Share to: share facebook share twitter share wa share telegram print page

Judicial appointment history for United States federal courts

The appointment of federal judges for United States federal courts is done via nomination by the President of the United States and confirmation by the United States Senate. The tables below provide the composition of all Article III courts which include the Supreme Court and the Courts of Appeals at the end of each four year presidential term, as well as the current compositions of the District Courts and the Court of International Trade, categorizing the judges by the presidential term during which they were first appointed to their seats.

As of June 30, 2022, of the 9 justices of the Supreme Court, 6 were appointed by a Republican president, and 3 were appointed by a Democratic president.[1][2][3]

As of September 16, 2024, of the 179 Courts of Appeals judges, 89 were appointed by Republican presidents, and 89 by Democratic presidents. Out of the 13 federal appeals courts, Democratic appointees have a majority on 7 courts, whereas Republican appointees have a majority on 6 courts.[4]

As of September 18, 2024, of the 680 district court judges, 370 were appointed by Democratic presidents compared to 267 by Republican ones. Within the individual circuit jurisdictions, Democratic presidents have appointed majorities in 8 circuits while Republican presidents have appointed a majority in 4 circuits.[5][6]

The party of the president who appointed a judge is generally a consistent indicator of that judge's judicial philosophy and place on the political spectrum, especially in modern times, although there are cases where judges stray from their appointers.[7] Federal judges often strategically time their retirement so as to give the president of the same party that first appointed them an opportunity to nominate the successor.[8][9][10][11]

Acronym key

Acronym President Term Date range
JRB Joe Biden current January 20, 2021 - present
DJT Donald Trump first January 20, 2017 - January 20, 2021
BHO 2 Barack Obama second January 20, 2013 - January 20, 2017
BHO 1 Barack Obama first January 20, 2009 - January 20, 2013
GWB 2 George W. Bush second January 20, 2005 - January 20, 2009
GWB 1 George W. Bush first January 20, 2001 - January 20, 2005
WJC 2 Bill Clinton second January 20, 1997 - January 20, 2001
WJC 1 Bill Clinton first January 20, 1993 - January 20, 1997
GHWB George H. W. Bush only January 20, 1989 - January 20, 1993
RWR 2 Ronald Reagan second January 20, 1985 - January 20, 1989
RWR 1 Ronald Reagan first January 20, 1981 - January 20, 1985
JEC Jimmy Carter only January 20, 1977 - January 20, 1981
RMN/GRF Richard Nixon and Gerald Ford split January 20, 1973 - January 20, 1977
RMN 1 Richard Nixon first January 20, 1969 - January 20, 1973
LBJ 2 Lyndon B. Johnson second January 20, 1965 - January 20, 1969
JFK/LBJ John F. Kennedy and Lyndon B. Johnson split January 20, 1961 - January 20, 1965
DDE 2 Dwight Eisenhower second January 20, 1957 - January 20, 1961
DDE 1 Dwight Eisenhower first January 20, 1953 - January 20, 1957
HST 2 Harry Truman second January 20, 1949 - January 20, 1953
FDR/HST Franklin Roosevelt and Harry Truman split January 20, 1945 - January 20, 1949
FDR 3 Franklin Roosevelt third January 20, 1941 - January 20, 1945
FDR 2 Franklin Roosevelt second January 20, 1937 - January 20, 1941
FDR 1 Franklin Roosevelt first March 4, 1933 - January 20, 1937
HCH Herbert Hoover only March 4, 1929 - March 4, 1933
JCC 2 Calvin Coolidge second March 4, 1925 - March 4, 1929
WGH/JCC Warren G. Harding and Calvin Coolidge split March 4, 1921 - March 4, 1925
TWW 2 Woodrow Wilson second March 4, 1917 - March 4, 1921
TWW 1 Woodrow Wilson first March 4, 1913 - March 4, 1917
WHT William Howard Taft only March 4, 1909 - March 4, 1913
TR 2 Theodore Roosevelt second March 4, 1905 - March 4, 1909
WMK/TR William McKinley and Theodore Roosevelt split March 4, 1901 - March 4, 1905
WMK 1 William McKinley first March 4, 1897 - March 4, 1901
SGC 2 Grover Cleveland second March 4, 1893 - March 4, 1897
BH Benjamin Harrison only March 4, 1889 - March 4, 1893
SGC 1 Grover Cleveland first March 4, 1885 - March 4, 1889
JAG/CAA James A. Garfield and Chester A. Arthur split March 4, 1881 - March 4, 1885
RBH Rutherford B. Hayes only March 4, 1877 - March 4, 1881
USG 2 Ulysses S. Grant second March 4, 1873 - March 4, 1877
USG 1 Ulysses S. Grant first March 4, 1869 - March 4, 1873
AL/AJ Abraham Lincoln and Andrew Johnson split March 4, 1865 - March 4, 1869
AL 1 Abraham Lincoln first March 4, 1861 - March 4, 1865

Supreme Court

The Supreme Court of the United States was established by the Constitution of the United States. Originally, the Judiciary Act of 1789 set the number of justices at six. However, as the nation's boundaries grew across the continent and as Supreme Court justices in those days had to ride the circuit, an arduous process requiring long travel on horseback or carriage over harsh terrain that resulted in months-long extended stays away from home, Congress added justices to correspond with the growth: seven in 1807, nine in 1837, and ten in 1863.[12][13] The Judicial Circuits Act of 1866 then set the number to gradually be reduced to seven through the retirement or death of current associate justices. The court was down to eight when the Judiciary Act of 1869 restored the number to nine.

As of April 7, 2022:[3]

