Turkmenistan's human rights record has been heavily criticized by various countries and scholars worldwide.[1][2] Standards in education and health declined markedly during the rule of President Saparmurat Niyazov.
Since December 2006, under the Government of President Gurbanguly Berdimuhamedow, no significant improvements regarding human rights and civil liberty have been observed by international human rights organizations.[3][4]
Discrimination against ethnic minorities
The Turkmen government's decision to cancel a dual-citizenship agreement with Russia in 2003 prompted thousands of ethnic Russians to leave Turkmenistan as they lost their property.[5] Many of those fleeing "in panic" reportedly feared being trapped in a state which has been widely criticised for human rights abuses and has imposed severe restrictions on foreign travel for its citizens. Those without Russian passports may be forced to become Turkmens, and fear that they may never be able to return to Russia.[6]
For these who remained, estimated at 100,000, all Soviet-time diplomas, certificates and other official documents that were issued outside the Turkmen SSR were nullified, drastically limiting the people's access to work. At the same time, universities have been encouraged to reject applicants with non-Turkmen surnames, especially ethnic Russians.[7] Russian television is difficult to receive in Turkmenistan. The Russian-language radio station Mayak was taken off the air.[8] and the Russian newspapers were banned earlier.[9]
It is forbidden to teach the customs and language of the Baloch, an ethnic minority. The same happened to Uzbeks, whose language is no longer taught in schools.[10]
Notable bans
Former TurkmenbashiSaparmurat Niyazov banned the playing of video games, listening to car radios, performing opera and ballet, smoking in public, long hair on men, and even growing facial hair. It has been speculated that the latter ban was enacted to enforce conformity of appearance.[11] Niyazov ordered the closure of all libraries outside the capital of Ashgabat.[12] News anchors, both men and women, were prevented from wearing any sort of make-up after Niyazov discovered he was unable to tell the difference between them when the presenters wore it.[13]
In 2008, the bans of circuses and operas were reversed,[14] but the former leader Gurbanguly Berdimuhamedow banned the importation of cars and trucks produced before 2000.[15]
As of 2017, Turkmenistan has signed the Ottawa Treaty on land mines, setting it apart from many of its neighbors (excluding Afghanistan).[16]
Freedom of religion is guaranteed by article 11 of the Constitution of Turkmenistan. However, like other human rights, in practice it does not exist. Former President Saparmurat Niyazov's book of spiritual writings, the Ruhnama, is imposed on all religious communities. According to Forum 18, despite international pressure, the authorities severely repress all religious groups, and the legal framework is so constrictive that many prefer to exist underground rather than have to pass through all of the official hurdles. ProtestantChristian adherents are affected, in addition to groups such as Jehovah's Witnesses, Baháʼí, and Hare Krishna.[17] Jehovah's Witnesses have been imprisoned and suffered beatings due to being conscientious objectors. For example, a 33-year-old member of the denomination was sentenced to a 4-year prison term after being found carrying religious literature at a train station in Dashoguz.[18] The United Nations Human Rights Committee has indicated that Jehovah's Witness in Turkmenistan have been prosecuted and imprisoned for refusing to perform compulsory military service, despite Turkmenistan's Constitution guaranteeing the right to "practice any religion alone or in association with others" and the right to "freedom of conviction and the free expression of those convictions". The UN committee noted, "The State party should take all necessary measures to review its legislation with a view to providing for alternative military service. The State party should also ensure that the law clearly stipulates that individuals have the right to conscientious objection to military service. Furthermore, the State party should halt all prosecutions of individuals who refuse to perform military service on grounds of conscience and release those individuals who are currently serving prison sentences."[19][20][21][22]
A July 2003 issue of state-owned newspaper Adalat, published by the Ministry of Justice, printed a vitriolic attack against members of some religious groups, describing the groups as foreign and implying they were dangerous. There, the government continues to restrict the freedom of parents of Jehovah's Witnesses to raise their children in accordance with their religious beliefs. Also, copies of Christian literature were confiscated by the government, including the Bible; the government claiming that it was not authentic Christian religious literature. In 2003, some Jehovah's Witnesses were denied exit visas. Other Witnesses who were able to obtain exit visas were stopped after crossing a border and forced to return. Others were stopped and prevented from boarding a flight to another country because their names were included on a "black list" of citizens prohibited from leaving the country.[23]
