The film stars Tsutomu Tatsumi, Ayano Shiraishi [ja], Yoshiko Shinohara [ja] and Akemi Yamaguchi [ja]. Set in the city of Kobe, Japan, it tells the story of siblings and war orphans Seita and Setsuko, and their desperate struggle to survive during the final months of the Pacific War. Universally acclaimed, Grave of the Fireflies has been ranked as one of the greatest war films of all time and is recognized as a major work of Japanese animation.[4][5]
Plot
In March 1945, American Boeing B-29 Superfortress bombers destroy most of Kobe during the close of the Pacific War. Military children of an Imperial Japanese Navy captain, Seita and Setsuko Yokokawa, survive, but their mother is severely injured and later dies. Seita conceals their mother's death from Setsuko to keep her happy. The siblings move in with a distant aunt, and Seita retrieves supplies he buried before the bombing and gives everything to his aunt, save for a tin of Sakuma drops. As rations shrink, the aunt convinces Seita to sell his mother's silk kimonos for rice. Seita also uses some of his mother's money in the bank to buy supplies.
Their aunt, brainwashed by the Imperial cause and only concerned for her wellbeing, keeps most of the supplies for herself, her daughter, and her male lodger while becoming verbally abusive towards Seita and Setsuko, accusing them of leeching off her. After she forces them to provide for themselves, Seita and Setsuko leave by July and move into an abandoned bomb shelter. They capture and release fireflies from the marshes into the refuge for light. The next day, the fireflies die; Setsuko buries them and reveals their aunt told her their mother died, then mournfully asks why they died so soon. As they run out of rice, Seita steals from farmers and loots homes during air raids, for which a farmer brutally assaults him. A police officer realizes Seita is stealing due to hunger and makes the farmer back off.
Two months later, Setsuko falls ill, and a doctor explains that she is suffering from malnutrition. Seita desperately withdraws the last of the money from their mother's bank account. After doing so, he becomes distraught when he learns that Japan has surrendered and that his father is most likely dead, as most of Japan's navy has been sunk. Seita returns to Setsuko with food but finds her dying. She later dies as Seita finishes preparing the food. Seita cremates Setsuko's body and her stuffed doll in a straw casket. He carries her ashes in the candy tin along with his father's photograph.
Seita dies of starvation a few weeks later at a Sannomiya train station surrounded by other malnourished people. A janitor is tasked with removing the bodies before the Americans' arrival. As the janitor sorts through Seita's possessions, he finds the candy tin and throws it into a field. Setsuko's ashes spread out, and her spirit springs from the container and is joined by Seita's spirit and a cloud of fireflies. The two board a ghostly train and, throughout the journey, look back at the events leading to Seita's death as silent, passive observers.[a] Their spirits arrive at their destination: a hilltop bench overlooking present-day Kobe, surrounded by fireflies, healthy and content.
