Isotopes of meitnerium

Meitnerium (₁₀₉Mt) is a synthetic element, and thus a standard atomic weight cannot be given. Like all synthetic elements, it has no stable isotopes. The first isotope to be synthesized was ²⁶⁶Mt in 1982, and this is also the only isotope directly synthesized; all other isotopes are only known as decay products of heavier elements. There are eight known isotopes, from ²⁶⁶Mt to ²⁷⁸Mt. There may also be two isomers. The longest-lived of the known isotopes is ²⁷⁸Mt with a half-life of 8 seconds. The unconfirmed heavier ²⁸²Mt appears to have an even longer half-life of 67 seconds.

List of isotopes

Nuclide ^{[n 1]}	Z	N	Isotopic mass (Da) ^{[n 2]}^{[n 3]}	Half-life^[1]	Decay mode^[1]	Daughter isotope	Spin and parity^[1] ^{[n 4]}^{[n 5]}
Nuclide ^{[n 1]}	Excitation energy			Half-life^[1]	Decay mode^[1]	Daughter isotope	Spin and parity^[1] ^{[n 4]}^{[n 5]}
²⁶⁶Mt	109	157	266.137060(100)	2.0(5) ms	α	²⁶²Bh
^266mMt	1140(90) keV			6(3) ms	α	²⁶²Bh
²⁶⁸Mt^{[n 6]}	109	159	268.13865(25)#	23(7) ms	α	²⁶⁴Bh	5+#, 6+#
^268mMt^{[n 7]}	0+X keV			70+100 −30 ms	α	²⁶⁴Bh
²⁷⁰Mt^{[n 8]}	109	161	270.14032(21)#	800(400) ms	α	²⁶⁶Bh
^270mMt^{[n 7]}				1.1 s?	α	²⁶⁶Bh
²⁷⁴Mt^{[n 9]}	109	165	274.14734(40)#^[3]	640+760 −230 ms^[3]	α	²⁷⁰Bh
²⁷⁵Mt^{[n 10]}	109	166	275.14897(42)#	20+13 −6 ms^[3]	α	²⁷¹Bh
²⁷⁶Mt^{[n 11]}	109	167	276.15171(57)#	620+60 −40 ms^[3]	α	²⁷²Bh
^276mMt^{[n 11]}	250(80) keV			7(3) s	α	²⁷²Bh
²⁷⁷Mt^{[n 12]}	109	168	277.15353(71)#	5+9 −2 ms^[4]	SF	(various)
²⁷⁸Mt^{[n 13]}	109	169	278.15649(62)#	6(3) s	α	²⁷⁴Bh
²⁸²Mt^{[n 14]}	109	173	282.16689(48)#	67 s?	α	²⁷⁸Bh
This table header & footer: view

^ ^mMt – Excited nuclear isomer.
^ ( ) – Uncertainty (1σ) is given in concise form in parentheses after the corresponding last digits.
^ # – Atomic mass marked #: value and uncertainty derived not from purely experimental data, but at least partly from trends from the Mass Surface (TMS).
^ ( ) spin value – Indicates spin with weak assignment arguments.
^ # – Values marked # are not purely derived from experimental data, but at least partly from trends of neighboring nuclides (TNN).
^ Not directly synthesized, occurs as decay product of ²⁷²Rg
^ ^a ^b This isomer is unconfirmed
^ Not directly synthesized, occurs in decay chain of ²⁷⁸Nh
^ Not directly synthesized, occurs in decay chain of ²⁸²Nh
^ Not directly synthesized, occurs in decay chain of ²⁸⁷Mc
^ ^a ^b Not directly synthesized, occurs in decay chain of ²⁸⁸Mc
^ Not directly synthesized, occurs in decay chain of ²⁹³Ts
^ Not directly synthesized, occurs in decay chain of ²⁹⁴Ts
^ Not directly synthesized, occurs in decay chain of ²⁹⁰Fl and ²⁹⁴Lv; unconfirmed

Isotopes and nuclear properties

Nucleosynthesis

Super-heavy elements such as meitnerium are produced by bombarding lighter elements in particle accelerators that induce fusion reactions. Whereas the lightest isotope of meitnerium, meitnerium-266, can be synthesized directly this way, all the heavier meitnerium isotopes have only been observed as decay products of elements with higher atomic numbers.^[5]

