Share to: share facebook share twitter share wa share telegram print page

Hochstift

Hochstifte and dioceses in the late 18th century

In the Holy Roman Empire, the German term Hochstift (plural: Hochstifte) referred to the territory ruled by a bishop as a prince (i.e. prince-bishop), as opposed to his diocese, generally much larger and over which he exercised only spiritual authority.[1] The terms prince-bishopric (Fürstbistum, or simply Bistum) and ecclesiastical principality are synonymous with Hochstift. Erzstift and Kurerzstift referred respectively to the territory (prince-archbishopric) ruled by a prince-archbishop and an elector-archbishop while Stift referred to the territory ruled by an imperial abbot or abbess, or a princely abbot or abbess. Stift was also often used to refer to any type of ecclesiastical principality.

Names

Das Stift [plural: die Stifte or, in some regions, die Stifter]/het sticht [in Dutch] (literally, the "donation"), denotes in its original meaning the donated or else acquired fund of estates whose revenues are taken to maintain a college and the pertaining church (Stiftskirche, i.e. collegiate church) and its collegiate canons (Stiftsherr[en]) or canonesses (Stiftsfrau[en]).[2] If the Stift as a fund served to maintain the specific college of a cathedral (a so-called cathedral chapter) then the Stift was often called das Domstift (i.e. cathedral donation [fund]).

Hochstift is a compound with hoch ("high") used for a prince-bishopric, meaning literally a "high [ranking ecclesiastical] donation [fund of estates]".[3] Whereas Erzstift, a compound with Erz… ("arch[i]…"), was the corresponding expression for a prince-archbishopric.[4] For the three prince-electorates of Cologne (Kurköln), Mainz (Kurmainz) and Trier (Kurtrier), which were simultaneously archbishoprics the corresponding term is Kurerzstift (electorate-archbishopric). The adjective pertaining to Stift as a territory is stiftisch (of, pertaining to a prince-bishopric; prince-episcopal).[5] As a compound, the term Stift today usually takes the copulative "s" when used as a preceding compound,[6] such as in Stiftsadel (vassal nobility of a prince-bishopric), Stiftsamtmann (=official of a Stift[6]), Stiftsmann (plural: Stiftsleute; =vassal tenant of an estate of a Stift[7]), Stiftssasse (=subject/inhabitant of a prince-bishopric), Stiftsstände (=estates of a prince-bishopric as a realm[8]), or Stiftstag (diet of the estates of a prince-bishopric[8]).

Specific prince-bishoprics were often called Hochstift/Erzstift X, as in Hochstift Augsburg or in Erzstift Bremen, with stiftbremisch meaning of/pertaining to the Prince-Archbishopric of Bremen, as opposed to stadtbremisch (of/pertaining to the city of Bremen). By contrast, the spiritual entities, the dioceses, are called Bistum ("diocese") or Erzbistum ("archdiocese") in German. The difference between a Hochstift/Erzstift and a Bistum/Erzbistum is not always clear to authors so that non-scholarly texts often translate Hochstift or Erzstift incorrectly simply as diocese/bishopric or archdiocese/archbishopric, respectively.

History

The prince-bishoprics (Hochstifte) of Freising and Passau in the late 18th century
Stone marker from 1766 demarcating the territories of the Prince-Bishopric of Münster (coat of arms on the left side) and the Dutch province of Overijssel

The Hochstift was made of land mostly acquired in the Middle Ages through donations by the king/emperor, bequests by local lords or through purchase. It was often made of non-contiguous parts, some of which could be located outside the bishop's diocese. While a diocese is a spiritual territorial jurisdiction, a prince-bishopric or Hochstift was a secular territorial jurisdiction, a fiefdom created and granted by the Holy Roman Emperor. Exercising a double function, an ecclesiastical and a secular one, the prince-bishops were thus subject to two different legal bases and two jurisdictions. The relationship between the two functions was governed in part by the Concordat of Worms of 1122. A number of Hochstifte were established in 1180 in the wake of the partial dismantling of the Duchy of Saxony.

The prince-bishop, elected by the canons of the cathedral chapter and often belonging to the high nobility, typically enjoyed imperial immediacy; he wielded the same authority over his principality as any secular prince, such as a duke or a margrave, over his. He had seat and vote at the Imperial Diet.

From a high of more than 40 in the late Middle Ages, the number of Hochstifte (including archbishoprics) was down to 26 by the late 18th century. None was created for nearly four centuries, between the Golden Bull of 1356 and the conversion of the Princely Abbey of Fulda to a bishopric in 1752. All remaining Hochstifte were secularized during the Napoleonic Wars in the early years of the 19th century, and none remained at the time of the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire in 1806, except Breslau whose residual territorial authority was abolished by Prussia in 1810.