Grave of the Fireflies author Akiyuki Nosaka said that many offers had been made to make a live-action film adaptation of his short story.[7] Nosaka argued that "it was impossible to create the barren, scorched earth that's to be the backdrop of the story".[7] He also argued that contemporary children would not be able to convincingly play the characters. Nosaka expressed surprise when an animated version was offered.[7] After seeing the storyboards, Nosaka concluded that it was not possible for such a story to have been made in any method other than animation and expressed surprise in how accurately the rice paddies and townscape were depicted.[7]
Isao Takahata said that he was compelled to film the short story after seeing how the main character, Seita, "was a unique wartime ninth grader".[8] Takahata explained that any wartime story, whether animated or not animated, "tends to be moving and tear-jerking", and that young people develop an "inferiority complex" where they perceive people in wartime eras as being more noble and more able than they are, and therefore the audience believes that the story has nothing to do with them. Takahata argued that he wanted to dispel this mindset.[7] When Nosaka asked if the film characters were "having fun", Takahata answered that he clearly depicted Seita and Setsuko had "substantial" days and that they were "enjoying their days".[9] Takahata said that Setsuko was even more difficult to animate than Seita, and that he had never before depicted a girl younger than five.[7] Takahata said that "In that respect, when you make the book into a movie, Setsuko becomes a tangible person", and that four-year-olds often become more assertive and self-centered, and try to get their own ways during that age. He explained that while one could "have a scene where Seita can't stand that anymore", it is "difficult to incorporate into a story".[10] Takahata explained that the film is from Seita's point of view, "and even objective passages are filtered through his feelings".[9]
Takahata said that he had considered using non-traditional animation methods, but because "the schedule was planned and the movie's release date set, and the staff assembled, it was apparent there was no room for such a trial-and-error approach".[9] He further remarked that he had difficulty animating the scenery since, in Japanese animation, one is "not allowed" to depict Japan in a realistic manner.[7] Animators often traveled to foreign countries to do research on how to depict them, but such research had not been done before for a Japanese setting.[7] While animating the movie, Takahata also created several different cuts of the scene in which Seita cremates Setsuko's body. Takahata spent a lot of time on this scene, trying to create the perfect iteration of it. Each of these cuts remained unfinished and unused in the end.[11]
Most of the illustration outlines in the film are in brown, instead of the customary black. Black outlines were only used when it was absolutely necessary. Color coordinator Michiyo Yasuda said this was done to give the film a softer feel. Yasuda said that this technique had never been used in an anime before Grave of the Fireflies, "and it was done on a challenge".[7] Yasuda explained that brown is more difficult to use than black because it does not contrast as well as black.[7]
Grave of theFireflies was Takahata's first animated film produced with Studio Ghibli.[12]
Takahata insisted on working with well known animators Yoshifumi Kondō who was working for Nippon Animation at the time and Yoshiyuki Momose.[13] Both animators played a pivotal role in creating fluid, realistic animations of the characters in the animation.[14][15]
Takahata drew from his personal experience to create a realistic depiction of the air raid on Okayama. In an interview, he criticized TV shows and movies that had recreated images of incendiary bombs, "They include no sparks or explosions, I was there and I experienced it, so I know what it was like."[16][17]
The film features Niteko-ike pond (ニテコ池), which is described as the "birthplace" of the novel and where Nosaka conducted his daily routines of dishwashing and personal ablutions. Notably, during the final days of the Pacific War, Nosaka, then 14 years old, sought refuge with his younger sister-in-law in a relative's house and nearby bomb shelters near the pond.[18][19]
The location and background in the film is based on a style created by 18th century Japanese artist Hiroshige and his follower Hergé, who created Tintin.[20] Film critic Roger Ebert examines the contrast of the style of the background in comparison to the cartoonish animation of the characters. He claims that there is an unusual amount of detail in the evocative landscape, while the characters are a take on the modern Japanese animation with childlike bodies and enormous eyes. The depiction of Seita and Setsuko have Ebert believe that this deliberate animation style embodies the true purpose of animation, which is to recreate the raw emotion of human life by simplifying reality to emphasize ideas.[21] He concludes his analysis with saying, "Yes, it's a cartoon, and the kids have eyes like saucers, but it belongs on any list of the greatest war films ever made."[20] According to Wendy Goldberg, Takahata's film also includes criticism of the emphasis on nationalism in Japan. In a particular scene, Seita's desire to join his father reflects a "national fantasy of war", which leads him to neglect his sister.[22]
During an interview about his music, Mamiya stated that he creates his music to encourage peace.[25] The songs in Grave of the Fireflies as well as other pieces by Michio Mamiya, such as Serenade No. 3 "Germ", express this theme.[25]
The soundtrack album titled Grave of the Fireflies Soundtrack Collection (火垂るの墓 サウンドトラック集, Hotaru no Haka Saundotorakku Shū) was first released on April 5, 1997, by Studio Ghilbi Records and Tokuma Japan Communications [ja][26] and later released on June 25, 1988, by Animage.
