Indian rituals after death

Hindu rituals after death, including Vedic rituals after death, are ceremonial rituals in Hinduism, one of the samskaras (rite of passage) based on Vedas and other Hindu texts, performed after the death of a human being for their moksha and consequent ascendance to Svarga (heaven). Some of these vary across the spectrum of Hindu society.

Shmashana – the cremation or burial ground

The cremation ground is called Shmashana (in Sanskrit), and traditionally it is located near a river, if not on the river bank itself. Those who can afford it may go to special sacred places like Kashi (Varanasi), Haridwar, Prayagraj (Allahabad), Srirangam, Brahmaputra on the occasion of Ashokashtami and Rameswaram to complete this rite of immersion of ashes into the water.^[1]

Some of the cremations are performed at ghats.

Antyesti – the cremation

The Antyesti ceremonial offerings vary across the spectrum of Hindu society. Some of the popular rituals followed in Vedic religions after the death of a human being, for his or her peace and ascent to heaven are as follows.

The last rites are usually completed within a day of death. While practices vary among sects, generally, his or her body is washed, sandalwood paste and turmeric are applied on the body, wrapped in a dhoti for a man and a saree for woman. The big toes are tied together with a string and a tilaka (red, yellow, or white mark) is placed on the forehead.^[3] A bed is made out of bamboo sticks on which the deceased is taken to the shmashana. The dead adult's body is carried to the cremation ground near a river or water, by family and friends, and placed on a pyre with feet facing north.^[4]

The eldest son, or a male mourner, or a priest – called the lead cremator or lead mourner – then bathes himself, and his hair is cut leaving only one strand of hair called the shikha before leading the cremation ceremony.^[3]^[5] He circumambulates the dry wood pyre with the body, says a eulogy or recites a hymn, and places sesame seeds or rice called pind on the deceased's chest, hand and legs. He sprinkles the body and the pyre with ghee (clarified butter), then draws three lines signifying Yama (deity of the dead), Kala (time, deity of cremation) and the dead.^[3] Prior to lighting the pyre, an earthen pot is filled with water, and the lead mourner circles the body with it, before lobbing the pot over his shoulder so it breaks near the head. Once the pyre is ablaze, the lead mourner and the closest relatives may circumambulate the burning pyre one or more times. The ceremony is concluded by the lead cremator, during the ritual, is kapala kriya, or the ritual of piercing the burning skull with a stave (bamboo fire poker) to make a hole or break it, in order to release the spirit.^[6] All those who attend the cremation, and are exposed to the dead body or cremation smoke take a shower as soon as possible after the cremation, as the cremation ritual is considered unclean and polluting.^[7] The cold collected ash from the cremation is later consecrated to the nearest river or sea.^[5]

In some regions, the male blood members of the deceased shave their head on the 9th day called as nauvar, and then invite all friends and relatives, on the thirteenth (13th) day, to eat a meal together in remembrance of the deceased called as Tehrvi Sanskar. This day, in some communities, also marks a day when the poor and needy are offered food in memory of the dead.^[8]

Burial in Hinduism

Apart from the cremation method, several sects in Hinduism follow the practice of Samadhi of the dead. In some sects, the important sadhus (mendicants) are Samadhist. The preparatory rituals are more or less similar to cremation viz, washing the body, applying vibuthi or chandam on the forehead of the deceased etc., but instead of cremating, the deceased is buried. The body is either placed in a sleeping position or in some Shaivite and tribal traditions is in the padmasana sitting position with legs folded and arms resting on the thigh simulating a meditative position. The Samadhi pit is prepared in the community samadhi ground called the shamshana, usually situated outside the city or village. Some affluent will bury their dead in their own field. The burial pit for the sleeping position is generally three feet in width and six feet in length and for the sitting position, it is three feet by three feet. As a rule of thumb among various sects, the saints are buried in sitting positions in a separate place where later on a samadhi is built which becomes a place of worship. For example, followers of Ayyavazhi sect Samadhist the body, facing the geographic north in a padmasana position, without coffins and it is covered by sand or namam (sacred soil) as an act of austerity for the unfolding of Dharma Yukam.

