Jordan Catala

Jordan Catala of Sévérac (fl. 1280-c. 1330 also known as Jordan de Catalunya^[2]) was an Occitanian Dominican missionary and explorer in Asia known for his Mirabilia descripta describing the marvels of the East. He was the first bishop of the diocese of Quilon, the first Roman Catholic diocese in the Indian subcontinent.

Name and family

Jordan's surname, Catala, is the Occitan for "Catalan" (from Latin Catalanus). It probably indicates his family's origins in Catalonia. Modern French authors occasionally render it Catalan, although a spelling with the final 'n' is not original. The alternative spelling Cathala is contemporary, but probably does not represent the Occitan pronunciation. The spelling Jordan is Occitan.^[3]

Jordan's Mirabilia descripta does not use his surname. It gives his name in Latin as Jordanus and describes him as oriundum de Severaco, a native of Sévérac-le-Château in the Rouergue.^[3] Local documentation reveals several persons named Catala active in and around Sévérac, including a notary named Jordan active between 1286 and 1318. Jordan's family does not seem to be connected with the lords of Sévérac [fr].^[4]

Birth and education

Jordan was probably born around 1275–1280, since the normal age for a long-distance emissary was about 45. There is no record of him studying in the Dominican province of Toulouse prior to the separation of the province of Provence in 1302. He probably did not join the Dominicans until later. He may have studied at the University of Toulouse. He completed his education in the Dominican convents of Persia, where he learned the Persian language.^[5]

Travels

Jordan was possibly a disciple of Jerome of Catalonia.^[6] In 1302 Jordan may have accompanied Thomas of Tolentino, via Negropont, to the East; but it is only in 1321 that we definitely discover him in western India, in the company of Thomas and his companions. Ill-luck detained them at Thane in Salsette Island, near Bombay; and here Jordan's companions were killed on 8 and 11 April 1321.^[7]

Jordan, escaping, worked some time at Bharuch, in Gujarat, near the Narmada estuary, and at Suvali near Surat; to his fellow-Dominicans in north Persia he wrote two letters – the first from Gogo in Gujarat (12 October 1321), the second from Thane (24 January 1323/4) describing the progress of this new mission. From these letters we learn that Roman attention had already been directed, not only to the Bombay region, but also to the extreme south of the Indian peninsula, especially to Columbum (Kollam) in later Travancore; Jordan's words may imply that he had already started a mission there before October 1321.^[7]

From Catholic traders Jordan had learnt that Ethiopia (i.e. Abyssinia and Nubia) was accessible to Western Europeans; at this very time, as we know from other sources, the earliest Latin missionaries penetrated thither. Finally, the Epistles of Jordan, like the contemporary Secreta of Marino Sanuto (1306–1321), urge the Pope to establish a Christian fleet upon the Indian seas.^[7]

Jordan, between 1324 and 1328 (if not earlier), probably visited Kollam and selected it as the best centre for his future work; it would also appear that he revisited Europe about 1328, passing through Persia, and perhaps touching at the great Crimean port of Sudak. He was appointed a bishop in 1328 and nominated by Pope John XXII in his bull Venerabili Fratri Jordano to the see of Columbum (Quilon) on 21 August 1329.^[7] This diocese was the first Roman Catholic one in the whole of the Indies, with jurisdiction over modern India, Pakistan, Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Burma, and Sri Lanka. It was created on 9 August by the decree Romanus Pontifix.^{[citation needed]} Together with the new bishop of Samarkand, Thomas of Mancasola, Jordan was commissioned to take the pallium to John de Cora, archbishop of Sultaniyah in Persia, within whose province Kollam was reckoned; he was also commended to the Christians of south India, both east and west of Cape Comorin, by Pope John.^[7]

Mirabilia descripta

Either before going out to Malabar as bishop, or during a later visit to the west, Jordan probably wrote his Mirabilia, which from internal evidence can only be fixed within the period 1329–1338; in this work he furnished the best account of Indian regions, products, climate, manners, customs, fauna and flora given by any European in the Middle Ages — superior even to Marco Polo's.^[7]

In his triple division of the Indies, India Major comprises the shorelands from Malabar to Cochin China; while India Minor stretches from Sind (or perhaps from Baluchistan) to Malabar; and India Tertia (evidently dominated by African conceptions in his mind) includes a vast undefined coast-region west of Baluchistan, reaching into the neighborhood of, but not including, Ethiopia and Prester John's domain.^{[citation needed]} Jordan's Mirabilia contains the earliest clear African identification of Prester John, and what is perhaps the first notice of the Black Sea under that name; it refers to the author's residence in India Major and especially at Kollam, as well as to his travels in Armenia, north-west Persia, the Lake Van region, and Chaldaea; and it supplies excellent descriptions of Parsee doctrines and burial customs, of Hindu ox-worship, idol-ritual, and suttee, and of Indian fruits, birds, animals and insects. After 8 April 1330 we have no more knowledge of Bishop Jordan.^[7]