The soundtrack does not contain standalone music and instead features both dialogue and music as they appear in the film.[27]
Another soundtrack album titled Grave of the Fireflies Image Album Collection (火垂るの墓 イメージ・アルバム集, Hotaru no Haka Imeji Arubamu Shū) was first released on April 5, 1997, by Studio Ghilbi Records and Tokuma Japan Communications,[28] and later released on November 25, 1987, by Animage.[29]
In his book about the film, Alex Dudok de Wit called Grave of the Fireflies an "unusually personal adaptation" of Nosaka's short story as Takahata had similar experiences during the war, though noted it deviated significantly in its portrayal of the children as ghosts in its opening sequence whereas the short story began immediately with the children losing their mother during the air raid.[30]
Some critics in the West have viewed Grave of the Fireflies as an anti-war film due to the graphic and emotional depiction of the pernicious repercussions of war on a society, and the individuals therein. The film focuses its attention almost entirely on the personal tragedies that war gives rise to, rather than seeking to glamorize it as a heroic struggle between competing nations. It emphasizes that war is society's failure to perform its most important duty: to protect its own people.[31]
However, Takahata repeatedly denied that the film was an anti-war film. In his own words, it "is not at all an anti-war anime and contains absolutely no such message". Instead, Takahata had intended to convey an image of the brother and sister living a failed life due to isolation from society and invoke sympathy particularly in people in their teens and twenties.[32][33]
Since the film gives little context to the war, Takahata feared a politician could just as easily claim fighting is needed to avoid such tragedies. In general, he was skeptical that depictions of suffering in similar works, such as Barefoot Gen, actually prevent aggression. The director was nevertheless an anti-war advocate, a staunch supporter of Article 9 of the Japanese Constitution, and has openly criticized Japan's penchant for conformity, allowing them to be rallied against other nations. He expressed despair and anxiety whenever the youth are told to fall in line, a reminder that the country at its core has not changed.[34]
Despite the public's emotional reaction, Takahata expressed that the purpose of the film was not to be a tragedy or make people cry.[35][36] Moreover, he regretted depicting Seita as a boy from that era because he wanted him to come off as a contemporary boy who acted like he had time-traveled to the period. He didn't intend for it to be retrospective or nostalgic. He wanted the Japanese audience to recognize Seita's misguided attempts to withdraw from society and family.[35] Furthermore, he says that his decision to show the audience that Seita and Setsuko have died at the beginning of the movie is to protect the audience from heartbreak, "If an audience knows at the beginning of the film that the two will eventually die, they are more prepared to watch the film in the first place. I try to lessen an audience's pain by revealing everything at the beginning."[16][17]
The fireflies in the film are portrayed as symbols of various themes such as the spirits of the lost children, the fires that burned the towns, Japanese soldiers, the machinery of war, and the regeneration of life through nature.[22]Okypo Moon states in her essay "Marketing Nature in Rural Japan", that hundreds of fireflies were caught nightly in the 1920s and 1930s. In the 1960s and 1970s, there was a shift to reinstate this tradition and "there are now eighty five 'firefly villages' (hotaru no sato) registered at the Ministry of the Environment in Japan.[37] The movie uses fireflies to visually represent both deadly and beautiful imagery, such as fire-bombs and kamikazes.[22] Takahata chooses to use the kanji "fire" instead of the normal character for the word firefly in the title, which has been interpreted to represent the widespread burning of wooden houses in Japan. Critic Dennis H. Fukushima, Jr. believes that this modification of the title is to emphasize parallels between beauty and devastation, citing the relationship between fireflies, M-69 incendiary bombs, naval vessels, city lights, and human spirits.[22][21]
In the book Imag(in)ing the war in Japan representing and responding to trauma in postwar literature and film, David Stahl and Mark Williams commend the film for not emphasizing Japanese victimhood to avoid responsibility for atrocities of the war they played a role in. They interpret that Seita's character embodies working towards healing historical trauma and victimization, because it is his nationalistic pride and selfishness which ultimately contributed to his sister's death.[38]
Release
Theatrical
The film was released on 16 April 1988, over 20 years from the publication of the short story.[10]
The initial Japanese theatrical release was accompanied by Hayao Miyazaki's light-hearted My Neighbor Totoro as a double feature. While the two films were marketed toward children and their parents, the starkly tragic nature of Grave of the Fireflies turned away many audiences. However, Totoro merchandise, particularly the stuffed animals of Totoro and Catbus, sold extremely well after the film and made overall profits for the company to the extent that it stabilized subsequent productions of Studio Ghibli.