The U.S. Department of State's 2005 Annual Report on International Religious Freedom (released November 8, 2005) indicates persistent restrictions on religious freedoms in Turkmenistan, while categorizing it among countries that had made "significant improvements in the promotion of religious freedom." U.S. RepresentativeChris Smith stated, however, "The reforms that were instituted by the Niyazov regime over the past year did not go far enough, and even the report itself states that serious violations of religious freedom continue." U.S. SenatorSam Brownback noted, "Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan have clearly received more credit than the facts would warrant." The U.N. Special Rapporteur on Freedom of Religion or Belief, Asma Jahangir, appealed to the government of Turkmenistan in June 2003 and again in 2005 for an invitation to visit the country; an invitation was issued in 2008 and a one-week visit was completed in September 2008.[24][25]
In 2023, the country was scored zero out of 4 for religious freedom;[26] it was noted that restrictions have tightened since 2016. In the same year it was ranked the 26th worst place in the world to be a Christian.[27]
Freedom of expression
All mass media in Turkmenistan is controlled by the State. In July 2010, President Berdimuhamedow announced plans to allow private newspapers in the country. Once launched, they were expected to focus on successful business stories.[28]
According to Reporters Without Borders' 2006 World Press Freedom Index, Turkmenistan had the third-worst press freedom conditions in the world, behind North Korea and Myanmar. It is considered to be one of the ten most censored countries. Each broadcast under Niyazov began with a pledge that the broadcaster's tongue would shrivel if he slandered the country, flag, or president.[29] While he was president, Niyazov controlled all Turkmen media outlets, and personally appointed journalists. Controversy surrounds the death of Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty journalist Ogulsapar Myradowa, who was apparently tortured to death in September 2006 while in state detention.[30]
It has been reported that journalists have been harassed by the government; some have been kept in prison and prosecuted with false accusations and unfair trials. Journalists frequently receive death threats.[32] Activist Sazak Durdymuradov was detained in 2005 for collaborating with a French TV channel for a report on Turkmenistan. He was sentenced to eight years in jail under the accusation of "illegal acquisition, possession or sale of ammunition or firearms". Amnesty International considers the accusations to be forged.[33]
The freelance journalists collaborating with international media are being closely watched by the state's security departments. Correspondents for Radio Free Europe are under constant harassment and risk their life and liberty.[39] On April 18, 2008, freelance journalist Sona Chuli Kuli was interrogated for several days under physiological pressure and forced to sign a statement agreeing not to collaborate with the international media.[40]
Internet
Individual access to the Internet was first authorized in 2008,[41] and access has since increased.
Turkmenistan ranks among the most repressive and closed societies in the world. The Internet is heavily regulated and available only to a small fraction of the population. Censorship is ubiquitous and extensive. An investigation published in 2023 reveals the country blocks at least 122,000 domain names.[42][43] Surveillance is significant, and the few citizens who benefit from access to the Internet are closely monitored by state agencies. Self-censorship is common.[44]
Websites run by human rights organizations and news agencies are blocked. Moreover, ordinary citizens have no access to the World Wide Web, and instead are limited to the use of the Turkmenet, an online community in Turkmen language, but effectively a censored version of the Internet.[45] Social networks such as Facebook, YouTube and Twitter are not accessible through the Turkmenet.[46] Attempts to get around this censorship can lead to grave consequences.[45] However, only Russian social networks Odnoklassniki and Mail Agent Chatting system are available.[citation needed] In addition to this, there is a newly founded (27 March 2012) local Turkmen social network, E-Dostluk, which is currently accessible.[citation needed]
Internet censorship in Turkmenistan was classified as pervasive in the political area and as selective in the social, conflict/security and internet tools areas by the OpenNet Initiative in December 2010.[44] Turkmenistan was listed as an internet enemy by Reporters Without Borders in 2011.[45]
Any opposition to the government is considered treason and punishable by life imprisonment. Turkmenistan has many political prisoners, the most well-known of whom are Batyr Berdiýew, Ýazgeldi Gündogdyýew, and Boris Şyhmyradow. They are not granted any access by the International Red Cross, OSCE, or any medical institutions. There have been rumours of their deaths, but these cannot be confirmed, and the whereabouts of most are unknown.
