The Guangdong–Hong Kong–Macao Greater Bay Area,[2][a] commonly as the Greater Bay Area (GBA), is a megalopolis, consisting of nine cities and two special administrative regions in South China. It is envisioned by Chinese government planners as an integrated economic area aimed at taking a leading role globally by 2035.[3][4]
The GBA's combined regional GDP was RMB¥13 trillion (US$1.8 trillion) in 2022, which was equivalent to over 10 percent of GDP for all of China. As one of China's most vibrant and important regions, the GBA has the highest concentration of Fortune 500 companies in the country and houses a majority of China's most innovative technology companies, such as Huawei, ZTE, DJI, BYD, GAC Group, and Tencent (parent company of WeChat). GBA has a rich ecosystem of startups, incubators, and accelerators in the fields of agile tech, biotech, medical tech, and innovation. For these reasons, many experts consider the region an emerging Silicon Valley of Asia.[7] Given traditional divisions between the provincial and municipal governments and business elites, there are some opinions that the ambitious idea behind the GBA might be difficult to implement.[8]
Definition and historical development
The "Guangdong–Hong Kong–Macao Greater Bay Area" is sometimes confused with the area of the Pearl River Delta and Guangdong province. While the geographical term “Pearl River Delta” was coined in 1947 reflecting the region's rich and diverse local histories,[9] the term “Guangdong–Hong Kong–Macao Greater Bay Area” refers to a much larger area. Within the discourse on regional planning and mega-city positioning, the Pearl River Delta's spatial structure has been contoured and realigned according to changing administrative boundaries, economic productivity, and infrastructural connectivity. In the early 2000s, Chinese scholars began using the term “Greater Pearl River Delta” (GPRD) which described the 9 + 2 city agglomeration that encompassed post-handover Hong Kong and Macao. The GPRD was conceptualized as a series of lesser cities as industrial nodes with specialist functions clustering around two prominent cores – Guangzhou, the provincial capital, and Shenzhen. In 2003, Guangdong province advocated the idea of “Pan-PRD” as an even more extensive regional construct that comprised nine neighboring provinces to promote economic cooperation.[10] A somewhat similar idea should later be mentioned in the English version of China's 13th Five-Year Plan, taking the Pearl River Delta and including the larger province of Guangdong.[11] Four years later finally, on 13 April 2017, the heading of a piece of news released at the English language government website of the State Council adopted the name "Guangdong–Hong Kong–Macao Bay Area".[12] Just over two months later, on 1 July 2017, the "Framework Agreement on Deepening Guangdong–Hong Kong–Macao Cooperation in the Development of the Bay Area" (深化粵港澳合作 推進大灣區建設框架協議) was signed in Hong Kong.[13] From then on, the term “Guangdong–Hong Kong–Macao Greater Bay Area” has been widely used to refer to the region in officially translated sources. English-language sources tend to simply refer to the area as “Greater Bay Area” or GBA for short. Its geographical makeup, the cities it encompasses and its population centers are detailed in the section below.
Geography and population centers
The GBA is located in the southern coastal area of China (21◦320–24◦260N, 111◦200–115◦240E). Located in the very south part of China, the climate of the Greater Bay Area ranges from humid subtropical to tropical climate in the far south. There are a few mountain ranges collectively called the Nan Mountains (Nan Ling) as well as a few inactive volcanoes on Leizhou Peninsula.
The Greater Bay Area consists of nine cities of Guangdong Province, which account for around 30% of the land mass of Guangdong Province, plus the Special Administrative Regions of Hong Kong and Macao. It is in the Pearl River Delta along the South China coast.[14]
Mountain ranges and peninsulas shape the GBA. The province of Guangdong, for instance, possesses a coastline of 4,114 km (2,556 mi) due to the multiplicity of islands, bays and peninsulas. This multiplicity of small islands results from the Pearl River Delta, which is the convergent point of the East, North and West Rivers. It is therefore unsurprising that the network of bays and rivers has contributed to the archipelagic nature of many cities within the GBA. The cities of Guangzhou, Zhuhai, Hong Kong, and Macao for instance "each possess constituent and distinctly islanded territorial niches that are focused on particular industrial areas."[15]
The entire area has temperate springs (March to May), hot and wet summers (June to August), clear and cool autumns (September to November), and mild, rainy winters (December to February). The annual average temperature of Guangdong Province is around 22.3 °C, with the average temperature of 16–19 °C in January and 28–29 °C in July. However, the highest temperature in summer goes more than 35 °C and the lowest can be lower than 10 °C. Temperatures in Hong Kong and Macao are nearly the same, with the annual average temperature around 23 °C, a little higher due to their location more to the south and closer to the equator. GBA receives abundant amount of precipitation throughout the year.