Post-antyesti rituals

Niravapanjali – immersion of ashes

Niravapanjali is a sacred ritual in Hinduism where after the cremation rites, the ashes are ceremonially immersed in holy water by the closest relatives, so that the soul may rise to heaven. In Hinduism, king Bhagiratha is described to have performed a tapasya to bring down the river Ganges upon earth, so that he could immerse the ashes of sixty thousand of his slain ancestors in her sacred waters.

Tarpana – sacred offering to deities for entrance to heaven

Tarpana is a sacred ritual whereupon the closest relatives make a sacred offering to deities so that the departed soul may enter Svarga. In Hindu mythology, Parashurama offered a tarpana for his father Jamadagni with the blood of his father's killer.

Tarpana is usually performed at a holy site such as ghats on sacred rivers or sites.

Rasam Pagri – appointment of successor on 4th day after death

Rasam Pagri, prevalent in Punjab and Rajasthanis, is conducted upon the death of the eldest male member in a family to appoint his heir, in which the eldest surviving male member of the family ties a turban (pagri) on his head in the presence of the extended family or clan.^[9] Ceremony is usually performed by the father of the wife of the eldest, surviving male member.^[10] The ceremony usually takes place on the fourth day from the day of funeral rites (Antima Samskara, also known as Uthala), or on the thirteenth day, Tehravin. The turban signifies honor of the family, and the ceremony signifies the transition of responsibility for the protection and welfare of the family from the deceased to the surviving oldest male member.^[9]

Pind Sammelan or Terahvin – 13th day of death

Pind Sammelan, also called Spindi or terahvin in North India,^[11]^[12]^[13] is a ritual performed in Hinduism on the 13th day of death of somebody. This ritual is performed to place the departed soul with their ancestors and deities. It is believed that before the ritual, the departed soul is a preta (evil spirit), and after performing this ritual, the soul will become a pitr and will be included in the ancestors.

Genealogy registers

Many people visit Hindu pilgrimage sites to perform, Śrāddha ceremonies, like Pehowa,^[14]^[15]^[16] Kurukshetra, Haridwar, Gokarneshwar, Nashik, Gaya etc. where they also update their genealogy registers maintained by pandits.

Ancestor worship

Pitrs – the ancestors

The pitrs (the forefathers) are the spirits of the departed ancestors in Hinduism, who are usually remembered annually and venerated.

Jathera, Dhok or Samadhi- the ancestor's shrines

Jathera or Dhok, from jyestha (elder) and dahak (dahak the sacred fire), are samadhi (shrines) dedicated to the worship of ancestors.

Śrāddha – annual homage to dead ancestors

The Śrāddha ritual is performed to pay homage to one's pitrs, especially to one's dead parents,^[17] to express heartfelt gratitude and thanks towards their parents and ancestors, for having helped them to be what they are and praying for their peace. It is performed as a day of remembrance for both the father and mother jointly if the death gap is within one month or separately, on their respective tithi – death anniversaries as per the Hindu calendar. Additionally, it is performed for the entire community of the pitr – both from paternal and maternal side – collectively during the Pitru Paksha or Shraddha paksha (Fortnight of ancestors), right before Sharad Navaratri in autumn.^[18]^[19]^[20]

Pitru Paksha – sacred fortnight for annual ancestral worship

Pitru Paksha is a 16–lunar day period in Hindu calendar when Hindus pay homage to their pitrs, especially through food offerings.^[21]^[22]^[23]