Extracts of Mirabilia descripta

Catholic critical account of Saint Thomas Christians in India, written by Jordanus in 1329–1338 in Mirabilia descripta.^[8]
Original facsimile extracts from the unique manuscript of Jordanus, Mirabilia descripta (1329–1338)
Jordanus, on the destructions of the "Turkish Saracens" in India (Mirabilia descripta, written in 1329–1338).^[9]^[10]

Notes

References

^ ^a ^b Liščák, Vladimír (2017). "Mapa mondi (Catalan Atlas of 1375), Majorcan cartographic school, and 14th century Asia" (PDF). International Cartographic Association. 1: 4–5. Bibcode:2018PrICA...1...69L. doi:10.5194/ica-proc-1-69-2018.
^ Perani, Mauro (2 September 2019). The Ancient Sefer Torah of Bologna: Features and History. European Genizah Texts and Studies, Volume 4. BRILL. ISBN 978-90-04-41561-4.
^ ^a ^b Christine Gadrat, ed., Une image de l'Orient au XIVe siècle: Les Mirabila descripta de Jordan Catala de Sévérac, Mémoires et Documents de l'École des Chartes 78 (Paris: École des Chartes, 2005), pp. 39–40.
^ Christine Gadrat, ed., Une image de l'Orient au XIVe siècle: Les Mirabila descripta de Jordan Catala de Sévérac, Mémoires et Documents de l'École des Chartes 78 (Paris: École des Chartes, 2005), pp. 41–42.
^ Christine Gadrat, ed., Une image de l'Orient au XIVe siècle: Les Mirabila descripta de Jordan Catala de Sévérac, Mémoires et Documents de l'École des Chartes 78 (Paris: École des Chartes, 2005), pp. 43–44.
^ "Meravelles descrites".
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g Beazley 1911.
^ Jordanus, Catalani; Yule, Henry; Parr, Charles McKew donor; Parr, Ruth (1863). Mirabilia descripta : the wonders of the East. London : Printed for the Hakluyt Society. p. 23, paragraph 31.
^ Jordanus, Catalani; Yule, Henry; Parr, Charles McKew donor; Parr, Ruth (1863). Mirabilia descripta : the wonders of the East. London : Printed for the Hakluyt Society. p. 23.
^ Juncu, Meera (30 July 2015). India in the Italian Renaissance: Visions of a Contemporary Pagan World 1300-1600. Routledge. p. 85. ISBN 978-1-317-44768-9.

Primary sources

According to Beazley (1911), "[o]f Jordan's Epistles there is only one MS., viz. Paris, National Library, 5006 Lat., fol. 182, r. and v.; of the Mirabilia also one MS. only, viz. London, British Library," Additional MSS., 19513, fols. 3, r.f 2 r.

The text of the Epistles is in Quétif–Échard, Scriptores ordinis praedicatorum, i. 549–550 (Epistle I.)
and in Luke Wadding, Annales minorum, vi. 359–361 (Epistle II.)
Latin text of the Mirabilia: "Description des Merveilles d'une partie de l'Asie par le P. Jordan ou Jourdain Catalani". Recueil de Voyages et de Mémoires par la Société Géographie Volume 4 (in French and Latin). Paris: Arthus-Bertrand. 1839. pp. 1–68.
English translation of the Mirabilia as The Wonders of the East.
The Papal letters referring to Jordan are in Odericus Raynaldus, Annales ecclesiastici, 1330, f lv. and lvii (8 April; 14 February).

Secondary sources

Yule, Henry, ed. and trans. (1863). Mirabilia descripta: the wonders of the East. London: Hakuyt Society.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
Yule, Henry (1913). "Additional notes and corrections to the translation of the Mirabilia of Friar Jordanus". Cathay and the way thither: being a collection of medieval notices of China (Volume 3). London: Hakluyt Society. pp. 39–44.
Henry Yule's Cathay, giving a version of the Epistles, with a commentary, &c. (Hakluyt Society, 1866) pp. 184–185, 192–196, 225–230
Kurdian, H. (1937). "A correction to 'Mirabilia descripta' (The Wonders of the East). By Friar Jordanus circa 1330". Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society. 69 (3): 480–481. doi:10.1017/S0035869X00086032. S2CID 163202845.
F. Kunstmann, Die Mission in Meliapor und Tana und die Mission in Columbo in the Historisch-politische Blätter of Phillips and Görres, xxxvii. 2538, 135–152 (Munich, 1856), &c.
Beazley, C.R. (1906). The Dawn of Modern Geography (Volume 3). Oxford: Clarendon Press. pp. 215–235.
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Beazley, Charles Raymond (1911). "Jordanus". In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 15 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 512.