Grave of the Fireflies is the only theatrical Studio Ghibli feature film prior to From Up on Poppy Hill to which Disney never had North American distribution rights, since it was not produced by Ghibli for parent company Tokuma Shoten but for Shinchosha, the publisher of the original short story (although Disney has the Japanese home video distribution rights themselves, thus replacing the film's original Japanese home video distributor, Bandai Visual).[39] It was one of the last Studio Ghibli films to get an English-language premiere by GKIDS.[40]
Home media
Grave of the Fireflies was released in Japan on VHS by Buena Vista Home Entertainment under the Ghibli ga Ippai Collection on 7 August 1998. On 29 July 2005, a DVD release was distributed through Warner Home Video. Walt Disney Studios Japan released the complete collector's edition DVD on 6 August 2008. WDSJ released the film on Blu-ray twice on 18 July 2012: one as a single release, and one in a two-film set with My Neighbor Totoro (even though Disney has never owned the North American rights, only the Japanese rights).
It was released on VHS in North America by Central Park Media in a subtitled form on 2 June 1993.[41] They later released the film with an English dub on VHS on 1 September 1998 (the day Disney released Kiki's Delivery Service) and an all-Regions DVD (which also included the original Japanese with English subtitles) on 7 October 1998. On 8 October 2002, it was later released on a two-disc DVD set, which once again included both the English dub and the original Japanese with English subtitles as well as the film's storyboards with the second disc containing a retrospective on the author of the original book, an interview with the director, and an interview with critic Roger Ebert, who felt the film was one of the greatest of all time.[42] It was released by Central Park Media one last time on 7 December 2004. Following the May 2009 bankruptcy and liquidation of Central Park Media,[43]ADV Films acquired the rights and re-released it on DVD on 7 July 2009.[44] Following the 1 September 2009 shutdown and re-branding of ADV,[45] their successor, Sentai Filmworks, rescued the film and released a remastered DVD on 6 March 2012, and planned to release the film on digital outlets.[46][47] A Blu-ray edition was released on 20 November 2012, featuring an all-new English dub produced by Seraphim Digital.[48]
It is set to stream exclusively on Netflix starting September 16. It will be available in over 190 countries, excluding Japan, as part of ongoing efforts to expand the platform’s extensive lineup of best-in-class anime from Japan.[51]
Reception
The film was modestly successful at the Japanese box office,[52] where it grossed ¥1.7 billion.[2] As part of the Studio Ghibli Fest 2018, the film had a limited theatrical release in the United States, grossing $516,962.[3]
The Ghibli ga Ippai Collection home video release of Grave of the Fireflies sold 400,000 copies in Japan.[53] At a price of at least ¥4,935,[54] this is equivalent to at least ¥1.974 billion in sales revenue.