Depending on the energies involved, the former are separated into "hot" and "cold". In hot fusion reactions, very light, high-energy projectiles are accelerated toward very heavy targets (actinides), giving rise to compound nuclei at high excitation energy (~40–50 MeV) that may either fission or evaporate several (3 to 5) neutrons.^[6] In cold fusion reactions, the produced fused nuclei have a relatively low excitation energy (~10–20 MeV), which decreases the probability that these products will undergo fission reactions. As the fused nuclei cool to the ground state, they require emission of only one or two neutrons, and thus, allows for the generation of more neutron-rich products.^[5] Nevertheless, the products of hot fusion tend to still have more neutrons overall. The latter is a distinct concept from that of where nuclear fusion claimed to be achieved at room temperature conditions (see cold fusion).^[7]

The table below contains various combinations of targets and projectiles which could be used to form compound nuclei with Z = 109.

Target	Projectile	CN	Attempt result
²⁰⁸Pb	⁵⁹Co	²⁶⁷Mt	Successful reaction
²⁰⁹Bi	⁵⁸Fe	²⁶⁷Mt	Successful reaction
²³⁸U	³⁷Cl	²⁷⁵Mt	Failure to date
²⁴⁴Pu	³¹P	²⁷⁵Mt	Reaction yet to be attempted
²⁴⁸Cm	²⁷Al	²⁷⁵Mt	Reaction yet to be attempted
²⁵⁰Cm	²⁷Al	²⁷⁷Mt	Reaction yet to be attempted
²⁴⁹Bk	²⁶Mg	²⁷⁵Mt	Reaction yet to be attempted
²⁵⁴Es	²²Ne	²⁷⁶Mt	Failure to date

Cold fusion

After the first successful synthesis of meitnerium in 1982 by the GSI team,^[8] a team at the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research in Dubna, Russia, also tried to observe the new element by bombarding bismuth-209 with iron-58. In 1985 they managed to identity alpha decays from the descendant isotope ²⁴⁶Cf indicating the formation of meitnerium. The observation of a further two atoms of ²⁶⁶Mt from the same reaction was reported in 1988 and of another 12 in 1997 by the German team at GSI.^[9]^[10]

The same meitnerium isotope was also observed by the Russian team at Dubna in 1985 from the reaction:

²⁰⁸
₈₂Pb
+ ⁵⁹
₂₇Co
→ ²⁶⁶
₁₀₉Mt
+
n

by detecting the alpha decay of the descendant ²⁴⁶Cf nuclei. In 2007, an American team at the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL) confirmed the decay chain of the ²⁶⁶Mt isotope from this reaction.^[11]

Hot fusion

In 2002–2003, the team at LBNL attempted to generate the isotope ²⁷¹Mt to study its chemical properties by bombarding uranium-238 with chlorine-37, but without success.^[12] Another possible reaction that would form this isotope would be the fusion of berkelium-249 with magnesium-26; however, the yield for this reaction is expected to be very low due to the high radioactivity of the berkelium-249 target.^[13] Other potentially longer-lived isotopes were unsuccessfully targeted by a team at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) in 1988 by bombarding einsteinium-254 with neon-22.^[12]

Decay products

List of meitnerium isotopes observed by decay
Evaporation residue	Observed meitnerium isotope
²⁹⁴Lv, ²⁹⁰Fl, ²⁹⁰Nh, ²⁸⁶Rg ?	²⁸²Mt ?
²⁹⁴Ts, ²⁹⁰Mc, ²⁸⁶Nh, ²⁸²Rg	²⁷⁸Mt^[14]
²⁹³Ts, ²⁸⁹Mc, ²⁸⁵Nh, ²⁸¹Rg	²⁷⁷Mt^[4]
²⁸⁸Mc, ²⁸⁴Nh, ²⁸⁰Rg	²⁷⁶Mt^[15]
²⁸⁷Mc, ²⁸³Nh, ²⁷⁹Rg	²⁷⁵Mt^[15]
²⁸⁶Mc, ²⁸²Nh, ²⁷⁸Rg	²⁷⁴Mt^[15]
²⁷⁸Nh, ²⁷⁴Rg	²⁷⁰Mt^[16]
²⁷²Rg	²⁶⁸Mt^[17]