Year Total Appointed
by
Republicans		 Appointed
by
Democrats		 Vacant JRB DJT BHO
2		 BHO
1		 GWB
2		 GWB
1		 WJC
2		 WJC
1		 GHWB RWR
2		 RWR
1		 JEC RMN
/GRF		 RMN
1		 LBJ
2		 JFK
/LBJ		 DDE
2		 DDE
1
Current 9 6 3 — 1 3 — 2 2 — — — 1 — — — — — — — — —
2021 9 6 3 — — 3 — 2 2 — — 1 1 — — — — — — — — —
2017 9 4 4 1 — — — 2 2 — — 2 1 1 — — — — — — — —
2013 9 5 4 — — — — 2 2 — — 2 1 2 — — — — — — — —
2009 9 7 2 — — — — — 2 — — 2 2 2 — — 1 — — — — —
2005 9 7 2 — — — — — — — — 2 2 3 1 — 1 — — — — —
2001 9 7 2 — — — — — — — — 2 2 3 1 — 1 — — — — —
1997 9 7 2 — — — — — — — — 2 2 3 1 — 1 — — — — —
1993 9 8 1 — — — — — — — — — 2 3 1 — 1 1 — 1 — —
1989 9 7 2 — — — — — — — — — — 3 1 — 1 1 1 1 — 1
1985 9 7 2 — — — — — — — — — — — 1 — 1 4 1 1 — 1
1981 9 7 2 — — — — — — — — — — — — — 1 4 1 1 1 1
Year Total Appointed
by
Republicans		 Appointed
by
Democrats		 Vacant RMN
/GRF		 RMN
1		 LBJ
2		 JFK
/LBJ		 DDE
2		 DDE
1		 HST
2		 FDR
/HST		 FDR
3		 FDR
2		 FDR
1		 HCH JCC
2		 WGH
/JCC		 TWW
2		 TWW
1		 WHT
1977 9 7 2 — 1 4 1 1 1 1 — — — — — — — — — — —
1973 9 6 3 — — 4 1 1 1 1 — — — 1 — — — — — — —
1969 9 4 5 — — — 2 1 1 3 — — — 2 — — — — — — —
1965 9 4 5 — — — — 2 1 3 1 — — 2 — — — — — — —
1961 9 5 4 — — — — — 2 3 1 — — 3 — — — — — — —
1957 9 3 6 — — — — — — 3 1 1 — 4 — — — — — — —
1953 9 0 9 — — — — — — — 2 2 1 4 — — — — — — —
1949 9 0 9 — — — — — — — — 2 2 5 — — — — — — —
1945 9 2 7 — — — — — — — — — 3 5 — 1 — — — — —
1941 9 3 6 — — — — — — — — — — 5 — 2 1 — — 1 —
1937 9 7 2 — — — — — — — — — — — — 3 1 2 — 2 1
1933 9 7 2 — — — — — — — — — — — — 3 1 2 — 2 1
Year Total Appointed
by
Republicans		 Appointed
by
Democrats		 Vacant JCC
2		 WGH
/JCC		 TWW
2		 TWW
1		 WHT TR
2		 WMK
/TR		 WMK
1		 SGC
2		 BH SGC
1		 JAG
/CAA 		RBH USG
2		 USG
1		 AL
/AJ		 AL 1
1929 9 7 2 — 1 4 — 2 1 — 1 — — — — — — — — — —
1925 9 7 2 — — 4 — 2 1 — 1 1 — — — — — — — — —
1921 9 5 4 — — — — 3 3 — 2 1 — — — — — — — — —
1917 9 5 4 — — — — 3 3 — 2 1 — — — — — — — — —
1913 9 8 1 — — — — — 6 — 2 1 — — — — — — — — —
1909 9 6 3 — — — — — — 1 2 1 2 1 1 — 1 — — — —
1905 9 6 3 — — — — — — — 2 1 2 2 1 — 1 — — — —
1901 9 6 3 — — — — — — — — 1 2 3 1 1 1 — — — —
1897 9 6 3 — — — — — — — — — 2 3 1 1 1 — — — 1
1893 9 7 2 — — — — — — — — — — 4 2 2 1 — — — 1
1889 9 7 2 — — — — — — — — — — — 2 3 1 — 1 — 2
1885 9 9 0 — — — — — — — — — — — — 3 2 1 1 — 2

Courts of appeals

The United States courts of appeals were established by the Judiciary Act of 1891 as "United States circuit courts of appeals" (the name was changed to its current form in 1948). The act authorized 19 appellate judgeships in 9 circuits. Since then, the number of authorized appellate judgeships has increased to 179.[14]

Summary of 13 circuits combined

As of November 18, 2024:[15]

Year Total Appointed
by
Republicans		 Appointed
by
Democrats		 Vacant JRB DJT BHO
2		 BHO
1		 GWB
2		 GWB
1		 WJC
2		 WJC
1		 GHWB RWR
2		 RWR
1		 JEC RMN
/GRF		 RMN
1		 LBJ
2		 JFK
/LBJ		 DDE
2		 DDE
1
Current 179 89 88 2 44 53 22 13 16 11 7 2 4 3 2 — — — — — — —
2021 179 96 81 2 — 53 24 26 17 15 17 14 5 4 2 — — — — — — —
2017 179 72 90 17 — — 25 28 23 26 22 14 9 7 6 1 1 — — — — —
2013 179 84 78 17 — — — 30 24 30 26 17 12 10 7 5 1 — — — — —
2009* 178 100 66 12 — — — — 24 32 34 25 21 15 7 7 1 — — — — —
2005 179 94 69 16 — — — — — 35 35 25 29 20 8 9 1 1 — — — —
2001 179 76 78 25 — — — — — — 35 29 35 28 11 14 1 1 — — — —
1997 179 105 53 21 — — — — — — — 29 40 45 14 22 3 2 1 1 1 —
1993 179 119 42 18 — — — — — — — — 40 50 20 40 5 3 1 1 1 —
1989 168 96 62 10 — — — — — — — — — 50 26 53 9 10 8 1 1 —
1985 168 66 76 26 — — — — — — — — — — 33 57 15 17 14 5 1 —
1981 140 50 86 4 — — — — — — — — — — — 59 16 30 19 8 2 1
  • There were temporarily 178 appellate federal judgeships, due to the elimination of a 12th seat on the D.C. Circuit by Section 509 of the Court Security Improvement Act of 2007.[16] That Act also provided for the creation of a 29th seat on the Ninth Circuit in January 2009 which increased the number of authorized appellate judgeships back to 179.

As of October 31, 2024:

Year Total Appointed
by
Republicans		 Appointed
by
Democrats		 Vacant JRB DJT BHO
2		 BHO
1		 GWB
2		 GWB
1		 WJC
2		 WJC
1		 GHWB RWR
2		 RWR
1		 JEC RMN
/GRF		 RMN
1		 LBJ
2		 JFK
/LBJ		 DDE
2		 DDE
1
Current 100% 50% 49% 1% 24% 30% 12% 7% 9% 6% 4% 1% 2% 2% 1% — — — — — — —
2021 100% 54% 45% 1% — 30% 13% 15% 9% 8% 9% 8% 3% 2% 1% — — — — — — —
2017 100% 40% 50% 9% — — 14% 16% 13% 15% 12% 8% 5% 4% 3% 1% 1% — — — — —
2013 100% 47% 44% 9% — — — 17% 13% 17% 15% 9% 7% 6% 4% 3% 1% — — — — —
2009 100% 56% 37% 7% — — — — 13% 18% 19% 14% 12% 8% 4% 4% 1% — — — — —
2005 100% 53% 39% 9% — — — — — 20% 20% 14% 16% 11% 4% 5% 1% 1% — — — —
2001 100% 42% 44% 14% — — — — — — 20% 16% 20% 16% 6% 8% 1% 1% — — — —
1997 100% 59% 30% 12% — — — — — — — 16% 22% 25% 8% 12% 2% 1% 1% 1% 1% —
1993 100% 67% 23% 10% — — — — — — — — 22% 28% 11% 22% 3% 2% 1% 1% 1% —
1989 100% 57% 37% 6% — — — — — — — — — 30% 16% 32% 5% 6% 5% 1% 1% —
1985 100% 39% 45% 16% — — — — — — — — — — 20% 34% 9% 10% 8% 3% 1% —
1981 100% 36% 61% 3% — — — — — — — — — — — 42% 11% 21% 14% 6% 1% 1%