Gulgeldy Annaniyazov, an opposition leader to Niyazov's government, was arrested in 1995 and released in 1999 after a presidential amnesty decree. He moved to Norway to live with refugee status. Back in Turkmenistan, he was arrested in June 2008 and sentenced to 11 years in jail following a closed-door trial; the charges against him are unknown.[48] Similarly, Ovezgeldy Ataev, former Speaker of Parliament, and Akmurad Redzhepov, former head of the State Security Council, had closed-door trials and remain in prison. Amnesty International suspects that the reason for the imprisonments lies in the fact that both were potential political rivals of the current President Gurbanguly Berdimuhamedow.[49]
Andrey Zatoka, environmentalist and activist, citizen of Turkmenistan and Russia, was arrested on false charges for 46 days from December 2006 to January 2007.[50] Due to international pressure, Andrey was released and the sentence was canceled.[51] In June 2008, Andrey wrote a statement reporting that his and his friends' liberty could be in danger. He was being monitored and followed by the Turkmen authorities.[52] On October 20, 2009, Andrey was arrested for the second time and sentenced to 5 years in prison for assault. In November 2009, after international pressure from environmental and human rights organisations and Russian authorities,[53] Zatoka was released upon payment of a fine, relinquishing his Turkmen citizenship and immediate emigration from Turkmenistan.[54][55]
Police brutality
Arbitrary arrests and mistreatment of detained persons are common in Turkmenistan, as is torture to obtain confessions. In 2004, border guards shot and killed six people who were allegedly illegally crossing the border from Iran. There are reports of prisoners dying after having food and medical care withheld.[56]Ogulsapar Myradowa, a journalist and human rights activist, died violently in prison in September 2006.
In 2018's Country Reports on Human Rights Practices by the US State Department, Turkmenistan was condemned for "alleged torture", arbitrary arrests and detentions, involuntary confinement, imprisonment of political prisoners, severe corruption, lack of free and fair elections, and restrictions on freedom of religion, assembly, and movement.[57]
Historical situation
The following chart shows Turkmenistan's ratings since 1991 in the Freedom in the World reports, published annually by Freedom House. A rating of 1 is "free"; 7, "not free".[58]1
Owadan-Depe – famous Turkmen prison for dissidents
Notes
1.^ Note that the "Year" signifies the "Year covered". Therefore the information for the year marked 2008 is from the report published in 2009, and so on.
^Nourin, Sadia; Tran, Van; Jiang, Xi; Bock, Kevin; Feamster, Nick; Hoang, Nguyen Phong; Levin, Dave (2023-04-10). "Measuring and Evading Turkmenistan's Internet Censorship: A Case Study in Large-Scale Measurements of a Low-Penetration Country". arXiv:2304.04835. doi:10.1145/3543507.3583189. S2CID258059692. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
Untuk tokoh yang sama dari sudut pandang Agama Islam, lihat Qithfir. Joseph and Potiphar's Wife, by Guido Reni 1631 Joseph Accused by Potiphar's Wife, by Rembrandt van Rijn, 1655. Potifar (bahasa Ibrani: פּוֹטִיפַר atau פּוֹטִיפָר , Modern Potifar Tiberias Pôṭîp̄ar atau Pôṭîp̄ār ; bahasa Arab: بوتيفار ; bahasa Mesir kuno: p-di-p-rʿ dia yang diberi oleh Ra (dewa matahari Mesir); bahasa Inggris: Potiphar [ˈpɒtɨfər]) adalah nama seo…
American motorcycle racer For other people named Kenny Roberts, see Kenny Roberts (disambiguation). Kenny RobertsRoberts in 1975NationalityAmericanBorn (1951-12-31) December 31, 1951 (age 71)Modesto, California Motorcycle racing career statistics Grand Prix motorcycle racingActive years1974, 1978 – 1983 First race1974 250 cc Dutch TTLast race1983 500 cc San Marino Grand PrixFirst win1978 250cc Venezuelan Grand PrixLast win1983 500 cc San Marino Grand PrixTeam(s)YamahaChampi…