All the isotopes of meitnerium except meitnerium-266 have been detected only in the decay chains of elements with a higher atomic number, such as roentgenium. Roentgenium currently has eight known isotopes; all but one of them undergo alpha decays to become meitnerium nuclei, with mass numbers between 268 and 282. Parent roentgenium nuclei can be themselves decay products of nihonium, flerovium, moscovium, livermorium, or tennessine.^[18] For example, in January 2010, the Dubna team (JINR) identified meitnerium-278 as a product in the decay of tennessine via an alpha decay sequence:^[14]

²⁹⁴
₁₁₇Ts
→ ²⁹⁰
₁₁₅Mc
+ ⁴
₂He

²⁹⁰
₁₁₅Mc
→ ²⁸⁶
₁₁₃Nh
+ ⁴
₂He

²⁸⁶
₁₁₃Nh
→ ²⁸²
₁₁₁Rg
+ ⁴
₂He

²⁸²
₁₁₁Rg
→ ²⁷⁸
₁₀₉Mt
+ ⁴
₂He

Nuclear isomerism

²⁷⁰Mt

Two atoms of ²⁷⁰Mt have been identified in the decay chains of ²⁷⁸Nh. The two decays have very different lifetimes and decay energies and are also produced from two apparently different isomers of ²⁷⁴Rg. The first isomer decays by emission of an alpha particle with energy 10.03 MeV and has a lifetime of 7.16 ms. The other alpha decays with a lifetime of 1.63 s; the decay energy was not measured. An assignment to specific levels is not possible with the limited data available and further research is required.^[16]

²⁶⁸Mt

The alpha decay spectrum for ²⁶⁸Mt appears to be complicated from the results of several experiments. Alpha particles of energies 10.28, 10.22 and 10.10 MeV have been observed, emitted from ²⁶⁸Mt atoms with half-lives of 42 ms, 21 ms and 102 ms respectively. The long-lived decay must be assigned to an isomeric level. The discrepancy between the other two half-lives has yet to be resolved. An assignment to specific levels is not possible with the data available and further research is required.^[17]

Chemical yields of isotopes

Cold fusion

The table below provides cross-sections and excitation energies for cold fusion reactions producing meitnerium isotopes directly. Data in bold represent maxima derived from excitation function measurements. + represents an observed exit channel.

Projectile	Target	CN	1n	2n	3n
⁵⁸Fe	²⁰⁹Bi	²⁶⁷Mt	7.5 pb
⁵⁹Co	²⁰⁸Pb	²⁶⁷Mt	2.6 pb, 14.9 MeV

Theoretical calculations

Evaporation residue cross sections

The below table contains various targets-projectile combinations for which calculations have provided estimates for cross section yields from various neutron evaporation channels. The channel with the highest expected yield is given.

DNS = Di-nuclear system; HIVAP = heavy-ion vaporisation statistical-evaporation model; σ = cross section

Target	Projectile	CN	Channel (product)	σ_max	Model	Ref
²³⁸U	³⁷Cl	²⁷⁵Mt	3n (²⁷²Mt)	13.31 pb	DNS	^[19]
²⁴⁴Pu	³¹P	²⁷⁵Mt	3n (²⁷²Mt)	4.25 pb	DNS	^[19]
²⁴³Am	³⁰Si	²⁷³Mt	3n (²⁷⁰Mt)	22 pb	HIVAP	^[20]
²⁴³Am	²⁸Si	²⁷¹Mt	4n (²⁶⁷Mt)	3 pb	HIVAP	^[20]
²⁴⁸Cm	²⁷Al	²⁷⁵Mt	3n (²⁷²Mt)	27.83 pb	DNS	^[19]
²⁵⁰Cm	²⁷Al	²⁷⁷Mt	5n (²⁷²Mt)	97.44 pb	DNS	^[19]
²⁴⁹Bk	²⁶Mg	²⁷⁵Mt	4n (²⁷¹Mt)	9.5 pb	HIVAP	^[20]
²⁵⁴Es	²²Ne	²⁷⁶Mt	4n (²⁷²Mt)	8 pb	HIVAP	^[20]
²⁵⁴Es	²⁰Ne	²⁷⁴Mt	4-5n (^270,269Mt)	3 pb	HIVAP	^[20]