Partisan mix of the circuit courts

As of November 18, 2024:

Appeals
Court		 Total number of seats Percentage
of occupied seats
appointed
by
Republicans		 Percentage
of occupied seats
appointed
by
Democrats		 Republican/
Democrat/
vacant		 Percentage
of total seats
appointed
by
Republicans		 Percentage
of total seats
appointed
by
Democrats		 Percentage
of total seats
currently
vacant
1st 6 0% 100% 0 / 5 / 1 0% 83% 17%
2nd 13 46% 54% 6 / 7 / 0 46% 54% 0%
3rd 14 54% 46% 7 / 6 / 1 50% 43% 7%
4th 15 40% 60% 6 / 9 / 0 40% 60% 0%
5th 17 71% 29% 12 / 5 / 0 71% 29% 0%
6th 16 56% 44% 9 / 7 / 0 56% 44% 0%
7th 11 55% 45% 6 / 5 / 0 55% 45% 0%
8th 11 91% 9% 10 / 1 / 0 91% 9% 0%
9th 29 45% 55% 13 / 16 / 0 45% 55% 0%
10th 12 42% 58% 5 / 7 / 0 42% 58% 0%
11th 12 58% 42% 7 / 5 / 0 58% 42% 0%
D.C. 11 36% 64% 4 / 7 / 0 36% 64% 0%
Federal 12 33% 67% 4 / 8 / 0 33% 67% 0%
Total of 13 circuits 179 50% 50% 89 / 88 / 2 50% 49% 1%

First Circuit

as of October 31, 2024:

Year Total Appointed
by
Republicans		 Appointed
by
Democrats		 Vacant JRB DJT BHO
2		 BHO
1		 GWB
2		 GWB
1		 WJC
2		 WJC
1		 GHWB RWR
2		 RWR
1		 JEC RMN
/GRF		 RMN
1		 LBJ
2
Current 6 0 5 1 4 — 1 — — — — — — — — — — — —
2021 6 1 4 1 — — 2 1 — 1 — 1 — — — — — — —
2017 6 2 4 — — — 2 1 — 1 — 1 — — 1 — — — —
2013 6 3 2 1 — — — 1 — 1 — 1 1 — 1 — — — —
2009 6 3 2 1 — — — — — 1 1 1 1 — 1 — — — —
2005 6 4 2 — — — — — — 1 1 1 1 1 1 — — — —
2001 6 4 2 — — — — — — — 1 1 2 1 1 — — — —
1997 6 5 1 — — — — — — — — 1 3 1 1 — — — —
1993 6 5 1 — — — — — — — — — 3 1 1 1 — — —
1989 6 3 3 — — — — — — — — — — 1 1 2 — 1 1
1985 6 2 3 1 — — — — — — — — — — 1 2 — 1 1
1981 4 1 3 — — — — — — — — — — — — 2 — 1 1

Second Circuit

as of March 9, 2023:

Year Total Appointed
by
Republicans		 Appointed
by
Democrats		 Vacant JRB DJT BHO
2		 BHO
1		 GWB
2		 GWB
1		 WJC
2		 WJC
1		 GHWB RWR
2		 RWR
1		 JEC RMN
/GRF		 RMN
1		 LBJ
2		 JFK
/LBJ
Current 13 6 7 — 6 5 — 1 1 — — — — — — — — — — —
2021 13 7 6 — — 5 — 3 1 1 2 1 — — — — — — — —
2017 13 4 7 2 — — — 4 1 2 2 1 1 — — — — — — —
2013 13 5 8 — — — — 5 1 3 2 1 1 — — — — — — —
2009 13 6 6 1 — — — — 1 4 4 2 1 — — — — — — —
2005 13 6 7 — — — — — — 4 5 2 2 — — — — — — —
2001 13 2 10 1 — — — — — — 5 4 2 — — 1 — — — —
1997 13 5 6 2 — — — — — — — 4 3 1 1 2 — — — —
1993 13 10 2 1 — — — — — — — — 3 3 3 2 1 — — —
1989 13 9 3 1 — — — — — — — — — 3 4 2 1 1 1 —
1985 13 7 4 2 — — — — — — — — — — 4 2 2 1 1 1
1981 11 6 4 1 — — — — — — — — — — — 2 2 4 1 1

Third Circuit

as of June 15, 2023:

Year Total Appointed
by
Republicans		 Appointed
by
Democrats		 Vacant JRB DJT BHO
2		 BHO
1		 GWB
2		 GWB
1		 WJC
2		 WJC
1		 GHWB RWR
2		 RWR
1		 JEC RMN
/GRF		 RMN
1		 LBJ
2
Current 14 7 6 1 3 4 3 — 3 — — — — — — — — — —
2021 14 8 6 — — 4 3 1 3 1 1 1 — — — — — — —
2017 14 5 7 2 — — 3 2 3 2 1 1 — — — — — — —
2013 14 6 7 1 — — — 2 3 2 3 1 — 1 — 1 — — —
2009 14 6 6 2 — — — — 3 2 4 1 — 1 — 1 — — —
2005 14 7 6 1 — — — — — 4 4 1 2 1 — 1 — — —
2001 14 6 6 2 — — — — — — 4 1 2 3 1 1 — — —
1997 14 11 2 1 — — — — — — — 1 3 7 1 1 — — —
1993 14 11 1 2 — — — — — — — — 3 7 1 1 — — —
1989 12 9 3 — — — — — — — — — — 7 1 2 — 1 1
1985 12 6 4 2 — — — — — — — — — — 1 2 1 4 2
1981 10 6 4 — — — — — — — — — — — — 2 1 5 2

Fourth Circuit

as of March 19, 2024:

Year Total Appointed
by
Republicans		 Appointed
by
Democrats		 Vacant JRB DJT BHO
2		 BHO
1		 GWB
2		 GWB
1		 WJC
2		 WJC
1		 GHWB RWR
2		 RWR
1		 JEC RMN
/GRF		 RMN
1		 LBJ
2		 JFK
/LBJ		 DDE
2
Current 15 6 9 — 3 3 1 3 1 — 2 — 1 — 1 — — — — — —
2021 15 6 9 — — 3 1 5 1 — 2 1 1 — 1 — — — — — —
2017 15 5 10 — — — 1 5 1 2 3 1 1 — 1 — — — — — —
2013 15 5 10 — — — — 6 1 2 3 1 1 — 1 — — — — — —
2009 15 6 5 4 — — — — 1 2 3 2 2 — 1 — — — — — —
2005 15 8 5 2 — — — — — 2 3 2 3 1 1 — — 1 — — —
2001 15 6 5 4 — — — — — — 3 2 3 1 1 — — 1 — — —
1997 15 9 4 2 — — — — — — — 2 4 1 1 2 1 2 — — —
1993 15 9 3 3 — — — — — — — — 4 1 1 3 1 2 — — —
1989 11 6 5 — — — — — — — — — — 1 2 4 1 2 1 — —
1985 11 6 5 — — — — — — — — — — — 3 4 1 2 1 — —
1981 10 4 6 — — — — — — — — — — — — 4 1 2 2 — 1
  • Roger Gregory, who was given a one-year recess appointment in Bill Clinton's second term and was subsequently given a lifetime appointment in George W. Bush's first term, is counted as a Clinton appointee on this page.

Fifth Circuit

as of December 4, 2023:

Year Total Appointed
by
Republicans		 Appointed
by
Democrats		 Vacant JRB DJT BHO
2		 BHO
1		 GWB
2		 GWB
1		 WJC
2		 WJC
1		 GHWB RWR
2		 RWR
1		 JEC RMN
/GRF		 RMN
1		 LBJ
2		 JFK
/LBJ		 DDE
2		 DDE
1
Current 17 12 5 — 2 6 — 2 4 — — 1 — 2 — — — — — — — —
2021 17 12 5 — — 6 1 2 4 — — 2 — 2 — — — — — — — —
2017 17 9 5 3 — — 1 2 4 2 — 2 — 2 1 — — — — — — —
2013 17 10 5 2 — — — 2 4 2 — 2 — 2 2 1 — — — — — —
2009 17 13 4 — — — — — 4 2 — 3 3 2 2 1 — — — — — —
2005 17 11 4 2 — — — — — 2 — 3 4 2 3 1 — — — — — —
2001 17 9 5 3 — — — — — — — 4 4 2 3 1 — — — — — —
1997 17 11 6 — — — — — — — — 4 4 3 4 2 — — — — — —
1993 17 11 2 4 — — — — — — — — 4 3 4 2 — — — — — —
1989 16 9 6 1 — — — — — — — — — 3 4 6 1 1 — — — —
1985 16 7 7 2 — — — — — — — — — — 5 7 1 1 — — — —
1981 14 3 10 1 — — — — — — — — — — — 8 1 1 2 — — 1
  • The 5th Circuit judges who were transferred to the 11th Circuit in late 1981 are not included in the 5th Circuit numbers for 1981 for trend comparison purposes.

Sixth Circuit

as of September 16, 2023:

Year Total Appointed
by
Republicans		 Appointed
by
Democrats		 Vacant JRB DJT BHO
2		 BHO
1		 GWB
2		 GWB
1		 WJC
2		 WJC
1		 GHWB RWR
2		 RWR
1		 JEC RMN
/GRF		 RMN
1		 LBJ
2		 JFK
/LBJ		 DDE
2
Current 16 9 7 — 4 6 — 1 2 1 1 1 — — — — — — — — —
2021 16 11 5 — — 6 — 2 3 2 1 2 — — — — — — — — —
2017 16 10 5 1 — — — 2 4 4 1 2 1 1 — — — — — — —
2013 16 10 6 — — — — 2 4 4 1 2 1 1 — 1 — — — — —
2009 16 10 6 — — — — — 4 4 2 3 1 1 — 1 — — — — —
2005 16 6 6 4 — — — — — 4 2 3 1 1 — 1 — — — — —
2001 16 5 7 4 — — — — — — 2 3 3 2 — 2 — — — — —
1997 16 7 6 3 — — — — — — — 3 3 4 — 3 — — — — —
1993 16 9 5 2 — — — — — — — — 3 5 1 5 — — — — —
1989 16 10 5 1 — — — — — — — — — 5 3 5 1 1 — — —
1985 16 6 6 4 — — — — — — — — — — 4 5 1 1 — 1 —
1981 11 3 7 1 — — — — — — — — — — — 6 1 1 — 1 1

Seventh Circuit

as of July 8, 2024:

Year Total Appointed
by
Republicans		 Appointed
by
Democrats		 Vacant JRB DJT BHO
2		 BHO
1		 GWB
2		 GWB
1		 WJC
2		 WJC
1		 GHWB RWR
2		 RWR
1		 JEC RMN
/GRF		 RMN
1		 LBJ
2		 JFK
/LBJ
Current 11 6 5 — 5 4 — — — 1 — — — 1 — — — — — —
2021 11 8 2 1 — 4 — 1 — 1 — 1 1 2 — — — — — —
2017 11 6 3 2 — — — 1 — 1 1 1 1 2 2 — — — — —
2013 11 7 3 1 — — — 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 — — — — —
2009 11 7 3 1 — — — — 1 1 1 2 1 2 2 — — — — —
2005 11 8 3 — — — — — — 1 1 2 1 4 2 — — — — —
2001 11 8 3 — — — — — — — 1 2 1 4 3 — — — — —
1997 11 8 3 — — — — — — — — 2 1 4 3 — — — 1 —
1993 11 9 2 — — — — — — — — — 1 4 3 1 1 — 1 —
1989 11 9 2 — — — — — — — — — — 4 3 1 2 — 1 —
1985 11 6 2 3 — — — — — — — — — — 4 1 2 — 1 —
1981 9 4 4 1 — — — — — — — — — — — 1 2 2 2 1

Eighth Circuit

as of January 27, 2023:

Year Total Appointed
by
Republicans		 Appointed
by
Democrats		 Vacant JRB DJT BHO
2		 BHO
1		 GWB
2		 GWB
1		 WJC
2		 WJC
1		 GHWB RWR
2		 RWR
1		 JEC RMN
/GRF		 RMN
1		 LBJ
2
Current 11 10 1 — — 4 1 — 1 4 — — 1 — — — — — —
2021 11 10 1 — — 4 1 — 1 4 — — 1 — — — — — —
2017 11 8 1 2 — — 1 — 1 5 — — 1 1 — — — — —
2013 11 9 2 — — — — — 1 6 1 1 1 1 — — — — —
2009 11 9 2 — — — — — 1 6 1 1 1 1 — — — — —
2005 11 9 2 — — — — — — 6 1 1 2 1 — — — — —
2001 11 6 4 1 — — — — — — 1 1 3 2 1 2 — — —
1997 11 8 3 — — — — — — — — 1 3 3 2 2 — — —
1993 11 9 2 — — — — — — — — — 3 3 3 2 — — —
1989 10 6 3 1 — — — — — — — — — 3 3 2 — — 1
1985 10 4 5 1 — — — — — — — — — — 3 2 — 1 3
1981 9 3 5 1 — — — — — — — — — — — 2 1 2 3