GBA has a total population of approximately 86.17 million people (5% of China's total population).[5] The population is expected to reach 100 million people by 2030.
The GBA is an economic powerhouse. Its combined regional GDP was RMB¥13 trillion (US$1.8 trillion) in 2022, which is equivalent to over 10 percent of GDP for all of China.[20] If the GBA were its own country, it would rank as the 12th biggest economy globally (almost equal to South Korea's and bigger than Australia's economy). GDP growth of GBA was 4.4 per cent in 2019, and GDP is expected to reach US$4 trillion by 2030, which would lead the GBA's GDP to overtake that of Germany in 2019.[21]
The region has a diverse economic outlook with industrial development zones in all eleven cities covering emerging industries, R&D and high-end sectors.[22] Among the emerging industries, the Internet of Things (IoT), Artificial Intelligence, hydrogen technologies, new mobility, and cleantech are most prominent. Another rapidly growing economic area in the GBA is healthcare.[22] The Guangzhou International Bio-Technology Island (formerly known as Dove Island) located in Huangpu district, Guangzhou is a biotech industrial zone in the region.
Besides prioritizing innovation and high-tech industries, the GBA seeks to draw in foreign investors. For that purpose, The Opinions Concerning Financial Support for the Establishment of the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area envisaged gradual financial liberalization.[23] Additionally, In May 2020, the People's Bank of China has introduced new measures aimed at liberalizing China's controls on foreign exchange and foreign currency remittance.[24]
The picture below shows the GDP development by city in the GBA, which has separated out into three groupings in terms of GDP, with Hong Kong, Shenzhen, and Guangzhou occupying a clear first tier, Foshan and Dongguan the second tier, and the remaining cities in the Pearl River Delta a third tier. It is accurate to view the GBA as having three leading economic cities of comparable importance.[25]
22 companies from the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area (GBA) make their mark on the 2024 Fortune Global 500 list, including 17 from Guangdong and 5 from Hong Kong.[26]
Guangzhou has become a key player in the NEV (New Energy Vehicles) industry, with the district's output expected to surpass 300,000 units annually by 2024. Major companies like XPeng Motors and GAC are expanding their R&D efforts, driving technological advancements in battery efficiency and autonomous driving.
Shenzhen continues to lead in technological innovation, positioning itself as a global hub for artificial intelligence (AI), biotechnology, big data, and 5G technologies. The city has increased investment in R&D, with a special focus on semiconductor production, aiming to reduce China’s reliance on imported chips.
The GBA is taking significant steps towards carbon neutrality, focusing on the growth of renewable energy sources like solar power and offshore wind farms. Zhuhai and Foshan are expanding industrial clusters in green technologies and sustainable manufacturing.