Artikel ini perlu diwikifikasi agar memenuhi standar kualitas Wikipedia. Anda dapat memberikan bantuan berupa penambahan pranala dalam, atau dengan merapikan tata letak dari artikel ini. Untuk keterangan lebih lanjut, klik [tampil] di bagian kanan. Mengganti markah HTML dengan markah wiki bila dimungkinkan. Tambahkan pranala wiki. Bila dirasa perlu, buatlah pautan ke artikel wiki lainnya dengan cara menambahkan [[ dan ]] pada kata yang bersangkutan (lihat WP:LINK untuk keterangan lebih lanjut). …
Coordenadas: 45 20 ºN 26 10 ° L Starchiojd Comuna Localização País Romênia Região histórica Muntênia Distrito Prahova Características geográficas Área total 83,04 km² População total (2007) 4 484 hab. Densidade 54 hab./km² Starchiojd é uma comuna romena localizada no distrito de Prahova, na região de Muntênia. A comuna possui uma área de 83.04 km² e sua população era de 4484 habitantes segundo o censo de 2007.[1] Referências
Mount MuluTitik tertinggiKetinggian2,376 m (7,80 ft)Masuk dalam daftarUltraSpesial RibuGeografiLetakSarawak, Borneo Gunung Mulu adalah sebuah gunung batu pasir dan batuserpih. Memiliki ketinggian 2376 m, gunung tersebut merupakan gunung tertinggi kedua di negara bagian Sarawak, setelah Gunung Murud. Gunung tersebut terletak di perbatasan Taman Nasional Gunung Mulu, yang mengambil nama dari gunung tersebut. Lima spesies yang diketahui berasal dari Gunung Mulu adalah Nepenthes hurre…
Cet article concerne la ville française. Pour les autres significations, voir Vienne. Vienne De haut en bas et de gauche à droite : Vienne de la rive opposée du Rhône, le chevet de l'abbaye de Saint-André-le-Bas dominé par la chapelle Notre-Dame-de-la-Salette sur le mont Pipet ; le temple gallo-romain d'Auguste et Livie ; la cathédrale Saint-Maurice ; les ruines du forum romain dans le jardin de Cybèle ; la pyramide du cirque gallo-romain ; le château d…
Die Liste der Kulturdenkmale in Briesnitz umfasst sämtliche Kulturdenkmale der Dresdner Gemarkung Briesnitz. Komplett in der Gemarkung liegt das Denkmalschutzgebiet Siedlung Briesnitz (in Kraft gesetzt am 21. Januar 2000).[1] Inhaltsverzeichnis 1 Legende 2 Liste der Kulturdenkmale in Briesnitz 3 Ehemalige Kulturdenkmale 4 Weblinks 5 Einzelnachweise Legende Bild: Bild des Kulturdenkmals, ggf. zusätzlich mit einem Link zu weiteren Fotos des Kulturdenkmals im Medienarchiv Wikimedia Common…
Katedral VillavicencioKatedral Bunda Maria dari Gunung KarmelSpanyol: Catedral de Nuestra Señora del CarmenKatedral VillavicencioLokasiVillavicencioNegara KolombiaDenominasiGereja Katolik RomaArsitekturStatusKatedralStatus fungsionalAktifAdministrasiKeuskupan AgungKeuskupan Agung Villavicencio Katedral Bunda Maria dari Gunung Karmel[1] (Spanyol: Catedral de Nuestra Señora del Carmen) disebut juga Katedral Villavicencio adalah sebuah gereja katedral Katolik yang terletak di…
Illorai IlloràiKomuneComune di IlloraiLokasi Illorai di Provinsi SassariNegara ItaliaWilayah SardiniaProvinsiSassari (SS)Pemerintahan • Wali kotaTitino Sebastiano CauLuas • Total57,19 km2 (22,08 sq mi)Ketinggian503 m (1,650 ft)Populasi (2016) • Total861[1]Zona waktuUTC+1 (CET) • Musim panas (DST)UTC+2 (CEST)Kode pos07010Kode area telepon079Situs webhttp://www.comune.illorai.ss.it Illorai (bahasa Sardinia:…
Sitzungsraum im Nobelinstitut Nobelinstitut in Oslo Verleihungsort Osloer Rathaus Das Norwegische Nobelkomitee (norwegisch Den Norske Nobelkomite) ist das für die Verleihung des Friedensnobelpreises zuständige Gremium. Das Komitee besteht gemäß dem Testament Alfred Nobels aus fünf Mitgliedern, die das Norwegische Parlament Storting entsprechend seiner politischen Zusammensetzung bestimmt. Das Komitee wählt aus seinen Reihen den Vorsitzenden und dessen Stellvertreter. Der Direktor des Nobel…
2019 film directed by Matteo Rovere The First King: Birth of an EmpireItalian theatrical release posterDirected byMatteo RovereWritten by Filippo Gravino [it] Francesca Manieri [it] Matteo Rovere Produced by Andrea Paris [it] Matteo Rovere Starring Alessandro Borghi Alessio Lapice CinematographyDaniele CiprìEdited byGianni VezzosiMusic byAndrea Farri [it]ProductioncompaniesGroenlandia [it], Gapbusters, Rai Cinema [it]…