List of Hochstiften

Main article: Prince-Bishop

The starting dates indicated below are for the first documented acquisition of territorial authority, which is often significantly later than the establishment of the bishopric itself.

Prince-Archbishoprics

Prince-Bishoprics

Some Austrian and Bavarian bishoprics such as Chiemsee, Gurk, Lavant and Seckau had no territorial authority and are therefore not included in the list, even though they participated in Imperial diets.

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Hochstift. The lands ruled by a bishop as a prince (as opposed to his diocese). In the case of an archbishop: Erzstift. In the case of a prelate: Stift. Joachim Whaley, Germany and the Holy Roman Empire, Oxford University Press, 2012, volume 2, Glossary of German terms and other terms.
  2. ^ Victor Dollmayr, Friedrich Krüer, Heinrich Meyer and Walter Paetzel, Deutsches Wörterbuch (started by the Brothers Grimm): 33 vols. (1854–1971), vol. 18 'Stehung–Stitzig', Leipzig: Hirzel, 1941, cols. 2870seq., reprint: Munich: Deutscher Taschenbuch Verlag (dtv; No. 5945), 1984. ISBN 3-423-05945-1.
  3. ^ Jacob Grimm and Wilhelm Grimm, Deutsches Wörterbuch: 33 vols. (1854–1871), vol. 10 'H–Juzen', Leipzig: Hirzel, 1877, col. 1634, reprint: Munich: Deutscher Taschenbuch Verlag (dtv; No. 5945), 1984. ISBN 3-423-05945-1.
  4. ^ Jacob Grimm and Wilhelm Grimm, Deutsches Wörterbuch: 33 vols. (1854–1971), vol. 3 'E–Forsche', Leipzig: Hirzel, 1862, col. 1099, reprint: Munich: Deutscher Taschenbuch Verlag (dtv; No. 5945), 1984. ISBN 3-423-05945-1.
  5. ^ Victor Dollmayr, Friedrich Krüer, Heinrich Meyer and Walter Paetzel, Deutsches Wörterbuch (started by the Brothers Grimm): 33 vols. (1854–1971), vol. 18 'Stehung–Stitzig', Leipzig: Hirzel, 1941, col. 2896, reprint: Munich: Deutscher Taschenbuch Verlag (dtv; No. 5945), 1984. ISBN 3-423-05945-1.
  6. ^ a b Victor Dollmayr, Friedrich Krüer, Heinrich Meyer and Walter Paetzel, Deutsches Wörterbuch (started by the Brothers Grimm): 33 vols. (1854–1971), vol. 18 'Stehung–Stitzig', Leipzig: Hirzel, 1941, col. 2874, reprint: Munich: Deutscher Taschenbuch Verlag (dtv; No. 5945), 1984. ISBN 3-423-05945-1.
  7. ^ Victor Dollmayr, Friedrich Krüer, Heinrich Meyer and Walter Paetzel, Deutsches Wörterbuch (started by the Brothers Grimm): 33 vols. (1854–1971), vol. 18 'Stehung–Stitzig', Leipzig: Hirzel, 1941, cols. 2897seq., reprint: Munich: Deutscher Taschenbuch Verlag (dtv; No. 5945), 1984. ISBN 3-423-05945-1.
  8. ^ a b Victor Dollmayr, Friedrich Krüer, Heinrich Meyer and Walter Paetzel, Deutsches Wörterbuch (started by the Brothers Grimm): 33 vols. (1854–1971), vol. 18 'Stehung–Stitzig', Leipzig: Hirzel, 1941, col. 2900, reprint: Munich: Deutscher Taschenbuch Verlag (dtv; No. 5945), 1984. ISBN 3-423-05945-1.

Read other articles:

Lista över arbetslivsmuseer i Norrbottens län

Karta över alla koordinater från Wikimap eller OSM Exportera alla koordinater som KML Exportera alla koordinater som Geo RSS Här följer en förteckning över arbetslivsmuseer i Norrbottens län. Norrbottens län Namn Typ av museum Kommun, ort AdressKoordinat ID-nr Bild Siknäsfortets Museiförening Kalix, Siknäs Siknäsbatteriet 65.8707, 22.6446 4562 Ladda upp en bild av detta arbetslivsmuseum Victoriafortet Jokkmokk, Vuollerim Victoriafortet 66.4178, 20.6122 4606    Gränsf�...