References

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Kondev, F. G.; Wang, M.; Huang, W. J.; Naimi, S.; Audi, G. (2021). "The NUBASE2020 evaluation of nuclear properties" (PDF). Chinese Physics C. 45 (3): 030001. doi:10.1088/1674-1137/abddae.
^ Hofmann, S.; Heinz, S.; Mann, R.; Maurer, J.; Münzenberg, G.; Antalic, S.; Barth, W.; Burkhard, H. G.; Dahl, L.; Eberhardt, K.; Grzywacz, R.; Hamilton, J. H.; Henderson, R. A.; Kenneally, J. M.; Kindler, B.; Kojouharov, I.; Lang, R.; Lommel, B.; Miernik, K.; Miller, D.; Moody, K. J.; Morita, K.; Nishio, K.; Popeko, A. G.; Roberto, J. B.; Runke, J.; Rykaczewski, K. P.; Saro, S.; Scheidenberger, C.; Schött, H. J.; Shaughnessy, D. A.; Stoyer, M. A.; Thörle-Popiesch, P.; Tinschert, K.; Trautmann, N.; Uusitalo, J.; Yeremin, A. V. (2016). "Review of even element super-heavy nuclei and search for element 120". The European Physics Journal A. 2016 (52). doi:10.1140/epja/i2016-16180-4.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Oganessian, Yu. Ts.; Utyonkov, V. K.; Kovrizhnykh, N. D.; et al. (2022). "New isotope ²⁸⁶Mc produced in the ²⁴³Am+⁴⁸Ca reaction". Physical Review C. 106 (64306): 064306. Bibcode:2022PhRvC.106f4306O. doi:10.1103/PhysRevC.106.064306. S2CID 254435744.
^ ^a ^b Oganessian, Yu. Ts.; et al. (2013). "Experimental studies of the ²⁴⁹Bk + ⁴⁸Ca reaction including decay properties and excitation function for isotopes of element 117, and discovery of the new isotope ²⁷⁷Mt". Physical Review C. 87 (5): 054621. Bibcode:2013PhRvC..87e4621O. doi:10.1103/PhysRevC.87.054621.
^ ^a ^b Armbruster, Peter & Munzenberg, Gottfried (1989). "Creating superheavy elements". Scientific American. 34: 36–42.
^ Barber, Robert C.; Gäggeler, Heinz W.; Karol, Paul J.; Nakahara, Hiromichi; Vardaci, Emanuele; Vogt, Erich (2009). "Discovery of the element with atomic number 112 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure and Applied Chemistry. 81 (7): 1331. doi:10.1351/PAC-REP-08-03-05.
^ Fleischmann, Martin; Pons, Stanley (1989). "Electrochemically induced nuclear fusion of deuterium". Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry and Interfacial Electrochemistry. 261 (2): 301–308. doi:10.1016/0022-0728(89)80006-3.
^ Münzenberg, G.; et al. (1982). "Observation of one correlated α-decay in the reaction ⁵⁸Fe on ²⁰⁹Bi→²⁶⁷109". Zeitschrift für Physik A. 309 (1): 89–90. Bibcode:1982ZPhyA.309...89M. doi:10.1007/BF01420157. S2CID 120062541.
^ Münzenberg, G.; Hofmann, S.; Heßberger, F. P.; et al. (1988). "New results on element 109". Zeitschrift für Physik A. 330 (4): 435–436. Bibcode:1988ZPhyA.330..435M. doi:10.1007/BF01290131. S2CID 121364541.
^ Hofmann, S.; Heßberger, F. P.; Ninov, V.; et al. (1997). "Excitation function for the production of ²⁶⁵108 and ²⁶⁶109". Zeitschrift für Physik A. 358 (4): 377–378. Bibcode:1997ZPhyA.358..377H. doi:10.1007/s002180050343. S2CID 124304673.