Archaeological site in Jowzjan Tillya TepeCrown from Tomb VI (female owner)Shown within Continental AsiaShow map of Continental AsiaTillya Tepe (Bactria)Show map of BactriaTillya Tepe (Afghanistan)Show map of AfghanistanAlternative nameTillya TepeLocationAfghanistanCoordinates36°41′40″N 65°47′22″E / 36.69444°N 65.78944°E / 36.69444; 65.78944TypeBurial ground Tillya tepe, Tillia tepe or Tillā tapa (Persian: طلاتپه, romanized: Ṭalā-tappe, lit…
The Jeepney MagazineSecond 2009 issueEditor-in-chiefWilliam ShawCategoriesStreet newspaperFrequency6/yearCirculation1500 copies/issuePublisherUrban Opportunities for Change FoundationCountryPhilippinesBased inMetro ManilaLanguageEnglishWebsitetwitter.com/thejeepney/facebook.com/jeepneymagazine/ The Jeepney Magazine is a street newspaper sold by poor and homeless people in the Philippines. It was launched in March 2008 with two purposes: to write for and about the poor, and to provide them with j…
Canadian actor and model This article is about the Canadian actress. For fictional character from NBC's Heroes, see Victoria Pratt (Heroes). Victoria PrattPratt attending the Night of 100 Stars for the 82nd Academy Awards viewing party in March 2010BornVictoria Ainslie Pratt (1970-12-18) December 18, 1970 (age 52)Chesley, Ontario, CanadaNationalityCanadianOther namesVicky PrattOccupation(s)Actress, fitness model, authorYears active1996–presentSpouses T. J. Scott R…
American distance runner For his son, the 1500 metres gold medallist in 2016, see Matthew Centrowitz, Jr. Matthew Centrowitz Sr.Personal informationNationalityAmericanBorn (1955-01-28) January 28, 1955 (age 68)New York, New YorkAlma materUniversity of OregonSportCountryUnited States of AmericaSportTrack and FieldEvent5,000 metersCoached byBill Dellinger Medal record Men’s Athletics Representing United States Pan American Games 1979 San Juan, PR 5000 m USA Outdoor Championships …
1006 1216 Sunter Kelapa Gading Halte TransjakartaHalte Sunter Kelapa Gading. Halte pada foto ini merupakan sisi timur yang melayani perjalanan ke selatan.LetakKotaJakarta UtaraDesa/kelurahanSunter Jaya, Tanjung PriokKodepos14350AlamatJalan Laksamana Yos SudarsoKoordinat6°08′34″S 106°53′27″E / 6.142723°S 106.89072°E / -6.142723; 106.89072Koordinat: 6°08′34″S 106°53′27″E / 6.142723°S 106.89072°E / -6.142723; 106.89072Desain Ha…
Opperhoofd of MauritiusLogo of the Dutch East India CompanyPrecursorNoneFormation20 September 1598; 425 years ago (1598-09-20)First holderWybrant Warwijck[1]Final holderAbraham Momber van de VeldeAbolished6 September 1718; 305 years ago (1718-09-06)SuccessionGovernor of Isle de France The Opperhoofd of Mauritius was an official who ruled Dutch Mauritius (now Republic of Mauritius) during the Dutch colonial period between 1598 and 1718. The island was under the…
Jungle War StoriesCover of the first issue (Jul-Sep 1962).Publication informationPublisherDell ComicsGenreWar comicPublication date1962 Jungle War Stories was a Dell Comics American comic book first published in 1962. It was the first American war comic to cover the Vietnam War.[1] Though the cover of the first issue read The Jungles of Africa and Asia Have Become Flaming Battlegrounds, only Vietnam was covered. Characters The stories involved the adventures of three American Korean War …
This article consists almost entirely of a plot summary. Please help improve the article by adding more real-world context. (November 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) 2005 American filmAlchemyDirected byEvan OppenheimerWritten byEvan OppenheimerProduced byKenneth SchapiroStarringTom CavanaghSarah ChalkeCinematographyLuke GeissbuhlerEdited byAllison Eve ZellMusic byPeter LuryeDistributed byMonarch Home VideoRelease date April 25, 2005 (2005-04-25) (Tri…
Konferensi Tingkat Tinggi G7 ke-48Tuan rumah JermanTanggal26–28 Juni 2022TempatSchloss Elmau, Krün, Bavarian AlpsPeserta Kanada Prancis Jerman Italia Jepang Britania Raya Amerika Serikat Uni Eropa Tamu Undangan Argentina India Indonesia Senegal Afrika Selatan Ukraina SebelumnyaKofrensi Tingkat Tinggi G7 ke-47Situs webwww.g7germany.de/g7-enKTT G7 ke-48 diselenggarakan pada tanggal 26-28 Juni 2022 di Schlos…