References

^ Christopher Justice (1997), Dying the Good Death: The Pilgrimage to Die in India's Holy City, SUNY Press, ISBN 978-0791432617, pp. 39–42
^ "Cremation of Gandhi's body", James Michaels, January 31, 1948
^ ^a ^b ^c Carl Olson (2007), The Many Colors of Hinduism: A Thematic-historical Introduction, Rutgers University Press, ISBN 978-0813540689, pp. 99–100
^ J Fowler (1996), Hinduism: Beliefs and Practices, Sussex Academic Press, ISBN 978-1898723608, pp. 59–60
^ ^a ^b Carrie Mercier (1998), Hinduism for Today, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0199172542, p. 58.
^ Rajbali Pandey (2013), Hindu Saṁskāras: Socio-religious Study of the Hindu Sacraments, 2nd Edition, Motilal Banarsidass, ISBN 978-8120803961, p. 272
^ George Castledine and Ann Close (2009), Oxford Handbook of Adult Nursing, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0199231355, pp. 757–758
^ Colin Parkes et al (2015), Death and Bereavement Across Cultures, Routledge, ISBN 978-0415522366, pp. 66–67.
^ ^a ^b Jacob Copeman (2009), Veins of devotion: blood donation and religious experience in north India, Rutgers University Press, p. 60, ISBN 978-0813544496, ... rasam pagri is the passing of the deceased male's turban to ... 'When people have the funeral gathering, a turban (pagri) is put on the elder son to show he is now responsible for the family ...
^ Krishna Rao, K. S. (2008). Global Encyclopaedia of the Brahmana Ethnography. ISBN 978-8182202085.
^ K. S. Singh; Amir Hasan; B. R. Rizvi; J. C. Das (2005), Uttar Pradesh, Manohar, ISBN 978-8173041143, ... Ashes of the dead are immersed in a river, preferrably [sic] Ganga. The thirteenth day or final day of mourning is known as terahvin. It can be held any day after the ashes are immersed though generally is observed no later than the thirteenth day. It is a way of bidding goodbye to the soul. Daan, that is, gift of a new bed, shoes, clothes, quilt, ...
^ Steven W. Ramey (2008), Hindu, Sufi, or Sikh: contested practices and identifications of Sindhi Hindus in India and beyond, Macmillan, ISBN 978-0230608320, ... Other Hindus, they pray from the Gita or other slokas. And on the 13th day from death, Sikhs who have turbans, they necessarily have Guru Granth Sahib path. For 13 days they go on reading, and on the last day it is completed and special functions are held ...
^ Madan Lal Sharma; A.K. Bhatia (1994), Haryana, Anthropological Survey of India, ISBN 978-8173040917, ... On terahvin, five pandits are called to perform purificatory puja and havan. Brahmans are treated to fried food, sweets and also given cash and presentations like a string-cot, bed, a stick, juti (shoes) and four or five utensils by way ...
^ Tracing your Asian roots Archived 26 April 2017 at the Wayback Machine www.overseasindian.in.
^ Hindu Pilgrimage Marriage Records www.movinghere.org.uk.
^ 10 "Places Across The World That Help You Trace Your Ancestors", India Times, 29 Jan 2016.
^ "Shradh Puja: Five Facts you should Know about Death Anniversary Ritual In Hinduism". NewsGram. 4 September 2017. Archived from the original on 24 January 2022. Retrieved 23 August 2021.
^ Prasad, R. C. (1995). Sraddha: The Hindu Book of the Dead. Motilal Banarsidass. ISBN 8120811925.
^ Mittal, Sushil; Thursby, Gene, eds. (2004). Hindu World. Routledge Worlds. ISBN 1134608756.
^ Lipner, Julius (2012). Hindus: Their Religious Beliefs and Practices (2 ed.). Routledge. p. 267. ISBN 978-1135240608.
^ Sharma, Usha (2008). "Mahalaya". Festivals In Indian Society. Vol. 2. Mittal Publications. pp. 72–73. ISBN 978-8183241137.
^ Underhill, M M (2001). The Hindu religious year. Asian Educational Services. pp. 112–116. ISBN 978-8120605237.
^ Vidyarathi, L P (1978). The Sacred Complex in Hindu Gaya. Concept Publishing Company. pp. 13, 15, 33, 81, 110.

[1] Christopher Justice (1997), Dying the Good Death: The Pilgrimage to Die in India's Holy City, SUNY Press, ISBN 978-0791432617, pp. 39–42

[2] "Cremation of Gandhi's body", James Michaels, January 31, 1948

[olsonant-3] Carl Olson (2007), The Many Colors of Hinduism: A Thematic-historical Introduction, Rutgers University Press, ISBN 978-0813540689, pp. 99–100

[fowler-4] J Fowler (1996), Hinduism: Beliefs and Practices, Sussex Academic Press, ISBN 978-1898723608, pp. 59–60

[carrie-5] Carrie Mercier (1998), Hinduism for Today, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0199172542, p. 58.