^ Nelson, S. L.; Gregorich, K. E.; Dragojević, I.; et al. (2009). "Comparison of complementary reactions in the production of Mt". Physical Review C. 79 (2): 027605. Bibcode:2009PhRvC..79b7605N. doi:10.1103/PhysRevC.79.027605. S2CID 73657127.
^ ^a ^b Zielinski P. M. et al. (2003). "The search for ²⁷¹Mt via the reaction ²³⁸U + ³⁷Cl" Archived 2012-02-06 at the Wayback Machine, GSI Annual report. Retrieved on 2008-03-01
^ Haire, Richard G. (2006). "Transactinides and the future elements". In Morss; Edelstein, Norman M.; Fuger, Jean (eds.). The Chemistry of the Actinide and Transactinide Elements (3rd ed.). Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Springer Science+Business Media. ISBN 1-4020-3555-1.
^ ^a ^b Oganessian, Yu. Ts.; et al. (2010). "Synthesis of a New Element with Atomic Number Z = 117". Physical Review Letters. 104 (14): 142502. Bibcode:2010PhRvL.104n2502O. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.104.142502. PMID 20481935.
^ ^a ^b ^c Oganessian, Yu. Ts.; Penionzhkevich, Yu. E.; Cherepanov, E. A. (2007). "Heaviest Nuclei Produced in ⁴⁸Ca-induced Reactions (Synthesis and Decay Properties)". AIP Conference Proceedings. Vol. 912. pp. 235–246. doi:10.1063/1.2746600.
^ ^a ^b Morita, Kosuke; Morimoto, Kouji; Kaji, Daiya; Akiyama, Takahiro; Goto, Sin-ichi; Haba, Hiromitsu; Ideguchi, Eiji; Kanungo, Rituparna; Katori, Kenji; Koura, Hiroyuki; Kudo, Hisaaki; Ohnishi, Tetsuya; Ozawa, Akira; Suda, Toshimi; Sueki, Keisuke; Xu, HuShan; Yamaguchi, Takayuki; Yoneda, Akira; Yoshida, Atsushi; Zhao, YuLiang (2004). "Experiment on the Synthesis of Element 113 in the Reaction ²⁰⁹Bi(⁷⁰Zn,n)²⁷⁸113". Journal of the Physical Society of Japan. 73 (10): 2593–2596. Bibcode:2004JPSJ...73.2593M. doi:10.1143/JPSJ.73.2593.
^ ^a ^b Hofmann, S.; Ninov, V.; Heßberger, F. P.; Armbruster, P.; Folger, H.; Münzenberg, G.; Schött, H. J.; Popeko, A. G.; Yeremin, A. V.; Andreyev, A. N.; Saro, S.; Janik, R.; Leino, M. (1995). "The new element 111" (PDF). Zeitschrift für Physik A. 350 (4): 281–282. Bibcode:1995ZPhyA.350..281H. doi:10.1007/BF01291182. S2CID 18804192. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-01-16.
^ Sonzogni, Alejandro. "Interactive Chart of Nuclides". National Nuclear Data Center: Brookhaven National Laboratory. Archived from the original on 2018-03-07. Retrieved 2008-06-06.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Feng, Z.; Jin, G.; Li, J. (2009). "Production of new superheavy Z=108–114 nuclei with ²³⁸U, ²⁴⁴Pu and ^248,250Cm targets". Physical Review C. 80: 057601. arXiv:0912.4069. doi:10.1103/PhysRevC.80.057601. S2CID 118733755.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Wang, K.; et al. (2004). "A Proposed Reaction Channel for the Synthesis of the Superheavy Nucleus Z = 109". Chinese Physics Letters. 21 (3): 464–467. arXiv:nucl-th/0402065. Bibcode:2004ChPhL..21..464W. doi:10.1088/0256-307X/21/3/013. S2CID 117308338.

