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Koplik's spots

Koplik's spots in the mouth of a child with measles, appearing as "grains of salt on a reddish background."[1]

Koplik's spots (also Koplik's sign) are a prodromic viral enanthem of measles manifesting two to three days before the measles rash itself. They are characterized as clustered, white lesions on the buccal mucosa (opposite the upper 1st & 2nd molars) and are pathognomonic for measles.[2] The textbook description of Koplik spots is ulcerated mucosal lesions marked by necrosis, neutrophilic exudate, and neovascularization.[3] They are described as appearing like "grains of salt on a reddish background",[1] and often fade as the maculopapular rash develops. As well as their diagnostic significance they are important in the control of outbreaks. Their appearance, in context of a diagnosed case, before they reach maximum infectivity, permits isolation of the contacts and greatly aids control of this highly infectious disease.[4]

Nobel laureate John F. Enders and Thomas Peebles, who first isolated the measles virus, were careful to collect their samples from patients showing Koplik's spots.[5]

History

Koplik's spots are named after Henry Koplik (1858–1927), an American pediatrician who published a short description of them in 1896, emphasising their appearance before the skin rash and their value in the differential diagnosis of diseases with which measles might be mistaken.[4][6] He published two further papers on the spots, including one with a colour illustration.[7] An anonymous reviewer of Koplik's The Diseases of Infancy and Childhood refers to the illustration as "the now famous coloured plate".[8]

Some authors ascribe the first written description of these spots to Reubold, Würzburg 1854, and others to Johann Andreas Murray (1740–1791). Before Koplik, the German internist Carl Jakob Adolf Christian Gerhardt (1833–1902) in 1874, the Danish physician N. Flindt in 1879, and the Russian Nil Filatov (1847–1902) in 1895, had observed equivalent phenomena.[9] Koplik was aware of Filatov's work,[10] thought his evidence insufficient and rejected his claim for priority.[7]

References

  1. ^ a b Steichen O, Dautheville S (2009). "Koplik spots in early measles". CMAJ. 180 (5): 583. doi:10.1503/cmaj.080724. ISSN 0820-3946. PMC 2645467. PMID 19255085.
  2. ^ Tierney LM, Wang KC (February 2006). "Images in clinical medicine. Koplik's spots". N. Engl. J. Med. 354 (7): 740. doi:10.1056/NEJMicm050576. PMID 16481641.
  3. ^ Robbins and Cotran. "Infectious Diseases." Pathologic Basis of Disease. 7th ed. 2005. Print.
  4. ^ a b Baxby, Derrick (July 1997). "Classic Paper: The diagnosis of the invasion of measles from a study of the exanthema as it appears on the buccal mucous membrane". Reviews in Medical Virology. 7 (2): 71–74. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1099-1654(199707)7:2<71::AID-RMV185>3.0.CO;2-S. PMID 10398471. S2CID 42670134.
  5. ^ Enders, J.F.; Peebles, T.C. (1954). "Propagation in tissue culture of cytopathogenic agents from patients with measles". Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 86 (2): 277–86. doi:10.3181/00379727-86-21073. PMID 13177653. S2CID 4010044.
  6. ^ Koplik, H (1896). "The diagnosis of the invasion of measles from a study of the exanthema as it appears on the buccal mucous membrane". Arch Pediatr. 13: 918–22.
  7. ^ a b Koplik, Henry (1899). "the new diagnostic spots of measles on the buccal and labial mucous membranes". Med. News, (NY). 74: 673–6.
  8. ^ Anon (1903). "Review; The Diseases of Infancy and Childhood, by Henry Koplik". Lancet. 162 (4171): 389–390. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(00)67711-5.
  9. ^ "Koplik's spots". www.whonamedit.com. Retrieved 2023-11-30.
  10. ^ Falkener, L (1901). "Fitalow's spots in morbilli". Lancet. 157 (4040): 315–7. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(01)71368-2. Archived from the original on 2020-01-11. Retrieved 2019-09-09.

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