[6] Rajbali Pandey (2013), Hindu Saṁskāras: Socio-religious Study of the Hindu Sacraments, 2nd Edition, Motilal Banarsidass, ISBN 978-8120803961, p. 272

[7] George Castledine and Ann Close (2009), Oxford Handbook of Adult Nursing, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0199231355, pp. 757–758

[8] Colin Parkes et al (2015), Death and Bereavement Across Cultures, Routledge, ISBN 978-0415522366, pp. 66–67.

[ref18dymtb-9] Jacob Copeman (2009), Veins of devotion: blood donation and religious experience in north India, Rutgers University Press, p. 60, ISBN 978-0813544496, ... rasam pagri is the passing of the deceased male's turban to ... 'When people have the funeral gathering, a turban (pagri) is put on the elder son to show he is now responsible for the family ...

[10] Krishna Rao, K. S. (2008). Global Encyclopaedia of the Brahmana Ethnography. ISBN 978-8182202085.

[ref18huqib-11] K. S. Singh; Amir Hasan; B. R. Rizvi; J. C. Das (2005), Uttar Pradesh, Manohar, ISBN 978-8173041143, ... Ashes of the dead are immersed in a river, preferrably [sic] Ganga. The thirteenth day or final day of mourning is known as terahvin. It can be held any day after the ashes are immersed though generally is observed no later than the thirteenth day. It is a way of bidding goodbye to the soul. Daan, that is, gift of a new bed, shoes, clothes, quilt, ...

[ref69jiqob-12] Steven W. Ramey (2008), Hindu, Sufi, or Sikh: contested practices and identifications of Sindhi Hindus in India and beyond, Macmillan, ISBN 978-0230608320, ... Other Hindus, they pray from the Gita or other slokas. And on the 13th day from death, Sikhs who have turbans, they necessarily have Guru Granth Sahib path. For 13 days they go on reading, and on the last day it is completed and special functions are held ...

[ref02rageb-13] Madan Lal Sharma; A.K. Bhatia (1994), Haryana, Anthropological Survey of India, ISBN 978-8173040917, ... On terahvin, five pandits are called to perform purificatory puja and havan. Brahmans are treated to fried food, sweets and also given cash and presentations like a string-cot, bed, a stick, juti (shoes) and four or five utensils by way ...

[gen2-14] Tracing your Asian roots Archived 26 April 2017 at the Wayback Machine www.overseasindian.in.

[gen3-15] Hindu Pilgrimage Marriage Records www.movinghere.org.uk.

[gen4-16] 10 "Places Across The World That Help You Trace Your Ancestors", India Times, 29 Jan 2016.

[17] "Shradh Puja: Five Facts you should Know about Death Anniversary Ritual In Hinduism". NewsGram. 4 September 2017. Archived from the original on 24 January 2022. Retrieved 23 August 2021.

[18] Prasad, R. C. (1995). Sraddha: The Hindu Book of the Dead. Motilal Banarsidass. ISBN 8120811925.

[19] Mittal, Sushil; Thursby, Gene, eds. (2004). Hindu World. Routledge Worlds. ISBN 1134608756.

[20] Lipner, Julius (2012). Hindus: Their Religious Beliefs and Practices (2 ed.). Routledge. p. 267. ISBN 978-1135240608.

[sharma-21] Sharma, Usha (2008). "Mahalaya". Festivals In Indian Society. Vol. 2. Mittal Publications. pp. 72–73. ISBN 978-8183241137.

[underhill-22] Underhill, M M (2001). The Hindu religious year. Asian Educational Services. pp. 112–116. ISBN 978-8120605237.

[vidya-23] Vidyarathi, L P (1978). The Sacred Complex in Hindu Gaya. Concept Publishing Company. pp. 13, 15, 33, 81, 110.

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Indian rituals after death

Shmashana – the cremation or burial ground

Antyesti – the cremation

Burial in Hinduism

Post-antyesti rituals

Niravapanjali – immersion of ashes

Tarpana – sacred offering to deities for entrance to heaven

Rasam Pagri – appointment of successor on 4th day after death

Pind Sammelan or Terahvin – 13th day of death

Genealogy registers

Ancestor worship

Pitrs – the ancestors

Jathera, Dhok or Samadhi- the ancestor's shrines

Śrāddha – annual homage to dead ancestors

Pitru Paksha – sacred fortnight for annual ancestral worship

See also

References

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