The film received universal critical acclaim. The film review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported a 100% approval rating based on 46 reviews with an average rating of 9.30/10. The website's critical consensus reads: "An achingly sad anti-war film, Grave of the Fireflies is one of Studio Ghibli's most profoundly beautiful, haunting works."[55]Metacritic assigned the film a score of 94 out of 100 based on 16 reviews, indicating "universal acclaim".[56]
Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times considered it to be one of the best and most powerful war films and, in 2000, included it on his list of great films.[42]
Filmmaker Akira Kurosawa praised the film and considered it his favourite Ghibli production. He wrote a letter of praise to Hayao Miyazaki, mistakenly believing he directed Grave of the Fireflies. Miyazaki himself praised the film as Takahata's masterpiece, but criticized Seita for not behaving how he believes the son of a navy lieutenant should behave.[57]
The film ranked number 12 on Total Film's 50 greatest animated films.[58] It was also ranked at number 10 in Time Out's "The 50 greatest World War II movies" list.[59]Empire magazine ranked the film at number 6 in its list of "The Top 10 Depressing Movies".[60] The film ranked number 19 on Wizard's Anime Magazine on their "Top 50 Anime released in North America".[61]The Daily Star, ranking the film 4th on its list of greatest short story adaptations, wrote that "There is both much and little to say about the film. It is simply an experience—a trip through the lonely boroughs of humanity that the world collectively looked, and still looks, away from".[62] Theron Martin of Anime News Network said that, in terms of the original U.S. Manga Corps dub, while the other voices were "perfectly acceptable", "Setsuko just doesn't sound quite convincing as a four-year-old in English. That, unfortunately, is a big negative, since a good chunk of the pathos the movie delivers is at least partly dependent on that performance".[46]
On 25 December 2016, Toei Company made a Twitter post that read "Why did Kiriya have to die so soon?" (なんできりやすぐ死んでしまうん, Nande Kiriya sugu shinde shimaun?) in order to promote an episode of Kamen Rider Ex-Aid. The hashtag became popular, but Toei deleted the tweet after receiving complaints that referencing the Grave of the Fireflies line "Why do fireflies die so soon?" (なんで蛍すぐ死んでしまうん, Nande hotaru sugu shinde shimaun) was in poor taste.[63] Before that, the ranking website Goo's readers voted the film's ending the number 1 most miserable of all anime films.[64]
In June 2018, USA Today ranked it 1st on the 100 best animated movies of all time.[65]
Film director and critic Haruo Mizuno [ja] reviewed Grave of the Fireflies on his popular TV series. He praised the film for the honorary image of the soldiers of Japan through the depiction of the fireflies, and the moving depiction of a heartbreaking experience many people of Japan had lived through.[66]
After seeing the reactions of the audience after a screening of the film at Festival « Pour éveiller les regards », Jean-Jacques Varret, head of Les Films du Paradoxe, knew he had to distribute it in France.[67] It was released in two Parisian arthouses and the reaction was modest. Following the release however, Les Films du Paradoxe chose to release the film on video cassettes and on the streaming service Canal+.[67][68]
Public reaction
After the international release, it has been noted that different audiences have interpreted the film differently due to differences in culture. For instance, when the film was watched by a Japanese audience, Seita's decision to not come back to his aunt was seen as an understandable decision, because it was understood how Seita had been raised to value pride in himself and his country. Conversely, American and Australian audiences were more likely to perceive the decision as unwise.[69][70]
Following the success of Grave of the Fireflies, Takahata drew up an outline for a follow-up film, based on similar themes but set in 1939 at the start of the Pacific War. This film was called Border 1939, based on the novel The Border by Shin Shikata, and would have told the story of a Japanese teenager from colonial Seoul joining an anti-Japanese resistance group in Mongolia. The film was intended as an indictment of Japanese imperialist sentiment, which is briefly touched upon in Grave of the Fireflies. Although Takahata finished a full outline (which is republished in his book Thoughts While Making Movies), the film was canceled before production could start due to the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests. Public opinion in Japan had turned against China, and Ghibli's distributor felt a film partly set there was too risky.[71]
NTV in Japan produced a live-action TV drama of Grave of the Fireflies, in commemoration of the 60th anniversary of the end of the war. The drama aired on 1 November 2005. Like the anime, the live-action version of Grave of the Fireflies focuses on two siblings struggling to survive the final months of the war in Kobe, Japan. Unlike the animated version, it tells the story from the point of view of their cousin (the aunt's daughter) and deals with the issue of how the war-time environment could change a kind lady into a hard-hearted woman. The film stars Nanako Matsushima as the aunt and Mao Inoue as the cousin (who also portrays the cousin's granddaughter).