Outline Development Plan
The core idea behind the development of the Greater Bay Area (GBA) is laid out in ‘Outline Development Plan for the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area’ released by the Chinese central government in February 2019. The ambitious goal foresees a linkage of the nine cities in Guangdong province's Pearl River Delta, Hong Kong and Macau into an economically integrated world-class business hub. The document stipulates crucial milestones for the GBA. If achieved, they are expected to transform the GBA into an international first-class bay area in 2022 and evolve the region into an international first-class bay area by 2035. The progress will be achieved through deepening reform, prioritising innovation, accelerating connectivity, and improving the environmental footprint in the region.[14]
The Outline Development Plan foresees the implementation of several infrastructural projects. For instance, developing a world-class airport cluster in the region and building inter-city high-speed rail links and motorways to improve connectivity both within the GBA and beyond. The planned construction of two bridges across the Pearl River Delta will significantly reduce travelling times within the region and simultaneously promote a free flow of people, goods, capital, and information in the region. Given rising concerns about the environmental impact of rapid urbanisation and infrastructure development, the Outline Development Plan includes ecological conservation as well as green and low-carbon development models. The end goal stipulated by the document is to transform the GBA into a services-oriented economy.[14]
To realise this end goal, the four designated “core cities'' will be developed according to their respective comparative advantages. First, Hong Kong. It is planned to strengthen its position as an international hub for financial and logistical services. Second, Macau. The former Portuguese colony is envisioned to develop into a centre for international tourism, leisure and cultural exchange, as well as a trading hub with Portuguese-speaking countries. Third, Guangzhou. The city is planned as a commerce, transportation and education hub. Fourth, Shenzhen, which will focus on innovation. With each city specialising further in their respective comparative advantages, the GBA is supposed to become a “vibrant world-class city cluster”.[27]
The Development Plan for the Guangdong–Hong Kong–Macao Greater Bay Area gave a vital impulse to the rapid advancement of urbanisation. It foresees establishing data ports, information networks, electronic payment, and telecommunications systems, and developing “smart transport, smart energy, smart municipal management and smart communities”.[25]
The plan supports Hong Kong in consolidating and enhancing its status as international financial, transportation and trade centres as well as an international aviation hub, and strengthening its status as a global offshore renminbi business hub and its role as an international asset management centre and a risk management centre. It also supports the city in promoting the development of high‑end and high value‑added financial, commercial and trading, logistics and professional services, making great efforts to develop innovation and technology industries, nurturing emerging industries, and establishing Hong Kong as the centre for international legal and dispute resolution services in the Asia‑Pacific region.[28]
To achieve this goal, the four designated “core cities” will be developed according to their respective comparative advantages:
Hong Kong. The plan is to strengthen its position as an international hub for financial and logistics services.
Macau. The former Portuguese colony is to develop into a center for international tourism, leisure and cultural exchange as well as a trade hub with Portuguese-speaking countries.
Guangzhou. The city is planned as a hub for trade, transportation and education.
Shenzhen. Shenzhen will focus on innovation.
Smart urbanization and role of Special Economic and Technological Development Districts
The Reform and Opening Up process triggered China's rapid economic rise over the past three decades. One of the pillars of this economic reform was the 'Open Door policy' of 1978, paired with the creation of Special Economic Zones (SEZs). By allowing and encouraging foreign direct investments, these zones became engines of China's further economic, social, urban, and political development. The first SEZs were established in 1979, starting with Shenzhen next to Hong Kong and Zhuhai adjacent to Macao, pioneering experiments devised to exploit the capability of differences of each city. As accelerators of economic growth, these zones were characterized by skilled labour and an abundance of resources.[9]
There are currently over 2000 so-called "economic development zones" (or EDZs) in China.[29] While the term "economic development zone" is the official and literal translation of the Chinese term "经济开发区 (pinyin: jīngjì kāifāqū)", it may be better translated as "economic clusters" in English. Among these clusters, Guangzhou Economic and Technological Development Zone, Foshan National High-Tech Industrial Development Zone and Zhaoqing High-Tech Industrial Development Zone are located within the GBA.
With the rising economic importance, the GBA also underwent unprecedented urban growth over the past three decades. The total urban areas have expanded from 652.74 km2 in 1986 to 8137.09 km2 in 2017 (approximately 13 times), at an 8.28% average annual growth rate.[30] Main driving factors of the urban expansions in the GBA were rapidly increasing GDP, income, and population. Guangzhou, Shenzhen, Foshan, and Dongguan recorded the most remarkable urbanization changes, while Hong Kong and Macau had respectively lower magnitudes of change (118.53 and 6.98 km2, respectively).[30]
Due to its industrial strength, advanced infrastructure, and vast human resources, GBA is an ideal place for developing and implementing smart city solutions.[according to whom?] Thanks to the highly connected and innovation-driven entrepreneurial landscape of I&T trailblazers like Guangzhou, Shenzhen and Hong Kong, the Greater Bay Area consistently develops artificial intelligence, robotics, biomedical and healthcare technology, energy distribution systems and data connectivity sectors. These sectors are playing a key role in smart and sustainable urban development solutions.[citation needed]
The main challenges faced by the GBA while advancing urban solutions is growing environmental and air pollution, improvements in cross-border mobility of people and goods, as well as capital flow, information, and data.[31] In terms of environmental problems, a study by Wang et al. projected that urbanization and climate change will lead to an 8.87% increase in the exposure duration of dangerous discomfort (Humidex equal to/above 45) for GBA residents by 2030.[32]
China (Guangdong) Pilot Free Trade Zone
The China (Guangdong) Pilot Free Trade Zone (the Guangdong FTZ) was approved by the State Council in December 2014 and started operation in April 2015. The Zone has an area of 116.2 km2 and is composed of three areas, the Nansha New Zone in Guangzhou (60 km2), the Qianhai & Shekou Area in Shenzhen (28.2 km2), and Hengqin New Zone in Zhuhai (28 km2).