 

Andjar Asmara

Ini adalah sebuah nama Indonesia yang tidak menggunakan nama keluarga. Andjar AsmaraAndjar, 1930LahirAbisin Abbas(1902-02-26)26 Februari 1902 Alahan Panjang, Sumatera Barat, Hindia BelandaMeninggal20 Oktober 1961(1961-10-20) (umur 59)Cipanas, Cianjur, Jawa Barat, IndonesiaKebangsaanIndonesiaDikenal atasJurnalisme, karya drama, film Abisin Abbas (26 Februari 1902 – 20 Oktober 1961), lebih dikenal dengan nama samaran Andjar Asmara, merupakan seorang penulis drama dan sutrad...

 

R-73 (missile)

Air-to-air missile R-73AA-11 Archer A mock up of RVV-MD - the newest available export variant of the R-73TypeShort-range air-to-air missilePlace of originSoviet UnionService historyIn service1984–presentUsed bySee OperatorsProduction historyManufacturerMoscow Kommunar Machine-Building Plant, Tbilisi Aircraft Manufacturing, TAM ManagementSpecificationsMass105 kilograms (231 lb)Length2.93 metres (9 ft 7 in)Diameter165 millimetres (6.5 in)Wingspan510 mil...

Армандо Купер

У Вікіпедії є статті про інших людей із прізвищем Купер. Армандо Купер Особисті дані Народження 26 листопада 1987(1987-11-26) (36 років)   Колон, Панама Зріст 187 см Вага 79 кг Громадянство  Панама Позиція півзахисник Інформація про клуб Поточний клуб «Арабе Унідо» Номер 26 Про�...

 

HMS Virulent (P95)

Artikel ini sebatang kara, artinya tidak ada artikel lain yang memiliki pranala balik ke halaman ini.Bantulah menambah pranala ke artikel ini dari artikel yang berhubungan atau coba peralatan pencari pranala.Tag ini diberikan pada Oktober 2022. HMS Virulent adalah kapal selam kelas V milik Angkatan Laut Britania Raya. Kapal ini dibangun pada masa Perang Dunia Kedua sebagai bagian dari gelombang kedua produksi kapal selam kelas V yang dipesan pada 21 Mei 1942 sejumlah 18 kapal. Kapal ini diban...

 

الخدمة الآلية لمعلومات المطار

يفتقر محتوى هذه المقالة إلى الاستشهاد بمصادر. فضلاً، ساهم في تطوير هذه المقالة من خلال إضافة مصادر موثوق بها. أي معلومات غير موثقة يمكن التشكيك بها وإزالتها. (ديسمبر 2018) الخدمة الالية لمعلومات المطار ATIS اختصارا لـ: Automatic Terminal Information Service هي خدمة آليى اوتوماتيكية) تقوم بارسال �...

Solgne

Solgne Solgne (Frankreich) Staat Frankreich Region Grand Est Département (Nr.) Moselle (57) Arrondissement Metz Kanton Faulquemont Gemeindeverband Sud Messin Koordinaten 48° 58′ N, 6° 18′ O48.9663888888896.2952777777778Koordinaten: 48° 58′ N, 6° 18′ O Höhe 240–299 m Fläche 7,29 km² Einwohner 1.124 (1. Januar 2020) Bevölkerungsdichte 154 Einw./km² Postleitzahl 57420 INSEE-Code 57655 Vorlage:Infobox Gemeinde in Frankreic...

 

Egret

Type of bird of the heron family For the satellite mission, see EGRET. This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: Egret – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (February 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) Egret Eastern great egret (Ardea alba modesta) Scientific classificat...

 

دوري جيبوتي الممتاز 2015–16

دوري جيبوتي الممتاز 2015–16 تفاصيل الموسم دوري جيبوتي الممتاز  البلد جيبوتي  المنظم اتحاد جيبوتي لكرة القدم  البطل نادي جيبوتي تيليكوم  عدد المشاركين 10     دوري جيبوتي الممتاز 2016–17  تعديل مصدري - تعديل   دوري جيبوتي الممتاز 2015–16 (بالفرنسية: Championnat de Djibouti de f...

Hamsa-Sandesha

Hamsa SandeshaPainting of Rama and Sita, the central characters of the poem.InformationReligionHinduismAuthorVedanta DesikaLanguageSanskritVerses110Sanskrit poem Hamsa SandeshaThe Swan's messageby Vedanta DesikaOriginal titleहंससन्देशWritten13th centuryCountryIndiaLanguageSanskritSubject(s)Rama's love for SitaGenre(s)sandeśa kāvya (messenger poem)MetermandākrāntāLines110 verses The Hamsa Sandesha (Sanskrit: हंससन्देश; IAST: Hamsasandeśa) or The messag...