2008 live-action version
A different live-action version was released in Japan on 5 July 2008, Reo Yoshitake [ja] as Seita, Rina Hatakeyama [ja] as Setsuko, Keiko Matsuzaka as the aunt, and Seiko Matsuda as the children's mother. Like the anime, this live-action version of Grave of the Fireflies focuses on two siblings struggling to survive the final months of the war in Kobe, Japan.
^ ab超意外な結果!?ジブリ映画の興行収入ランキング. シネマズ PLUS (Cinemas PLUS) (in Japanese). 25 June 2016. Archived from the original on 9 July 2019. Retrieved 15 February 2019.
^Billboard Japan (2021). "「火垂るの墓」サウンドトラック集 - Billboard JAPAN". Billboard Japan(billboard-japan.com) (in Japanese). 株式会社阪神コンテンツリンク Hanshin Contents Link Corporation/Billboard Media, LLC. Retrieved 20 June 2024.
^Billboard Japan (2021). "「火垂るの墓」イメージアルバム集 - Billboard JAPAN". Billboard Japan(billboard-japan.com) (in Japanese). 株式会社阪神コンテンツリンク Hanshin Contents Link Corporation/Billboard Media, LLC. Retrieved 20 June 2024.
^Okpyo Moon, "Marking Nature in Rural Japan", in Japanese Images of Nature, ed. Pamela J. Asquith and Arne Kalland (Surrey, U.K.: Curzon Press, 1997), 224–25.
^Stahl, David C., and Mark Williams. "Victimization and "Response-ability": Remembering, Representing, and Working Through Trauma in Grave of the Fireflies." Imag(in)ing the War in Japan: Representing and Responding to Trauma in Postwar Literature and Film. Leiden: Brill, 2010. N. pag. Print.
Военный госпиталь Национальной гвардии Украины в/ч 3080[1] Расположение Золочев Подчинение Министерство внутренних дел Украины Тип военный госпиталь Дата основания 1993 Характеристики Койко-мест 150[уточнить] Военный госпиталь Национальной гвардии Украины (укр. війс
American college basketball season 2012–13 St. John's Red Storm men's basketballNIT, Second RoundConferenceBig East ConferenceRecord17–16 (8–10 Big East)Head coachSteve Lavin (3rd year)Assistant coaches Darrick Martin Tony Chiles Rico Hines Home arenaCarnesecca ArenaMadison Square GardenSeasons← 2011–122013–14 → 2012–13 Big East men's basketball standings vte Conf Overall Team W L PCT W L PCT No. 2 Louisville†** 14 –…
Artikel ini membutuhkan rujukan tambahan agar kualitasnya dapat dipastikan. Mohon bantu kami mengembangkan artikel ini dengan cara menambahkan rujukan ke sumber tepercaya. Pernyataan tak bersumber bisa saja dipertentangkan dan dihapus.Cari sumber: Recruit perusahaan – berita · surat kabar · buku · cendekiawan · JSTOR (Maret 2009) RecruitGranTokyo Menara Selatan di Tokyo, markas RecruitJenisPublik (K.K)Kode emitenTYO: 6098Didirikan26 Agustus 1963; 60 …
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: Benton, Newfoundland and Labrador – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (January 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) Bentonclass=notpageimage| Location of Benton in Newfoundland and Labrador Benton is a local service district and des…
Komite Khusus DekolonisasiSingkatanC24Tanggal pendirian27 November 1961; 62 tahun lalu (1961-11-27)StatusAktifKantor pusatNew York, Amerika SerikatKepalaKetua Keisha A. McGuire[1]Organisasi indukMajelis Umum Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa Komite Khusus Situasi Terkait Implementasi Deklarasi Pemberian Kemerdekaan untuk Negara-negara dan Bangsa-bangsa Kolonial Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa, atau Komite Khusus Dekolonisasi (C-24), adalah sebuah komite Majelis Umum Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa. …