The Guangdong FTZ is supposed to be the first mover and the pilot region designated by the Central Government as the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao in-depth cooperation demonstration zone and serves as a place to promote the service trade liberalization of the three regions..It is a place for the Central and local governments to test new policies, to explore new development models and better integrate the economy with international practices and with Hong Kong and Macao. When it was founded, the free trade area comprised 34 measures for greater openness in six areas: manufacturing, financial services, maritime transport services, trade services, professional services and technology, and cultural services.
The Plan for Guangzhou-Shenzhen Scientific Technology and Innovation Corridor
This plan was published by the Guangdong Government in December 2017, aiming to build a region approximately 180 kilometers long starting from the Guangzhou-Foshan border in the north, running through downtown Guangzhou, Songshan Lake in Dongguan, and downtown Shenzhen, to Dapeng New District in Shenzhen in the south into the core area of GBA's National Independent Innovation Demonstration Zone. The goal is to give all-around support to the construction of the Nation's Science and Technology Industrial Innovation Centre and the Guangdong–Hong Kong–Macao Greater Bay Area, to provide support for the Nation to implement its innovation-driven development strategy. It aims to become a world leading innovation center for technological industries, a main science center, and the innovation leader in the world by 2050.
The Greater Bay Area is a key national development area for the biomedical industry which has developed rapidly in recent years. The region has a noticeable advantage in industrial agglomeration and a complete upstream and downstream industry chain, it has particularly moved ahead in R&D, production and circulation of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) and chemical medicine. According to statistics from the Ministry of Commerce, Guangdong's total sales of Chinese patent medicine in 2017 reached US$4 billion, accounting for 11.16% of the country's total sales of Chinese patent medicine, ranking first in the country. The Greater Bay Area is also one of the production and research bases of chemical drugs. Leading enterprises such as Guangzhou Baiyunshan Pharmaceutical, Livzon Pharmaceutical Group, United Laboratories Internet, Bright Future have settled in the region, selling products nationwide.
The Greater Bay Area is an important production and research base of medical devices in China. In 2019, the total output value of the medical device industry in the Greater Bay Area reached US$18.51 billion, accounting for 16.67% of the national total and ranking first in the country. Meanwhile, the Greater Bay Area is also an innovation highland for medical devices. Innovation platforms such as high-performance medical device innovation centers have been set up in the Greater Bay Area, accelerating local industrial innovation. Since 2014, the National Medical Products Administration has formulated the “Special Approval Procedure for Innovative Medical Devices” to encourage research and innovation of medical devices. As of June 2020, a total of 265 products have entered the special review list of innovative medical devices, of which 44 products are from companies in the Greater Bay Area, amounting to 19.0% of all selected domestic manufacturers.[34]
GBA’s development of international innovation and technology (“I&T”) hub
The Government is stepping up efforts in I&T development in eight major areas, including: increasing resources for R&D; pooling together technology talent; providing investment funding; providing technological research infrastructure; reviewing existing legislations and regulations; opening up government data; enhancing procurement arrangements; and strengthening popular science education. So far, the Government has invested over $100 billion.[35]
Industrial traditions in GBA
GBA is a core platform for prototyping and fast engineering, with both cost and timelines for prototyping being the lowest in the world. GBA's industrial traditions have been long anchored in Guangzhou and modernized in Shenzhen.[10]
These industrial traditions in the GBA are the foundation upon which its future development is built. Its current GDP is primarily generated in traditional industries and based on tried and tested business models. The spectrum ranges from wood and plastics processing to new textiles and materials to manufacturing state-of-the-art electronic components. It also includes companies in the food and construction sectors, the automotive and aircraft industries, manufacturers of high-end medical products, as well as IT companies and software and hardware producers.[36] Building upon the years-long manufacturing traditions in the region, the Outline Development Plan sets the goals of creating clusters for advanced equipment manufacturing in Zhuhai and Foshan, and high-end manufacturing industries in Shenzhen and Dongguan.[37]
