Kepler-444 (or KOI-3158, KIC 6278762, 2MASS J19190052+4138043, BD+41°3306)[10] is a triple star system, estimated to be 11.2 billion years old (more than 80% of the age of the universe),[12] approximately 119 light-years (36 pc) away from Earth in the constellationLyra. On 27 January 2015, the Kepler spacecraft is reported to have confirmed the detection of five sub-Earth-sized rockyexoplanets orbiting the main star. The star is a K-type main sequence star.[13][14][15][12] All of the planets are far too close to their star to harbour life forms.[13]
Discovery
Preliminary results of the planetary system around Kepler-444 were first announced at the second Kepler Science Conference in 2013. At that conference, the star was known as KOI-3158.[16]
Characterization of the host star with asteroseismology was supported in part by the Nonprofit Adopt a Star program operated by White Dwarf Research Corporation, a crowd funded non-profit organization.[15]
History
On 28 January 2015, astronomers using data from NASA's Kepler Mission discovered an ancient triple star system with five Earth-sized planets in Kepler-444. Evidential speculations in research show Kepler-444 formed 11.2 billion years ago, when the universe was less than 20 percent of its current age, making it two and a half times older than the Earth.
Characteristics
The star, Kepler-444, is approximately 11.2 billion years old, whereas the Sun is only 4.6 billion years old. The age is that of Kepler-444 A, an orange main sequence star of spectral type K0.[17] Despite this great age, it is in middle of its main-sequence lifespan, much like the Sun.
The original research on Kepler-444 was published in The Astrophysical Journal on 27 January 2015 under the title "An ancient extrasolar system with five sub-Earth-size planets" by a team of 40 authors.[2]
Stellar system
Radial velocity time series of Kepler 444 showing linear trend in velocities caused by the pair of M-dwarf stars from Weiss et al.[18]
The Kepler-444 system consists of the planet hosting primary and a pair of M-dwarf stars. The M-dwarfs orbit each other at a distance of less than 0.3 AU while the pair orbits the primary in a highly eccentric 324-year orbit. The pair comes within 23.55 AU of the primary potentially truncating the protoplanetary disk from which the planets formed at 8 AU. This would have depleted the availability of solid material to form the observed planets.[1]
Previous stellar orbit solution was ever more extreme, period was shorter (211 years) and eccentricity was much larger (e=0.865), moving periastron to 5 AU, severely reducing the estimated protoplanetary disk size to 1–2 AU and its estimated mass from ~600 to ~4 Earth masses.[7]
Radial velocity measurements of Kepler-444 show a linear trend, which aligns well with the orbit outlined by Dupuy et al. (see diagram above)[18]
Planetary system
All five rocky exoplanets (Kepler-444b; Kepler-444c; Kepler-444d; Kepler-444e; Kepler-444f) are confirmed, smaller than the size of Venus (but bigger than Mercury) and each of the exoplanets completes an orbit around the host star in less than 10 days.[13][12] Thus, the planetary system is very compact, as even the furthest known planet, Kepler-444f, still orbits closer to the star than Mercury is to the Sun.[17] According to NASA, no life as we know it could exist on these hot exoplanets, due to their close orbital distances to the host star.[13] To keep the known planetary system stable, no additional giant planets can be located within 5.5 AU of the parent star.[19]
Moreover, the system is pervaded by high-order resonance chain: period ratios are 4:5, 3:4, 4:5, 4:5. This tight chain is unperturbed and very likely continues farther from Kepler-444A.
A marginally significant peak appears at 72 days in the radial velocity data when the linear trend attributed to the stellar companions is subtracted. However, this signal suggests an eccentricity that is unphysically high, leading to orbits that would intersect the known planets. The signal likely stems from complexities within the long-term radial velocity signal of the Kepler-444 ABC system and may also be associated with the orbit of the BC pair.[18]
^Ducati, J. R. (2002). "VizieR Online Data Catalog: Catalogue of Stellar Photometry in Johnson's 11-color system". CDS/ADC Collection of Electronic Catalogues. 2237. Bibcode:2002yCat.2237....0D.</ref