Historic house in Illinois, United States United States historic placeLloyd Lewis HouseU.S. National Register of Historic Places Show map of IllinoisShow map of the United StatesLocation153 Little St. Mary's Road, Libertyville, IllinoisCoordinates42°15′30.72″N 87°56′6.43″W / 42.2585333°N 87.9351194°W / 42.2585333; -87.9351194Built1939ArchitectFrank Lloyd WrightArchitectural styleUsonianNRHP reference No.82002579[1]Added to NRHPJune 15, 1…
This article uses bare URLs, which are uninformative and vulnerable to link rot. Please consider converting them to full citations to ensure the article remains verifiable and maintains a consistent citation style. Several templates and tools are available to assist in formatting, such as reFill (documentation) and Citation bot (documentation). (September 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) Season of television series The Voice of PolandSeason 2Hosted byTomasz Kammel Marik…
Antisemitic postage stamps printed in January 1942 to commemorate the exhibition The Grand Anti-Masonic Exhibition (German: Anti-Freimaurer-Ausstellung, Serbian: Анти-масонска изложба) was the name of an antisemitic exhibition that was opened on October 22, 1941 during World War II in Belgrade, the capital of the Nazi Germany-established Militärverwaltung in occupied Serbia. Financed by the Germans and opened with the support of collaborationist leader Milan Nedić, it featur…
Sekolah Tinggi Ilmu KepolisianSingkatanSTIK PTIK Lemdiklat PolriStruktur yurisdiksiWilayah hukumIndonesiaLembaga pemerintahKepolisian Negara Republik IndonesiaMarkas besarJl. Tirtayasa Raya No. 6 Melawai, Kebayoran Baru, Jakarta SelatanPejabat eksekutifIrjen. Pol. Dr. Nico Afinta, S.IK, SH, MH., (Ketua STIK)Brigjen. Pol. Asep Adi Saputra, SH, S.IK, MH, M.Si., (Wakil Ketua Bidang Akademik STIK)Brigjen. Pol. Drs. Imran Yunus, MH., (Wakil Ketua Bidang Administrasi Siswa STIK)Brigjen. Pol. Budhi Har…
Aishwarya ChezhiyanVarsha Gautham dan Aishwarya NeduchezianInformasi pribadiKewarganegaraan IndiaLahir1 Januari 1996 (umur 27)Chennai,IndiaTinggi163 cm (5 ft 4 in)Berat56 kg (123 pon) (123 pon) Karir pelayaranKelasDinghy, 29er putri Rekam medali Pelayaran putri Mewakili India Pesta Olahraga Asia 2014 Incheon 29er Aishwarya Nedunchezhiyan (lahir 1 Januari 1996) adalah seorang atlet pelayaran asal India. Ia memenangkan medali perunggu pada Pesta Olahraga As…
1919 film by D. W. Griffith The Girl Who Stayed at HomeRichard Barthelmess and Carol Dempster in the filmDirected byD. W. GriffithWritten byStanner E. V. TaylorD. W. GriffithProduced byD. W. GriffithStarringRichard BarthelmessCarol DempsterClarine SeymourTully MarshallCinematographyG. W. BitzerEdited byJames SmithDistributed byParamount PicturesRelease date March 23, 1919 (1919-03-23) Running time7 reels(6,672 feet (2,034 m))CountryUnited StatesLanguageSilent (English interti…
1964 single by The Dave Clark FiveBits and PiecesSingle by The Dave Clark Fivefrom the album Glad All Over B-sideAll of the TimeReleased14 February 1964 (UK)20 March 1964 (US)Recorded1963GenrePop rock, beatLength1:59LabelColumbia DB 7210Epic 5-9671Capitol 72148 (Canada)Songwriter(s)Credited: Dave Clark, Mike SmithClaimed: Ron RyanProducer(s)Adrian ClarkThe Dave Clark Five singles chronology Glad All Over (1964) Bits and Pieces (1964) Can't You See That She's Mine (1964) Bits and Pieces is a song…