The industrial tradition of the GBA is what is considered to make it a crucial future location by experts. Since the GBA is building on a modern industrial infrastructure grown over decades, its future importance for developments in high-tech and digitalization are seen to be increasing. According to one expert, metro lines, high-speed lines, 5G internet, and intelligent and autonomous systems will be present in the GBA by 2022.[36]
Education and research
GBA is home to numerous universities with hospitals and academic centres. Among them are the “University Town” located on the Xiaoguwei Island in Guangzhou is considered as one of the “ten cores” of the “Science and Technology Innovation Corridor (STIC)”-blueprint for “China's Silicon Valley”.[38] The most prominent among 12 universities of the “University Town”[39] is Sun Yat-sen University which ranks 33rd in Asia and 182nd worldwide in 2023 in terms of aggregate performance (THE+ARWU+QS) as reported by the Aggregate Ranking of Top Universities.[40]
Numerous highly rated medical schools operate in the region, including the First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, a leading hospital with over 3,000 beds. Several world leaders in translational medicine are based in GBA, such as the lung cancer authority Professor Yi-Long Wu (vice-president of the Guangdong General Hospital and Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, and a director of Guangdong Lung Cancer Institute).[41]
The government aims to strengthen I&T cooperation, develop international innovation platforms by encouraging Guangdong, Hong Kong and Macao enterprises and scientific research institutes to participate in international I&T cooperation. The goal is to open Guangdong's research and development (“R&D”) facilities and equipment to Hong Kong R&D institutions and support the relevant institutions to participate in national technological programmes. It provides support for technological infrastructure and technological innovation for industries including the development of the Hong Kong-Shenzhen Innovation and Technology Park; the five R&D centres in Hong Kong, the Hong Kong Science Park, Cyberport and the State Key Laboratories. Furthermore, it nurtures platforms for technological innovation for industries and manufacturing innovation centres. The program fosters the flow of technology talent and resources, facilitate R&D collaboration to allow eligible higher education institutions and R&D institutes in Hong Kong to apply for Mainland technology projects, and use relevant funding in both places according to the regulations. It enhances the management of cross-boundary use of medical data and bio-samples necessary for R&D collaboration projects, enables Hong Kong R&D institutes in Guangdong to enjoy the same treatment as other Mainland R&D institutes. Additionally, it provides facilitation measures relating to immigration, etc., to encourage exchanges between technological and academic talent.[44]
There are also massive ongoing infrastructure projects underway. Among them – construction of Guangzhou-Zhanjiang High-speed Railway, Gangzhou-Shenzhen Highspeed Railway and Guangzhou-Shanwei-Shantou High-speed Railway.
Phase one, due for completion in 2025, will establish a Greater Bay Area airport conglomerate, with greater interaction between the facilities. Phase 2 aims to lift all the airports to a world-class level by 2035 with "safe, green, smart, human and synergetic qualities".[45]
The Hong Kong section of the Guangzhou-Shenzhen-Hong Kong Express Rail Link (XRL) connects to the national high-speed rail network, significantly shortening the travelling time between Hong Kong and Shenzhen, Guangzhou and other cities in the Pearl River Delta (PRD) region, and reinforcing Hong Kong's position as a regional transportation hub. in the first six months of 2023, the Hong Kong section of the XRL recorded an average daily patronage of more than 40,000 passenger trips, with the highest number of passenger trips in a single day exceeding 90,000 passenger trips.[46]
Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Bay Area Rail Transit Network in 2020
Rail
Urban rail transit (including metros, commuter and regional railways) is expanding very fast. Hong Kong MTR was the first, and its model has subsequently been applied to other networks in the region. The total length of all cities' metro lines is now 924.8 km (574.6 mi).
Being part of the Silk Road as well as Chinese international marine gates and trade hotspot for the last two thousand years, GBA features rich palette of cultural and folk traditions, languages, and food. Among them, a distinct European ambience – the Cantonese culture with its center in Guangzhou (also known as Canton and formerly Romanized as Kwangchow), Macau, eastern Guangxi, and Hong Kong.
There are many food recommendations in Hong Kong. The most famous of which are pineapple oil, Cart noodles, Egg waffles and Hong Kong-style milk tea. If traveling in here these delicacies are definitely recommended. A local's day usually starts with a bowl of fish ball noodles or wonton noodles and a cup of soy milk.
Hong Kong and Macau also has its distinct local culture, largely based on Cantonese culture, but also heavily influenced by British and Portuguese colonisation over the past two centuries.
