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Iris missouriensis

Iris missouriensis
Strongly blue veined iris flower atop a stem amid narrow sword-like leaves
Iris missouriensis (Wenas Wildlife Area, Washington)

Secure  (NatureServe)[2]
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Monocots
Order: Asparagales
Family: Iridaceae
Genus: Iris
Subgenus: Iris subg. Limniris
Section: Iris sect. Limniris
Series: Iris ser. Longipetalae
Species:
I. missouriensis
Binomial name
Iris missouriensis
Nutt., 1834
Synonyms[3]
List
    • Dielsiris arizonica (Dykes) M.B.Crespo, Mart.-Azorín & Mavrodiev (2015)
    • Dielsiris missouriensis (Nutt.) M.B.Crespo, Mart.-Azorín & Mavrodiev (2015)
    • Dielsiris pariensis (S.L.Welsh) M.B.Crespo, Mart.-Azorín & Mavrodiev (2015)
    • Dielsiris pelogonus (Goodd.) M.B.Crespo, Mart.-Azorín & Mavrodiev (2015)
    • Iris arizonica Dykes (1917)
    • Iris haematophylla var. valametica Herb. ex Hook. (1839)
    • Iris longipetala var. montana Baker (1892)
    • Iris missouriensis f. alba H.St.John (1960)
    • Iris missouriensis var. albiflora Cockerell (1889)
    • Iris missouriensis f. angustispatha R.C.Foster (1937)
    • Iris missouriensis var. arizonica (Dykes) R.C.Foster (1937)
    • Iris missouriensis var. pelogonus (Goodd.) R.C.Foster (1937)
    • Iris missuriensis M.Martens (1840)
    • Iris montana Nutt. ex Dykes (1913)
    • Iris pariensis S.L.Welsh (1986)
    • Iris pelogonus Goodd. (1902)
    • Iris tolmieana Herb. (1840)
    • Limniris missouriensis (Nutt.) Rodion. (2007)

Iris missouriensis (syn. I. montana) is a hardy flowering rhizomatous species of the genus Iris, in the family Iridaceae. Its common names include western blue flag, Rocky Mountain iris,[4] and Missouri flag.

It is native to western North America. Its distribution is varied; it grows at high elevations in mountains and alpine meadows and all the way down to sea level in coastal hills.[5][6]

Description

The three, usually light blue, sepals have purple lines and surround the three smaller darker-blue petals.

Iris missouriensis is an erect herbaceous rhizomatous perennial, 20 to 40 centimetres (7+7⁄8 to 15+3⁄4 in) high, with leafless unbranched scapes (flowering stems) and linear basal leaves, 5 to 10 mm wide, similar in height to the scapes. The inflorescence usually consists of one or two flowers, exceptionally three or four. Each flower has three light to dark blue, spreading or reflexed sepals lined with purple and three smaller upright blue petals.[7][8][9][10] They produce a large fruit capsule.[11]

The plant populations often spread outwards from the older plants, leaving a dead opening in the center of a growing ring.[11]

Uses

Some Native American tribes made cordage from the plant's stems and leaves.[12] Some Plateau Indian tribes used the roots to treat toothache.[13] The Navajo used a decoction of the plant as an emetic.[14] Plains Indians are said to have extracted the toxin irisin from the plant to use as arrow poison.[11] The Zuni apply a poultice of chewed root to increase the strength of newborns and infants.[15]

This iris is listed as a weed in some areas, particularly in agricultural California. It is bitter and distasteful to livestock and heavy growths of the plant are a nuisance in pasture land. Heavy grazing in an area promotes the growth of this hardy iris.[9]

The plant is widely cultivated in temperate regions.[16]

Toxicity

The plant is toxic, particularly the rootstalks, which contain the potentially lethal irisin.[11]

References

  1. ^ Smith, K. (2016). "Iris missouriensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T64315039A67729746. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T64315039A67729746.en. Retrieved 20 October 2024.
  2. ^ NatureServe (2024). "Iris missouriensis". Arlington, Virginia. Retrieved 20 October 2024.
  3. ^ "Iris missouriensis Nutt". Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 20 October 2024.
  4. ^ Donald Wyman Wyman's Gardening Encyclopedia, p. 576, at Google Books
  5. ^ Sullivan, Steven. K. (2015). "Iris missouriensis". Wildflower Search. Retrieved 2015-06-16.
  6. ^ "Iris missouriensis". PLANTS Database. United States Department of Agriculture; Natural Resources Conservation Service. 2015. Retrieved 2015-06-16.
  7. ^ Klinkenberg, Brian, ed. (2014). "Iris missouriensis". E-Flora BC: Electronic Atlas of the Plants of British Columbia [eflora.bc.ca]. Lab for Advanced Spatial Analysis, Department of Geography, University of British Columbia, Vancouver. Retrieved 2015-06-16.
  8. ^ Giblin, David, ed. (2015). "Iris missouriensis". WTU Herbarium Image Collection. Burke Museum, University of Washington. Retrieved 2015-06-16.
  9. ^ a b "Iris missouriensis". Jepson eFlora: Taxon page. Jepson Herbarium; University of California, Berkeley. 2015. Retrieved 2015-06-16.
  10. ^ "Blue Flag Irises - Iris missouriensis". Archived from the original on 2012-07-02. Retrieved 2012-07-22.
  11. ^ a b c d Taylor, Ronald J. (1994) [1992]. Sagebrush Country: A Wildflower Sanctuary (rev. ed.). Missoula, MT: Mountain Press Pub. Co. p. 72. ISBN 0-87842-280-3. OCLC 25708726.
  12. ^ Fagan, Damian (2019). Wildflowers of Oregon: A Field Guide to Over 400 Wildflowers, Trees, and Shrubs of the Coast, Cascades, and High Desert. Guilford, CT: FalconGuides. p. 171. ISBN 978-1-4930-3633-2. OCLC 1073035766.
  13. ^ Hunn, Eugene S. (1990). Nch'i-Wana, "The Big River": Mid-Columbia Indians and Their Land. University of Washington Press. p. 354. ISBN 0-295-97119-3.
  14. ^ Goldblatt, Peter (1980). Uneven Diploid Chromosome Numbers and Complex Heterozygosity in Homeria (Iridaceae). Systematic Botany, Vol. 5, No. 4, pp. 337–340
  15. ^ Camazine, Scott; Bye, Robert A. (1980). "A Study of the Medical Ethnobotany of the Zuni Indians of New Mexico", Journal of Ethnopharmacology 2: 365–388 (p. 373)
  16. ^ "RHS Plant Selector - Iris missouriensis". Archived from the original on December 24, 2012. Retrieved 24 June 2013.
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