 

Kakegurui Twin

Japanese manga series and its franchise Kakegurui TwinCover of the first tankōbon volume, featuring Mary Saotome賭ケグルイ 双－ツイン－(Kakegurui Tsuin)GenreGambling[1] MangaWritten byHomura KawamotoIllustrated byKei SaikiPublished bySquare EnixEnglish publisherNA: Yen PressMagazineGangan JokerDemographicShōnenOriginal runSeptember 19, 2015 – May 22, 2023Volumes14 (List of volumes) Television dramaDirected byTsutomu Hanabusa[a]Shinya NaganoWr...

 

Miguel de León

Venezuelan actor This article includes a list of general references, but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (February 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) Miguel De LeónMiguel de LeónBornMiguel Angel De León López (1962-02-23) February 23, 1962 (age 61)Caracas, VenezuelaOther namesMiguel Ángel De LeónOccupationActorSpouseGabriela Spanic (c.1997; div.2002) Jeniffer ...

Dmitry Donskoy (opera)

Mamai at the feet of Dmitry Donskoi, Millennium Monument in Novgorod Dmitry Donskoy (Russian: Дмитрий Донской), also known as The Battle of Kulikovo (Russian: Куликовская битва) was the first opera written by Anton Rubinstein. It has three acts and a libretto by Count Vladimir Sollogub and Vladimir Zotov, based on a drama by Vladislav Ozerov. First performed in 1852, the opera, apart from its overture, is now lost. Background Rubinstein asked for a libretto from ...

 

Милютин, Андрей Андреевич

В Википедии есть статьи о других людях с такой фамилией, см. Милютин. Андрей Андреевич Милютин Дата рождения 15 октября 1916(1916-10-15) Место рождения Писарино, Яранский уезд, Вятская губерния, Российская империя Дата смерти 24 июля 2005(2005-07-24) (88 лет) Место смерти Санкт-Петербу...

 

Gone Missing (film)

2013 American TV series or program Gone MissingPosterWritten byBryan DickDirected byTara MieleCountry of originUnited StatesOriginal languageEnglishProductionRunning time90 minutesOriginal releaseRelease June 13, 2013 (2013-06-13) Gone Missing is a 2013 American television film. Synopsis Rene's daughter, Kaitlin, and her best friend, Maddy, disappeared from a resort in San Diego during spring break. Dissatisfied with the responses of the authorities, Rene, with the he...

Q with hook tail

Q with hook tail (majuscule: Ɋ, minuscule: ɋ) is a letter of the extended Latin alphabet. It was introduced by Lutheran missionaries in Papua New Guinea for use in the Numanggang language in the 1930s or 1940s. In 2002, it was decided to discontinue using the letter.[1] It is still used in the Kâte language to represent a voiced labial-velar plosive /ɡ͡b/. (Latin Q is voiceless /k͡p/) Latin letter Q with hook tail In some forms of handwriting for English (and presumably other la...

 

Яндекс Афиша

Эта статья — о сервисе Яндекса. Об одноимённой компании см. Яндекс. Яндекс Афиша URL afisha.yandex.ru Коммерческий да Тип сайта сервис поиска мероприятий и продажи билетов Язык (-и) русский Посещаемость 4,97 млн в месяц (на январь 2017 года)[1] Расположение сервера Моск...

 

Spencer Gordon Bennet

American film director (1893–1987) This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: Spencer Gordon Bennet – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (April 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) Spencer Gordon BennetFrom a 1925 magazineBorn(1893-01-05)January 5, 1893Brooklyn, New York...

Noveleta

Municipality in Cavite, Philippines This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: Noveleta – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (October 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) Municipality in Calabarzon, PhilippinesNoveleta Tierra AltaMunicipalityMunicipality of Noveleta(From t...

 

Watt's linkage

Four-bar straight-line mechanism Animation of Watt's Linkage Dimensions (unit lengths a, b):   Link 3: a + a   Links 2 & 4: b Vertical distance between ground joints ≈ 2a Horizontal distance between ground joints ≈ 2b Thus, link 1 (total distance between ground joints): ≈ 4 a 2 + 4 b 2 {\displaystyle \approx {\sqrt {4a^{2}+4b^{2}}}} Hand-drawn diagram by James Watt (1808) in a letter to his son, describing how he arrived at the design.[1] In kinemati...

 
Kembali kehalaman sebelumnya