Ninth Circuit

as of November 13, 2023:[17]

Year Total Appointed
by
Republicans		 Appointed
by
Democrats		 Vacant JRB DJT BHO
2		 BHO
1		 GWB
2		 GWB
1		 WJC
2		 WJC
1		 GHWB RWR
2		 RWR
1		 JEC RMN
/GRF		 RMN
1		 LBJ
2		 JFK
/LBJ
Current 29 13 16 — 8 10 2 3 2 1 3 — — — — — — — — —
2021 29 13 16 — — 10 2 5 2 1 8 1 — — — — — — — —
2017 29 7 18 4 — — 2 5 3 3 9 1 — 1 — 1 — — — —
2013 29 9 19 1 — — — 5 3 4 11 1 — 2 — 2 — — — —
2009 28 11 16 1 — — — — 3 4 11 2 2 2 — 3 — — — —
2005 28 8 16 4 — — — — — 4 11 2 2 2 — 3 — — — —
2001 28 7 18 3 — — — — — — 11 3 4 3 — 4 — — — —
1997 28 11 9 8 — — — — — — — 3 4 7 — 5 — — — 1
1993 28 15 12 1 — — — — — — — — 4 7 3 11 — 1 — 1
1989 28 12 13 3 — — — — — — — — — 7 3 12 — 2 — 1
1985 28 8 16 4 — — — — — — — — — — 3 15 3 2 — 1
1981 23 7 16 — — — — — — — — — — — — 15 3 4 — 1

Tenth Circuit

As of December 11, 2023:

Year Total Appointed
by
Republicans		 Appointed
by
Democrats		 Vacant JRB DJT BHO
2		 BHO
1		 GWB
2		 GWB
1		 WJC
2		 WJC
1		 GHWB RWR
2		 RWR
1		 JEC RMN
/GRF		 RMN
1		 LBJ
2		 JFK
/LBJ
Current 12 5 7 — 2 2 4 1 1 2 — — — — — — — — — —
2021 12 5 7 — — 2 4 1 1 2 — 2 — — — — — — — —
2017 12 5 7 — — — 4 1 2 2 — 2 1 — — — — — — —
2013 12 6 3 3 — — — 1 2 3 — 2 1 — — — — — — —
2009 12 8 4 — — — — — 2 4 — 4 1 1 — — — — — —
2005 12 7 5 — — — — — — 4 — 4 1 2 — 1 — — — —
2001 12 5 5 2 — — — — — — — 4 1 4 — 1 — — — —
1997 12 7 5 — — — — — — — — 4 1 6 — 1 — — — —
1993 12 7 3 2 — — — — — — — — 1 6 — 3 — — — —
1989 10 6 4 — — — — — — — — — — 6 — 3 — — 1 —
1985 10 1 4 5 — — — — — — — — — — — 3 — 1 1 —
1981 8 3 5 — — — — — — — — — — — — 3 — 3 1 1

Eleventh Circuit

As of November 18, 2024:

Year Total Appointed
by
Republicans		 Appointed
by
Democrats		 Vacant JRB DJT BHO
2		 BHO
1		 GWB
2		 GWB
1		 WJC
2		 WJC
1		 GHWB RWR
2		 RWR
1		 JEC RMN
/GRF		 RMN
1		 LBJ
2
Current 12 7 5 — 2 6 2 1 — 1 — — — — — — — — —
2021 12 7 5 — — 6 2 2 — 1 1 — — — — — — — —
2017 12 3 8 1 — — 3 2 — 1 3 — 1 — — — 1 — —
2013 12 4 6 2 — — — 2 — 1 3 1 2 — — — 1 — —
2009 12 7 5 — — — — — — 1 3 1 4 1 — 1 1 — —
2005 12 7 5 — — — — — — 1 3 1 4 1 — 1 1 — —
2001 12 6 5 1 — — — — — — 3 1 4 1 — 1 1 — —
1997 12 8 2 2 — — — — — — — 1 4 2 — 1 2 — —
1993 12 8 3 1 — — — — — — — — 4 2 — 3 2 — —
1989 12 6 6 — — — — — — — — — — 2 — 6 3 1 —
1985 12 4 8 — — — — — — — — — — — — 7 3 1 1
1981 12 4 8 — — — — — — — — — — — — 7 3 1 1
  • The 11th Circuit was created in 1981. The judges that were transferred from the 5th Circuit to the 11th Circuit are shown in 1981 for trend comparison purposes.

D.C. Circuit

as of May 15, 2023:

Year Total Appointed
by
Republicans		 Appointed
by
Democrats		 Vacant JRB DJT BHO
2		 BHO
1		 GWB
2		 GWB
1		 WJC
2		 WJC
1		 GHWB RWR
2		 RWR
1		 JEC RMN
/GRF		 RMN
1		 LBJ
2		 JFK
/LBJ
Current 11 4 7 — 3 3 4 — — — — — 1 — — — — — — —
2021 11 4 7 — — 3 4 — — — 1 2 1 — — — — — — —
2017 11 4 7 — — — 4 — 3 — 1 2 1 — — — — — — —
2013 11 5 3 3 — — — — 3 — 1 2 1 1 — — — — — —
2009 11 6 3 2 — — — — 3 — 1 2 1 2 — — — — — —
2005 12 5 4 3 — — — — — 1 1 2 2 2 — 1 — — — —
2001 12 5 4 3 — — — — — — 1 2 2 3 — 1 — — — —
1997 12 6 4 2 — — — — — — — 2 2 4 — 2 — — — —
1993 12 7 4 1 — — — — — — — — 2 5 — 4 — — — —
1989 12 6 5 1 — — — — — — — — — 5 1 4 — — 1 —
1985 12 3 7 2 — — — — — — — — — — 3 4 — — 2 1
1981 11 3 8 — — — — — — — — — — — — 4 — 3 2 2

Federal Circuit

as of March 16, 2022:

Year Total Appointed
by
Republicans		 Appointed
by
Democrats		 Vacant JRB DJT BHO
2		 BHO
1		 GWB
2		 GWB
1		 WJC
2		 WJC
1		 GHWB RWR
2		 RWR
1		 JEC RMN
/GRF		 RMN
1		 LBJ
2		 JFK
/LBJ		 DDE
2
Current 12 4 8 — 2 — 4 1 1 1 1 — 1 — 1 — — — — — —
2021 12 4 8 — — — 4 3 1 1 1 — 1 — 1 — — — — — —
2017 12 4 8 — — — 4 3 1 1 1 — 1 — 1 — — — — — —
2013 12 5 4 3 — — — 3 1 1 1 — 2 — 1 — — — — — —
2009 12 8 4 — — — — — 1 1 3 1 3 2 1 — — — — — —
2005 12 8 4 — — — — — — 1 3 1 4 2 1 — — — — — —
2001 12 7 4 1 — — — — — — 3 1 4 2 1 — — — — — —
1997 12 10 1 1 — — — — — — — 1 5 3 1 — — — — — 1
1993 12 10 1 1 — — — — — — — — 5 3 1 1 — — — — 1
1989 12 7 3 2 — — — — — — — — — 3 2 3 — 1 — — 1
1985 12 7 5 — — — — — — — — — — — 2 3 1 3 1 1 1
1981 11 6 5 — — — — — — — — — — — — 3 1 4 1 1 1
  • The Federal Circuit was created in 1982. The judges from the courts that were combined into the Federal Circuit are shown in 1981 for trend comparison purposes.

District courts

See also: United States district court

Summary of 91 district courts

as of November 21, 2024:[15]

Year Total Appointed
by
Republicans		 Appointed
by
Democrats		 Vacant JRB DJT BHO
2		 BHO
1		 GWB
2		 GWB
1		 WJC
2		 WJC
1		 GHWB RWR
2		 RWR
1		 JEC RMN
/GRF		 RMN LBJ
2
Current 680 263 378 38 169 170 109 81 43 39 11 8 5 4 2 — — — —
2021 678 318 317 43 — 173 124 136 64 64 34 22 7 6 4 1 — — —
2017 678 242 347 89 — — 126 138 87 120 47 33 18 11 5 2 1 — 1
2013 679 324 290 65 — — — 141 89 154 80 63 47 24 8 5 1 1 1
2009 680 373 267 40 — — — — 93 162 129 126 69 35 12 11 1 1 1
2005 680 350 309 21 — — — — — 169 134 152 98 56 22 22 3 2 1
2001 669 271 340 58 — — — — — — 136 167 133 91 39 36 5 3 1
  • Congress has authorized 680 district judgeships including 676 Article III judgeships for the 50 States, the District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico plus 4 Article IV judgeships for Guam, Northern Marianas, and the Virgin Islands. The 676 Article III judgeships include 666 permanent and 10 temporary judgeships.[18]
  • However, the number of total authorized Article III District Judge positions is currently higher than 676 (681 in 2023) because four judges are authorized to serve a collective five additional judicial districts: one two-District (Trump-nominated) Judge in the Sixth, two two-District (one vacant & one Obama-nominated) Judges in the Eighth and one three-district (Trump-nominated) Judge in the Tenth Circuit – see individual districts below for more details.
  • As of August 23, 2024, the senate has confirmed four Biden judges that would ultimately replace current judges that have announced their future retirement or going senior date. Three of those retiring judges were appointed by Democratic presidents. Those changes are reflected in the summary above. One judge was appointed by GWB and retires on Jan 1, 2025. That judge is not reflected in the total above or in the table for Rhode Island. Hence the count above is off by one as of August 23, 2024.

Partisan mix of the district courts

as of November 21, 2024:

District courts
under the
appeals court		 Total
number
of seats		 Percentage
of occupied seats
appointed
by
Republicans		 Percentage
of occupied seats
appointed
by
Democrats		 Republican/
Democrat/
vacant		 Percentage
of total seats
appointed
by
Republicans		 Percentage
of total seats
appointed
by
Democrats		 Percentage
of total seats
currently
vacant
1st 29 31% 69% 9 / 20 / 0 31% 69% 0%
2nd 62 19% 61% 12 / 49 / 1 19% 79% 2%
3rd 59 39% 61% 22 / 35 / 2 38% 59% 3%
4th 56 43% 57% 23 / 31/ 2 41% 55% 4%
5th 83 62% 38% 45 / 28 / 10 54% 34% 12%
6th 63 56% 44% 34 / 27 / 2 54% 43% 3%
7th 48 36% 64% 17 / 30 / 1 36% 63% 2%
8th 44 37% 63% 14 / 24 / 6 32% 54% 14%
9th 110 19% 81% 20 / 83 / 7 18% 76% 6%
10th 41 58% 42% 23 / 17 / 1 56% 42% 2%
11th 69 63% 37% 40 / 23 / 6 58% 33% 9%
D.C. 15 29% 71% 4 / 10 / 1 27% 67% 6%
Total of 91 District Courts 679 41% 59% 263 / 378 / 38 39% 55% 6%

District courts in the First Circuit

As of July 30, 2024:

District Total Appointed
by
Republicans		 Appointed
by
Democrats		 Vacant JRB DJT BHO
2		 BHO
1		 GWB
2		 GWB
1		 WJC
2		 WJC
1		 GHWB
D. of Maine 3 1 2 — 1 1 — 1 — — — — —
D. of Massachusetts 13 2 11 — 4 — 4 1 — 1 — 2 1
D. of New Hampshire 3 1 2 — 1 — 1 — 1 — — — —
D. of Puerto Rico 7 3 4 — 3 2 1 — 1 — — — —
D. of Rhode Island 3 2 1 — — 1 — 1 — 1 — — —
Total 29 9 20 — 9 4 6 3 2 2 — 2 1

District courts in the Second Circuit

as of November 19, 2024:

District Total Appointed
by
Republicans		 Appointed
by
Democrats		 Vacant JRB DJT BHO
2		 BHO
1		 GWB
2		 GWB
1		 WJC
2		 WJC
1
D. of Connecticut 8 1 7 — 4 1 2 1 — — — —
E.D. of New York 15 4 11 — 7 4 3 1 — — — —
N.D. of New York 5 — 4 1 1 — 1 1 — — 1 —
S.D. of New York 28 6 22 — 7 4 6 7 1 1 1 1
W.D. of New York 4 1 3 — 1 1 2 — — — — —
D. of Vermont 2 — 2 — 1 — — 1 — — — —
Total 62 12 49 1 21 10 14 11 1 1 2 1

District courts in the Third Circuit

as of September 17, 2024:

District Total Appointed
by
Republicans		 Appointed
by
Democrats		 Vacant JRB DJT BHO
2		 BHO
1		 GWB
2		 GWB
1
D. of Delaware 4 2 2 — 2 2 — — — —
D. of New Jersey 17 2 15 — 10 — 2 3 2 —
E.D. of Pennsylvania 22 8 12 2 5 5 7 — 1 2
M.D. of Pennsylvania 6 2 4 — 3 1 — 1 — 1
W.D. of Pennsylvania 10 8 2 — — 8 — 2 — —
Total 59 22 35 2 20 16 9 6 3 3

District courts in the Fourth Circuit

As of September 10, 2024:

District Total Appointed
by
Republicans		 Appointed
by
Democrats		 Vacant JRB DJT BHO
2		 BHO
1		 GWB
2		 GWB
1		 WJC
2		 WJC
1		 GHWB RWR
2		 RWR
1
D. of Maryland 10 1 9 — 6 1 2 1 — — — — — — —
E.D. of North Carolina 4 4 — — — 1 — — 1 1 — — — — 1
M.D. of North Carolina 4 2 2 — — — 1 1 2 — — — — — —
W.D. of North Carolina 5 3 1 1 — 1 — 1 2 — — — — — —
D. of South Carolina 10 4 5 1 1 3 1 3 — — — — 1 — —
E.D. of Virginia 11 4 7 — 4 3 1 1 1 — — 1 — — —
W.D. of Virginia 4 1 3 — 2 1 1 — — — — — — — —
N.D. of West Virginia 3 2 1 — — 1 — 1 1 — — — — — —
S.D. of West Virginia 5 2 3 — — 1 — 1 1 — 1 1 — — —
Total 56 23 31 2 13 12 6 9 8 1 1 2 1 — 1

District courts in the Fifth Circuit

As of October 1, 2024:

District Total Appointed
by
Republicans		 Appointed
by
Democrats		 Vacant JRB DJT BHO
2		 BHO
1		 GWB
2		 GWB
1		 WJC
2		 WJC
1		 GHWB RWR
2		 RWR
1
E.D. of Louisiana 12 4 5 3 2 3 — 3 — 1 — — — — —
M.D. of Louisiana 3 — 3 — — — 2 1 — — — — — — —
W.D. of Louisiana 7 5 1 1 1 4 — — — 1 — — — — —
N.D. of Mississippi 3 1 1 1 — — 1 — 1 — — — — — —
S.D. of Mississippi 6 5 1 — — 2 — 1 2 — — — — 1 —
E.D. of Texas 8 5 3 — — 4 2 1 — 1 — — — — —
N.D. of Texas 12 10 1 1 — 6 — — 1 3 1 — — — —
S.D. of Texas 19 9 8 2 1 5 3 3 — 2 1 — 1 — 1
W.D. of Texas 13 6 5 2 2 3 1 — — 3 — 2 — — —
Total 83 45 28 10 6 27 9 9 4 11 2 2 1 1 1

District courts in the Sixth Circuit

As of April 9, 2024:

District Total Appointed
by
Republicans		 Appointed
by
Democrats		 Vacant JRB DJT BHO
2		 BHO
1		 GWB
2		 GWB
1		 WJC
2		 WJC
1
E.D. of Kentucky 6 6 — — — 2 — — 1 3 — —
W.D. of Kentucky 5 3 2 — — 3 2 — — — — —
E.D. of Michigan 15 3 12 — 6 — 4 2 3 — — —
W.D. of Michigan 4 3 1 — 1 1 — — 2 — — —
N.D. of Ohio 11 5 5 1 3 3 — 2 1 1 — —
S.D. of Ohio 8 5 3 — 1 4 — — — 1 1 1
E.D. of Tennessee 5 4 1 — — 3 1 — — 1 — —
M.D. of Tennessee 4 2 2 — — 2 1 — — — 1 —
W.D. of Tennessee 5 3 1 1 — 2 1 — 1 — — —
Total 63 34 27 2 11 20 9 4 8 6 2 1

Note: Judge Claria Horn Boom (Trump appointee) currently serves both the Eastern & Western Districts of Kentucky

District courts in the Seventh Circuit

As of November 13, 2024:

District Total Appointed
by
Republicans		 Appointed
by
Democrats		 Vacant JRB DJT BHO
2		 BHO
1		 GWB
2		 GWB
1		 WJC
2		 WJC
1		 GHWB RWR
2
C.D. of Illinois 4 — 4 — 2 — 1 1 — — — — — —
N.D. of Illinois 23 8 15 — 7 6 5 3 2 — — — — —
S.D. of Illinois 4 2 2 — — 2 2 — — — — — — —
N.D. of Indiana 5 3 2 — 2 2 — — — 1 – — — —
S.D. of Indiana 5 2 2 1 1 2 — 1 — — — — — —
E.D. of Wisconsin 5 2 3 — 1 1 1 — — — 1 — — 1
W.D. of Wisconsin 2 — 2 — — — 1 1 — — — — — —
Total 48 17 30 1 13 13 10 6 2 1 1 — — 1

District courts in the Eighth Circuit

As of September 12, 2024:

District Total Appointed
by
Republicans		 Appointed
by
Democrats		 Vacant JRB DJT BHO
2		 BHO
1		 GWB
2		 GWB
1
E.D. of Arkansas 5 2 3 — — 1 1 2 1 —
W.D. of Arkansas 3 — 2 1 — — 1 1 — —
N.D. of Iowa 2 1 1 — — 1 1 — — —
S.D. of Iowa 3 — 3 — 1 — 1 1 — —
D. Minnesota 7 3 4 — 4 2 — — 1 —
E.D. of Missouri 9 4 1 4 — 3 — 1 — 1
W.D. of Missouri 7 1 5 1 — — 3 2 1 —
D. of Nebraska 3 1 2 — 1 1 1 — — —
D. of North Dakota 2 2 — — — 2 — — — —
D. of South Dakota 3 — 3 — 2 — — 1 — —
Total 44 14 24 6 8 10 8 8 3 1

Note: Currently there is a vacant seat that serves both the Eastern & Western Districts of Missouri. Judge Brian Wimes (Obama appointee) also currently serves in both the Eastern & Western Districts of Missouri.