Isotope masses from:
- M. Wang; G. Audi; A. H. Wapstra; F. G. Kondev; M. MacCormick; X. Xu; et al. (2012). "The AME2012 atomic mass evaluation (II). Tables, graphs and references" (PDF). Chinese Physics C. 36 (12): 1603–2014. Bibcode:2012ChPhC..36....3M. doi:10.1088/1674-1137/36/12/003. hdl:11858/00-001M-0000-0010-23E8-5. S2CID 250839471.
- Audi, Georges; Bersillon, Olivier; Blachot, Jean; Wapstra, Aaldert Hendrik (2003), "The NUBASE evaluation of nuclear and decay properties", Nuclear Physics A, 729: 3–128, Bibcode:2003NuPhA.729....3A, doi:10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2003.11.001
Half-life, spin, and isomer data selected from the following sources.
- Audi, Georges; Bersillon, Olivier; Blachot, Jean; Wapstra, Aaldert Hendrik (2003), "The NUBASE evaluation of nuclear and decay properties", Nuclear Physics A, 729: 3–128, Bibcode:2003NuPhA.729....3A, doi:10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2003.11.001
- National Nuclear Data Center. "NuDat 2.x database". Brookhaven National Laboratory.
- Holden, Norman E. (2004). "11. Table of the Isotopes". In Lide, David R. (ed.). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (85th ed.). Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press. ISBN 978-0-8493-0485-9.
- GSI (2011). "Superheavy Element Research at GSI" (PDF). GSI. Retrieved 7 February 2013.

[3] Mt – Excited nuclear isomer.

[4] ( ) – Uncertainty (1σ) is given in concise form in parentheses after the corresponding last digits.

[TMS-5] # – Atomic mass marked #: value and uncertainty derived not from purely experimental data, but at least partly from trends from the Mass Surface (TMS).

[6] ( ) spin value – Indicates spin with weak assignment arguments.

[TNN-7] # – Values marked # are not purely derived from experimental data, but at least partly from trends of neighboring nuclides (TNN).

[8] Not directly synthesized, occurs as decay product of ²⁷²Rg

[ui-9] This isomer is unconfirmed

[10] Not directly synthesized, occurs in decay chain of ²⁷⁸Nh

[11] Not directly synthesized, occurs in decay chain of ²⁸²Nh

[13] Not directly synthesized, occurs in decay chain of ²⁸⁷Mc

[288Mc-14] Not directly synthesized, occurs in decay chain of ²⁸⁸Mc

[15] Not directly synthesized, occurs in decay chain of ²⁹³Ts

[17] Not directly synthesized, occurs in decay chain of ²⁹⁴Ts

[18] Not directly synthesized, occurs in decay chain of ²⁹⁰Fl and ²⁹⁴Lv; unconfirmed

[NUBASE2020-1] Kondev, F. G.; Wang, M.; Huang, W. J.; Naimi, S.; Audi, G. (2021). "The NUBASE2020 evaluation of nuclear properties" (PDF). Chinese Physics C. 45 (3): 030001. doi:10.1088/1674-1137/abddae.

[Hofmann2016-2] Hofmann, S.; Heinz, S.; Mann, R.; Maurer, J.; Münzenberg, G.; Antalic, S.; Barth, W.; Burkhard, H. G.; Dahl, L.; Eberhardt, K.; Grzywacz, R.; Hamilton, J. H.; Henderson, R. A.; Kenneally, J. M.; Kindler, B.; Kojouharov, I.; Lang, R.; Lommel, B.; Miernik, K.; Miller, D.; Moody, K. J.; Morita, K.; Nishio, K.; Popeko, A. G.; Roberto, J. B.; Runke, J.; Rykaczewski, K. P.; Saro, S.; Scheidenberger, C.; Schött, H. J.; Shaughnessy, D. A.; Stoyer, M. A.; Thörle-Popiesch, P.; Tinschert, K.; Trautmann, N.; Uusitalo, J.; Yeremin, A. V. (2016). "Review of even element super-heavy nuclei and search for element 120". The European Physics Journal A. 2016 (52). doi:10.1140/epja/i2016-16180-4.

[Mc2022-12] Oganessian, Yu. Ts.; Utyonkov, V. K.; Kovrizhnykh, N. D.; et al. (2022). "New isotope ²⁸⁶Mc produced in the ²⁴³Am+⁴⁸Ca reaction". Physical Review C. 106 (64306): 064306. Bibcode:2022PhRvC.106f4306O. doi:10.1103/PhysRevC.106.064306. S2CID 254435744.