1978 California Secretary of State election ← 1974 November 7, 1978 1982 → Nominee March Fong Eu Jacob Jay Margosian Party Democratic Republican Popular vote 4,104,695 1,982,145 Percentage 62.49% 30.17% County results Fong Eu: 50–60% 60–70% 70–80% Secretary of State before election March Fong Eu Democratic Elected Secretary of State March Fong Eu Democratic Elections …
Reason for a change under natural selection; in physiology, what a system does In evolutionary biology, function is the reason some object or process occurred in a system that evolved through natural selection. That reason is typically that it achieves some result, such as that chlorophyll helps to capture the energy of sunlight in photosynthesis. Hence, the organism that contains it is more likely to survive and reproduce, in other words the function increases the organism's fitness. A characte…
This article relies largely or entirely on a single source. Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page. Please help improve this article by introducing citations to additional sources.Find sources: List of paintings by John Constable – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (May 2023) This is an incomplete list of the paintings of John Constable ( 11 June 1776 – 31 March 1837), an artist of the Romanticism, famous for his rural scenes.[1…
Prancis Stasiun anggotaFrance 2 (France Télévisions) Mantan Anggota 1956–64: RTF 1965–74: ORTF 1975–81: TF1 France Télévisions 1983–92: Antenne 2 1993–98: France 2 1999–2014: France 3 PartisipasiTotal partisipasi60Partisipasi pertama1956Hasil terbaikJuara: 1958, 1960, 1962, 1969, 1977Hasil terburukPeringkat akhir : 2014Pranala luarFrench broadcaster pagePrancis pada Eurovision.tv Prancis adalah satu dari tujuh negara yang mengikuti Kontes Lagu Eurovision dari pertama kontes …
Este artículo o sección necesita referencias que aparezcan en una publicación acreditada.Este aviso fue puesto el 23 de octubre de 2014. Batallón estadounidense en Irak. La guerra de Irak ha sido el ejemplo más claro de guerra asimétrica entre Estados Unidos y los insurgentes. La guerra asimétrica es un conflicto violento en el que se constata una abismal diferencia cuantitativa y cualitativa entre los recursos militares, políticos y mediáticos de los contendientes comprometidos, y que …
Supercopa Xerox 2002ゼロックス スーパーカップ2002 IX Supercopa de Japón El Estadio Nacional de Tokio, sede de la final.Datos generalesSede Japón JapónCategoría Primera DivisiónFecha 23 de febrero de 2002Edición 9.ªOrganizador J. LeaguePalmarésCampeón Shimizu S-PulseSubcampeón Kashima AntlersDatos estadísticosAsistentes 34 576Participantes 2 equipos Cronología 2001 2002 2003 [editar datos en Wikidata] La Supercopa de Japón 2002, también conocida como Super…
Title of honor issued in British Raj Rao Saheb redirects here. For 1985 film, see Rao Saheb (film). AwardRao SahibTitle Badge for Rao SahibTypeCivilian HonourCountry British IndiaPresented by Viceroy of IndiaEligibilityHindu IndianStatusDiscontinued (since 1947)PrecedenceNext (higher)Rao Bahadur Rai Sahib / Rao Saheb / Roy Sahib / Rao Sahib abbreviated R.S., was a title of honour issued during the era of British rule in India to individuals who performed faithful service or acts of pub…