District courts in the Ninth Circuit

As of November 21, 2024:

District Total Appointed
by
Republicans		 Appointed
by
Democrats		 Vacant JRB DJT BHO
2		 BHO
1		 GWB
2		 GWB
1		 WJC
2		 WJC
1		 GHWB RWR
2
D. of Alaska 3 — 1 2 — — — 1 — — — — — —
D. of Arizona 13 5 8 — 3 5 4 1 — — — — — —
C.D. of California 28 9 16 3 9 4 1 5 1 3 1 — — 1
E.D. of California 6 — 6 — 4 — 2 — — — — — — —
N.D. of California 14 — 14 — 6 — 4 4 — — — — — —
S.D. of California 13 3 8 2 6 1 1 1 1 1 — — — —
D. of Hawaii 4 1 3 — 2 1 1 — — — — — — —
D. of Idaho 2 1 1 — 1 1 — — — — — — — —
D. of Montana 3 — 3 — — — 2 1 — — — — — —
D. of Nevada 7 — 7 — 2 — 3 2 — — — — — —
D. of Oregon 6 1 5 — 3 1 1 1 — — — — — —
E.D. of Washington 4 — 4 — 2 — 1 1 — — — — — —
W.D. of Washington 7 — 7 — 7 — — — — — — — — —
Total 110 20 83 7 45 13 20 17 2 4 1 — — 1

District courts in the Tenth Circuit

As of April 10, 2024:

District Total Appointed
by
Republicans		 Appointed
by
Democrats		 Vacant JRB DJT BHO
2		 BHO
1		 GWB
2		 GWB
1		 WJC
2		 WJC
1		 GHWB RWR
2
D. of Colorado 7 2 5 — 5 1 — — 1 — — — — —
D. of Kansas 6 4 1 1 — 3 1 — 1 — — — — —
D. of New Mexico 7 3 4 — 3 1 1 — — 2 — — — —
E.D. of Oklahoma 2 2 — — — 1 — — — 1 — — — —
N.D. of Oklahoma 4 2 2 — 2 1 — — 1 — — — — —
W.D. of Oklahoma 7 7 — — — 6 — — 1 — — — — —
D. of Utah 5 2 3 — 1 2 1 1 — — — — — —
D. of Wyoming 3 1 2 — 1 — — 1 — — — — — 1
Total 41 23 17 1 12 15 3 2 4 3 — — — 1

Note: Judge John Heil III (Trump appointee) currently serves on the Eastern, Northern, & Western Districts of Oklahoma

District courts in the Eleventh Circuit

As of November 2, 2024:

District Total Appointed
by
Republicans		 Appointed
by
Democrats		 Vacant JRB DJT BHO
2		 BHO
1		 GWB
2		 GWB
1		 WJC
2		 WJC
1		 GHWB
M.D. of Alabama 3 2 — 1 — 2 — — — — — — —
N.D. of Alabama 8 6 1 1 — 4 1 — — 2 — — —
S.D. of Alabama 3 3 — — — 2 — — 1 — — — —
M.D. of Florida 15 8 4 3 1 5 3 — 2 — — — 1
N.D. of Florida 4 3 1 — — 2 — 1 — 1 — — —
S.D. of Florida 18 8 9 1 3 5 3 1 — 2 2 — 1
M.D. of Georgia 4 2 2 — — 1 1 1 — 1 — — —
N.D. of Georgia 11 5 6 — 2 4 3 1 1 — — — —
S.D. of Georgia 3 3 — — — 1 — — 2 — — — —
Total 69 40 23 6 6 26 11 4 6 6 2 — 2

District court in the D.C. Circuit

As of November 20, 2024:

District Total Appointed
by
Republicans		 Appointed
by
Democrats		 Vacant JRB DJT BHO
2		 BHO
1
D. of Columbia 15 4 10 1 4 4 4 2
Total 15 4 9 2 3 4 4 2

United States Court of International Trade

The United States Court of International Trade is an Article III court, with full powers in law and equity, established by the Customs Court Act of 1980 to replace the United States Customs Court.

As of February 5, 2024:

Year Total Appointed
by
Republicans		 Appointed
by
Democrats		 Vacant JRB DJT BHO
2		 BHO
1		 GWB
2		 GWB
1
Current 9 3 6 — 2 3 4 — — —
2021 9 4 4 1 — 3 4 — — 1

See also

References

  1. ^ "It took conservatives 50 years to get a reliable majority on the Supreme Court. Here are 3 reasons why". www.washingtonpost.com. Retrieved 12 June 2019.
  2. ^ "Kavanaugh Confirmation Solidifies Supreme Court Tilt to the Right". www.rollcall.com. 6 October 2018. Retrieved 12 June 2019.
  3. ^ a b "U.S. Senate: U.S. Senate Roll Call Votes 117th Congress - 2nd Session". www.senate.gov. Retrieved 2022-04-15.
  4. ^ "Circuit Status". news.bloomberglaw.com. Retrieved 24 June 2023.
  5. ^ "How Trump is shifting the most important courts in the country". www.washingtonpost.com. Retrieved 12 June 2019.
  6. ^ "With another Supreme Court pick, Trump is leaving his mark on higher federal courts". www.pewresearch.org. 16 July 2018. Retrieved 12 June 2019.
  7. ^ "Justices tend to agree with presidents that pick them — but stray later". www.washingtonpost.com. Retrieved 12 June 2019.
  8. ^ Stolzenberg, Ross M.; Lindgren, James (2022). "Judges as Party Animals: Retirement Timing by Federal Judges and Party Control of Judicial Appointments". American Sociological Review. 87 (4): 675–697. doi:10.1177/00031224221102072. ISSN 0003-1224. S2CID 233649566.
  9. ^ Chen, Daniel L.; Reinhart, Eric (2022-02-19). "The Disavowal of Decisionism: Politically Motivated Exits from the U.S. Courts of Appeals". SSRN. doi:10.2139/ssrn.2816253. S2CID 157951217. SSRN 2816253.
  10. ^ Nixon, David C.; Haskin, J. David (2000). "Judicial Retirement Strategies: The Judge's Role in Influencing Party Control of the Appellate Courts". American Politics Quarterly. 28 (4): 458–489. doi:10.1177/1532673X00028004002. ISSN 0044-7803. S2CID 35805961.
  11. ^ Spriggs, James F; Wahlbeck, Paul J. (1995). "Calling It Quits: Strategic Retirement on the Federal Courts of Appeals, 1893-1991". Political Research Quarterly. 48 (3): 573–597. doi:10.1177/106591299504800306. ISSN 1065-9129. S2CID 153375332.
  12. ^ Federal Judiciary Act (1789), National Archives and Records Administration, retrieved September 12, 2017
  13. ^ "Judges on Horseback" (PDF). U.S. Courts Library - 8th Circuit. Retrieved April 4, 2021.
  14. ^ 28 U.S.C. § 44(a)
  15. ^ a b "Judgeship Appointments By President". United States Courts. Retrieved February 24, 2023.
  16. ^ "Text of H.R. 660 (110th): Court Security Improvement Act of 2007 (Passed Congress/Enrolled Bill version) - GovTrack.us". GovTrack.us.
  17. ^ "U.S. Senate: U.S. Senate Roll Call Votes 117th Congress - 2nd Session". www.senate.gov. Retrieved 2022-01-22.
  18. ^ Federal Judgeships, United States Courts.
Kembali kehalaman sebelumnya