[E117-Oganessian-16] Oganessian, Yu. Ts.; et al. (2013). "Experimental studies of the ²⁴⁹Bk + ⁴⁸Ca reaction including decay properties and excitation function for isotopes of element 117, and discovery of the new isotope ²⁷⁷Mt". Physical Review C. 87 (5): 054621. Bibcode:2013PhRvC..87e4621O. doi:10.1103/PhysRevC.87.054621.

[AM89-19] Armbruster, Peter & Munzenberg, Gottfried (1989). "Creating superheavy elements". Scientific American. 34: 36–42.

[fusion-20] Barber, Robert C.; Gäggeler, Heinz W.; Karol, Paul J.; Nakahara, Hiromichi; Vardaci, Emanuele; Vogt, Erich (2009). "Discovery of the element with atomic number 112 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure and Applied Chemistry. 81 (7): 1331. doi:10.1351/PAC-REP-08-03-05.

[21] Fleischmann, Martin; Pons, Stanley (1989). "Electrochemically induced nuclear fusion of deuterium". Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry and Interfacial Electrochemistry. 261 (2): 301–308. doi:10.1016/0022-0728(89)80006-3.

[82Mu01-22] Münzenberg, G.; et al. (1982). "Observation of one correlated α-decay in the reaction ⁵⁸Fe on ²⁰⁹Bi→²⁶⁷109". Zeitschrift für Physik A. 309 (1): 89–90. Bibcode:1982ZPhyA.309...89M. doi:10.1007/BF01420157. S2CID 120062541.

[23] Münzenberg, G.; Hofmann, S.; Heßberger, F. P.; et al. (1988). "New results on element 109". Zeitschrift für Physik A. 330 (4): 435–436. Bibcode:1988ZPhyA.330..435M. doi:10.1007/BF01290131. S2CID 121364541.

[24] Hofmann, S.; Heßberger, F. P.; Ninov, V.; et al. (1997). "Excitation function for the production of ²⁶⁵108 and ²⁶⁶109". Zeitschrift für Physik A. 358 (4): 377–378. Bibcode:1997ZPhyA.358..377H. doi:10.1007/s002180050343. S2CID 124304673.

[25] Nelson, S. L.; Gregorich, K. E.; Dragojević, I.; et al. (2009). "Comparison of complementary reactions in the production of Mt". Physical Review C. 79 (2): 027605. Bibcode:2009PhRvC..79b7605N. doi:10.1103/PhysRevC.79.027605. S2CID 73657127.

[GSI2003-26] Zielinski P. M. et al. (2003). "The search for ²⁷¹Mt via the reaction ²³⁸U + ³⁷Cl" Archived 2012-02-06 at the Wayback Machine, GSI Annual report. Retrieved on 2008-03-01

[Haire-27] Haire, Richard G. (2006). "Transactinides and the future elements". In Morss; Edelstein, Norman M.; Fuger, Jean (eds.). The Chemistry of the Actinide and Transactinide Elements (3rd ed.). Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Springer Science+Business Media. ISBN 1-4020-3555-1.

[e117-28] Oganessian, Yu. Ts.; et al. (2010). "Synthesis of a New Element with Atomic Number Z = 117". Physical Review Letters. 104 (14): 142502. Bibcode:2010PhRvL.104n2502O. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.104.142502. PMID 20481935.

[Organessian-29] Oganessian, Yu. Ts.; Penionzhkevich, Yu. E.; Cherepanov, E. A. (2007). "Heaviest Nuclei Produced in ⁴⁸Ca-induced Reactions (Synthesis and Decay Properties)". AIP Conference Proceedings. Vol. 912. pp. 235–246. doi:10.1063/1.2746600.

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Isotopes of meitnerium

List of isotopes

Isotopes and nuclear properties

Nucleosynthesis

Cold fusion

Hot fusion

Decay products

Nuclear isomerism

Chemical yields of isotopes

Cold fusion

Theoretical calculations

Evaporation residue cross sections

References

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