинного перекладу або перекладачем, який недостатньо володіє обома мовами. Будь ласка, допоможіть поліпшити переклад. (листопад 2021) Stockfish Тип Шаховий рушійРозробник Марко КостальбаДжуна К�...

Eka Wijaya PermanaWakil Komandan Pusat Polisi Militer Angkatan DaratPetahanaMulai menjabat 16 Januari 2023PendahuluEkoyatma ParnowoKepala Oditurat Militer Tinggi IV MakassarMasa jabatan27 Juni 2022 – 16 Januari 2023PendahuluSudardiPenggantiSafrin RachmanKapuslemasmil Babinkum TNIMasa jabatan21 Januari 2022 – 27 Juni 2022PendahuluSalidinPenggantiSafrin RachmanDanpom Kodam V/BrawijayaMasa jabatan2018–2021PendahuluSubiaktoPenggantiMohammad Sawi Informasi pribadiLahir6...

 

Public university in Asansol, West Bengal This article is about the university in West Bengal. For the university in Bangladesh, see Jatiya Kabi Kazi Nazrul Islam University. For IIT-KNU, see Kazi Nazrul University (disambiguation). Kazi Nazrul UniversityCoat of armsLatin: Cazio Nazrul UniversitasMottoVidyayā'mritamașnute (Sanskrit)Motto in EnglishKnowledge Imparts ImmortalityTypePublic research universityEstablished16 August 2012(11 years ago) (2012-08-16)AccreditationN...

 
Kembali kehalaman sebelumnya