Its relationship with the sea has shaped the Greater Bay Area for centuries. The first known ships from the area are believed to have been constructed by the people of the Nanyue Kingdom (204–112 BCE), who employed them for cultural and economic exchanges with countries as far as present-day Vietnam. After the takeover of the Han Dynasty, trading relations expanded beyond to reach Sri Lanka. During the subsequent period of the Three Kingdoms, these trade routes were consolidated. Trade and cultural exchanges grew. Among this, the port of Guangzhou played a major role for the region's trade and cultural exchanges for over two thousand years. Established under the Kingdom of Wu during the period of the Three Kingdoms (222–280 CE), it eventually grew to become the starting point of the ancient maritime silk road during the Eastern Jin Dynasty (317–420 CE). By the fourth century CE, communities of foreign merchants began establishing themselves in the city.[48]
Since the first foreign merchants have established themselves in Guangdong, the whole GBA region's importance for global trade has only increased. When Macao became a Portuguese colony in the mid-1550s, it represented one of the first trading ports in the Far East. It was later joined by Guangzhou, whose port was the only one remaining open for foreign trade during the closure of the country under the Qing. The Opium Wars brought Hong Kong under British control and forced the opening of other ports in the region. While their respective economic importance was subject to fluctuations later on, the establishment of special economic zones should begin to drive their economic importance anew.[49]
Another economic engine in the GBA is the provincial capital of Guangdong province – Guangzhou. Thanks to a rich industrial and high tech economic environment the city was able to attract first US investments such as Coca-Cola, Procter & Gamble, Pepsi in 1990s and to date is the most concentrated area of U.S.-financed enterprises which have invested in southern China.[50]
Another milestone in the development of GBA was reached on 18 February 2019 by adoption of the Outline Development Plan for the Guangdong–Hong Kong–Macao Greater Bay Area. The ambitious goal foresees a linkage of the nine cities in Guangdong province's Pearl River Delta, Hong Kong and Macau into an integrated economy and world-class business hub.[37] The document-stipulated crucial milestones for GBA is a formation of the Framework for an international first-class bay area in 2022 and an evolution of the region into an international first-class bay area by 2035. The progress will be achieved through deepening reform, prioritizing innovation, accelerating connectivity, and improving the environmental footprint in the region.[51]
The Ministry of Education (MOE) held a press conference on June 2, 2021, to disclose the "Report on the Language Life Situation in Guangdong, Hong Kong and Macao Greater Bay Area (2021)". The report, which was compiled by the National Language Service and Guangdong–Hong Kong–Macao Greater Bay Area Language Research Center under the auspices of the State Language Commission, together with a team from Guangzhou University, summarizes the state of language life in the region, and proposes recommendations for the construction of the language and writing environment and language services on the basis of the report.[53]
Public Administration
Starting from May 30, 2019, Hong Kong and Macao have realized the government services of Nanhai District of Foshan City, and Hong Kong and Macao residents can use the local self-service terminal system to handle the relevant government services in Nanhai District. As a result, the Nanhai District has realized the "Bay Area Through Service"for government services in the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area. Guangdong Province has also formally proposed to introduce a credit scoring system to cover Hong Kong and Macao in the next three years, with a view to sharing credit information in the Greater Bay Area and providing credit incentives and sanctions for enterprises in the region. There are also plans to promote information sharing between the Mainland, Hong Kong and Macao, and to strengthen police cooperation and exchanges in order to deal with traditional and non-traditional security threats.
See also
Chinese Wikisource has original text related to this article:
^ abThe GDP figures are from the statistical bulletin on 2022 national economic and social development published by the statistical agencies of relevant cities, see"2022年GDP100强城市榜：江苏13市均超4000亿，10强有变化". yicai.com. Archived from the original on 2024-01-31. Retrieved 2024-01-26.
^ abFrerichs, Daniel (2021). "Greater Bay Area – Hier entsteht Zukunft" [Greater Bay Area – The future is created here]. ChinaContact (in German). 25 (3). owc Verlag für Außenwirtschaft: 32–36.
^Chan, Fung (2020). "The Guangdong–Hong Kong–Macao Greater Bay Area: Enhancing collaborative governance of the CEPA implementation and regional integration". China: An International Journal. 18 (1): 171–191. doi:10.1353/chn.2020.0011. S2CID251641247.
