José Leandro Andrade Quiroz[2] (22 November 1901 – 5 October 1957) was a Uruguayan professional footballer who played as a wing-half. He was nicknamed "the Black Marvel" (maravilla negra). During his prime he was regarded as one of the finest players in the world,[3] contributing to the Uruguay national team's domination of international football during the 1920s, winning two consecutive Olympic gold medals and then the inaugural FIFA World Cup.
Early life
Andrade (behind the bar) serving a drink to his Uruguayan teammates in Amsterdam (1928)
Andrade was born in Salto in 1901 to an Argentine mother (Anastasia Quiroz, also spelled Vázquez[citation needed]). José Ignacio Andrade, who is believed to have been his father, was listed on his birth certificate as a witness. The older Andrade, who was 98 years old at the time of José Leandro Andrade's birth, had been an expert in African magic and is believed to have been an African-born slave who had escaped from Brazil.[4]
At an early age Andrade moved to the Palermo barrio in Montevideo where he lived with an aunt.[5]
Prior to the introduction of professional football in Uruguay he worked in a number of jobs. He at one time worked as a carnival musician playing the drums, violin and tambourine,[6][7][8] and at another time led the drums corp for carnival comparsaLibertadores de Africa.[9] At various times in his life he also worked as a shoeshiner and as a newspaper salesman.[5][7]
Playing career
Club career
As a teenager Andrade played for Montevideo club Misiones.
In the early 1920s Andrade was signed by Bella Vista, where he played 71 matches and scored seven goals. It was at Bella Vista that he was first selected for the national team.[5][10]
Andrade transferred to Peñarol in 1930 where he played only 1 match over the next few years. He had trained with Peñarol as a teenager but had not been accepted.[12]
He also had a brief stint with Wanderers in Uruguay.
International career
Andrade earned 34 appearances with la Celeste Olimpica scoring one goal between 1923 and 1930.[13]
South American Championship
Andrade played in South American Championship (now known as Copa América) winning teams in 1923, 1924 and 1926.[14][15][16]
1924 Olympics
Andrade won his first Olympic gold medal at the 1924 Olympic football tournament in Paris.[17] He was recognised as being the first black international football player to play Olympic football.[18] He was nicknamed The Black Marvel and The Black Pearl, the latter a name later used in reference to Pelé.[19]
In reaction to the 1924 Olympic win the Uruguayan team were challenged to a two match series by Argentina. In the second match at the Estadio Sportivo Barracas in Buenos Aires, Andrade was pelted with stones by the Argentine crowd to which Andrade and the rest of the Uruguayan team responded by throwing the stones back. In the ensuing riot a member of his team was arrested and the Uruguayans refused to play out the remainder of the match.[7]
1928 Olympics
In 1928 he won his second Olympic gold medal at the 1928 Olympics in Amsterdam. During the semi-final match against Italy Andrade collided with a goal post, seriously injuring an eye. This later deteriorated to the point that he became blind in that eye.[12]
1930 FIFA World Cup
Despite not being at his peak he managed to be one of Uruguay's best players as they won the 1930 World Cup. At the end of the tournament he was selected in the All-Star team.[10][20][21] In 1994, he was selected by France Football as number ten in their World Cup Top-100.[22]
Andrade was also credited with being an intelligent and honest player who never celebrated his goals. He was a dynamic, fast and highly technical player who was able to dominate the pitch without the physicality of many of his teammates.[4][12]
Later life
After touring nine European countries with Andrade's Uruguayan club side Nacional, in 1925, they attracted a total of over 800,000 spectators. Andrade played half of that tour when he was told by a doctor in Brussels that he had contracted syphilis. He disappeared to Paris upon hearing the news. Andrade did not return to Montevideo until two months later; there a reporter said he had lost weight and seemed in a state of depression. He then underwent a course of treatment. Andrade had lost some pace but none of his skill and went on to secure international titles for Uruguay. It was said that he had gone blind in one eye after a semi-final against Italy, Andrade had run into a goalpost and it was speculated that the injury was so serious he was later blinded in one eye. Others said his blindness and deteriorated health was caused by syphilis.
Andrade was a guest at the 1950 FIFA World Cup when Uruguay won their second world championship. His nephew Víctor Rodríguez Andrade, a member of the 1950 team, had adopted Andrade as his second surname in honour of Andrade. In 1956 German journalist Fritz Hack searched Montevideo for Andrade for six days. He found him living in terrible conditions in a basement of a flat. Andrade was too intoxicated to understand Hack's questions. Within a year, Andrade died, penniless and alcoholic, in an asylum in Montevideo at age 55.[24]
^ abcGoldblatt, David (28 September 2006). "The Rules of the Game: International Football and International Politics, 1900–1934". The Ball is Round: A Global History of Football. Viking. pp. 244–247. ISBN0-670-91480-0.
^Galeano, Edward (2006). El fútbol a sol y sombra (in Spanish). Siglo XXI. pp. 51, 53, 54. ISBN968-23-2530-7.
^Andrews, George Reid. "Rhythm Nation". ReVista - Harvard Review of Latin America (Winter 2003). David Rockefeller Center for Latin American Studies.
^ ab"JOSÉ ANDRADE". World Football Legends. Archived from the original on 7 December 2009. Retrieved 7 September 2009.
^Pannain, Guilherme (4 November 2008). "Andrade, a "Maravilha Negra"" (in Portuguese). Trivela.com. Archived from the original on 22 February 2009. Retrieved 9 September 2009.
