Hunin

Hunin هونين
Village
Etymology: from personal name,[1]
1870s map 1940s map modern map 1940s with modern overlay map A series of historical maps of the area around Hunin (click the buttons)
Hunin Location within Mandatory Palestine
Coordinates: 33°13′8″N 35°32′43″E / 33.21889°N 35.54528°E / 33.21889; 35.54528
Palestine grid	201/291
Geopolitical entity	Mandatory Palestine
Subdistrict	Safad
Date of depopulation	3 May 1948 and September 1948[4]
Area
• Total	14,224 dunams (14.224 km2 or 5.492 sq mi)
Population  (1945)
• Total	1,620[2][3]
Cause(s) of depopulation	Evacuation orders from Arab/Lebanese authorities
Secondary cause	fear of being caught up in the fighting; expulsion by Yishuv forces
Current Localities	Misgav Am[5] Margaliot[5]

Hunin (Arabic: هونين) was a Palestinian Arab village in the Galilee Panhandle part of Mandatory Palestine, close to the Lebanese border. It was the second largest village in the district of Safed, but was depopulated in 1948.^[6] The inhabitants of this village were, similar to the inhabitants of Southern Lebanon, Shia Muslims.

The first settlement at the site dates back to Iron Age I (1200-1000 BCE), followed by renewed habitation from the Persian period (586-332 BCE) until the latter part of the Byzantine period (5th-6th centuries CE).^[7]

The castle named in Frankish chronicles as Chastel Neuf (in medieval French) or Castellum Novum (in Latin), and known as Qal'at Hunin in Arabic, and as (Horvat) Mezudat Hunin in Modern Hebrew, was built in two phases by the Crusaders during the 12th and 13th centuries (1105–7, 1178 and 1240) and refortified by Mamluk sultan Baibars in 1266.^[8] The moat is the only well-visible Crusader feature left,^[7] with very little of the medieval structures being preserved.^[8]

The castle was rebuilt in the 18th century^[8] by Zahir al-Umar, the local Arab ruler of the Galilee between the 1730s until 1775. The castle's 18th-century vaulted gatehouse is the most conspicuous structure still standing.^[7] This is the time when the Shi'a village of Hunin began developing near the castle.^[7] In 1752, a mosque was constructed in Hunin. The dedicatory inscription has been tentatively read as saying that the prayer house was consecrated to Ja'far al-Sadiq, the sixth Shia Imam.^[9][10]

The village was badly damaged in the earthquake of 1837, according to Edward Robinson who visited in 1856.^[11] In 1875, Victor Guérin visited Hunin.^[12] In 1881, the PEF's Survey of Western Palestine described Hunin as "[a] village, built of stone, joining on to ruined Crusading castle [..], and containing about 100 Moslems. The situation is on a low ridge just before the hills drop down to the east to the Huleh Valley; the hills round are uncultivated, covered with low scrub, but in the valleys there is some arable land. Water is obtained from numerous cisterns; a birket [pool, reservoir^[13]] and spring to the south-east."^[14][15]

The Syria-Lebanon-Palestine boundary was a product of the post-World War I Anglo-French partition of Ottoman Syria.^[16][17] British forces had advanced to a position at Tel Hazor against Turkish troops in 1918 and wished to incorporate all the sources of the River Jordan within British-controlled Palestine. Following the Paris Peace Conference of 1919, and the unratified and later annulled Treaty of Sèvres, stemming from the San Remo conference, the 1920 boundary extended the British-controlled area to north of the Sykes-Picot line, a straight line between the midpoint of the Sea of Galilee and Nahariya. The international boundary between Palestine and Lebanon was finally agreed upon by Great Britain and France in 1923, in conjunction with the Treaty of Lausanne, after Britain had been given a League of Nations mandate for Palestine in 1922.^[18]

In April 1924, Hunin and six other Shiite villages, and an estimated 20 other settlements, were transferred from the French Mandate of Lebanon to the British Mandate of Palestine by France.^[19][20] In the 1931 census of Palestine, the population of Hunin was 1,075, all Muslims, in a total of 233 houses.^[21] In the 1945 statistics the population of Hunin (with Hula and Udeisa^{[dubious – discuss]}) was 1620 Muslims,^[2] with a total of 14,224 dunams of land.^[3] Of this, Arabs used 859 for plantations and irrigated land, 5,987 dunums were allocated to grain farming,^[2][22] while 81 dunams were classified as urban land.^[2][23]

In 1945, Kibbutz Misgav Am was established on what was the northern part of village land.^[5] The people of Hunin maintained good relations with their Jewish neighbors but had strained relations with the Sunni Muslims of Safed.^[24]

• 
  Hunin 1937
• 
  Hunin 1937
• 
  Hunin, 1946

In May 1948, during the 1948 Arab–Israeli War, the villagers of Hunin were given six days to evacuate by Arab, possibly Lebanese authorities.^[24] Two weeks later, a Palmach raid caused many to flee to Lebanon, leaving 400 residents in the village.^[24]

During a meeting in August 1948, the mukhtars of Hunin and other Shi'ite villages met with the Jews of kibbutz Kfar Giladi, declaring their willingness to be good citizens of Israel.^[6][24] Their proposal was conveyed to the Israeli government, where it received enthusiastic support from the Minorities Minister Bechor-Shalom Sheetrit.^[6][20] A report was made by the Ministry of Minority Affairs recommending that such an agreement be reached with the 4,700 or so Shi'ites in the region to promote friendly relations with southern Lebanon, to take advantage of the Shi'ites' poor relationship with the majority Sunnis, and to enhance the prospect of a future extension of the border.^[19] This proposal was not accepted, despite the support of the Minister of Minority Affairs, Sheetrit.^[19]

In August, more inhabitants of Hunin were forced to flee by the IDF.^[25] Four village women were raped and murdered by Israeli soldiers during the summer.^[24] On 3 September 1948, the IDF raided the village blowing up 20 houses, killing a son of the mukhtar and 19 others and expelling the remaining villagers.^[20][24] Most of the villagers took refuge in Shiite villages in Lebanon.^[20]

In 1951, Moshav Margaliot was established just south of the village site.^[5]

• Hula massacre (31 October - 1 November 1948) perpetrated by the IDF in Hula, a Lebanese Shi'a village 3 km from Hunin
• Shia villages in Palestine

• Welcome to Hunin at PalestineRemembered.com
• Hunin, Zochrot
• Hunin, Villages of Palestine
• Survey of Western Palestine, map 2: IAA, Wikimedia commons
• Hunin, from the Khalil Sakakini Cultural Center