The hill offers a vista of the battlefield, and is the anchor point of the associated museums and taverns in the surrounding Lion's Hamlet (French: Hameau du Lion; Dutch: Gehucht met de Leeuw).[1] Visitors who pay a fee may climb up the mound's 226 steps,[2] which lead to the statue and its surrounding overlook (where there are maps documenting the battle, along with observation telescopes); the same fee also grants admission to see the painting Waterloo Panorama.[3]
History
Design and construction
The erection of the Lion's Mound, 1825. Engraving by Jobard, after a Bertrand drawing.[a]
The Lion's Mound was designed by the royal architect Charles Vander Straeten, at the behest of King William I of the Netherlands, who wished to commemorate the location on the battlefield of Waterloo where a musket ball hit the shoulder of his elder son, King William II of the Netherlands (then Prince of Orange), and knocked him from his horse during the battle, on 18 June 1815.[4] It is also a memorial of the Battle of Quatre Bras, which had been fought two days earlier, on 16 June 1815. The engineer Jean-Baptiste Vifquain conceived of it as a symbol of the Allied victory rather than as glorifying any sole individual.[5] The construction took place between 1823 and October 1826. The lion's statue was hoisted and placed on its pedestal at the top of the mound on the evening of 28 October 1826.[6]
Though tourism to the site had already begun the day after the battle, with Captain Mercer noting that, on 19 June 1815, "a carriage drove on the ground from Brussels, the inmates of which, alighting, proceeded to examine the field",[7] the monument's success only dates from the second half of the 19th century. In 1832, when Marshal Gérard's French troops passed through Waterloo to support the siege of the Citadel of Antwerp, which was still held by the Dutch, the lion's statue was almost toppled by the French soldiers. They even broke its tail.[8] It was not until 1863–64 that the promenade at the top of the hill was developed and the staircase built.
Later history
On 14 January 1999, landslides occurred on the Lion's Mound on the side of the Panorama building.[9] Similar damage occurred in 1995 and was repaired by driving 650 micro-piles.[10]
On 21 May 2015, the Waterloo 1815 Memorial was inaugurated to mark the bicentenary of the Battle of Waterloo, at a cost of around €40 million, including renovation of adjacent structures.[11][12] Since then, there has been a fee for access to the Lion's Mound, which is only accessible via the nearby museum. On 28 February 2019, a concession contract was signed entrusting the site's tourism operation to the French company Kléber Rossillon until 2035, in return for an annual fee of €365,000 and two variable fees on turnover.[13][14]
The mound itself is a regular cone of earth, 43 metres (141 ft) in height, 169 metres (554 ft) in diameter, and 520 metres (1,710 ft) in circumference. This huge man-made hill was constructed using 300,000 cubic metres (390,000 cu yd) of earth taken from the ridge at the centre of the British line, effectively removing the fields between La Haye Sainte farm and the southern bank of Duke of Wellington's sunken lane.
Victor Hugo, in his novel Les Misérables, wrote that the Duke of Wellington visited the site two years after the mound's completion and said, "They have altered my field of battle!":
Every one is aware that the variously inclined undulations of the plains, where the engagement between Napoleon and Wellington took place, are no longer what they were on 18 June 1815. By taking from this mournful field the wherewithal to make a monument to it, its real relief has been taken away, and history, disconcerted, no longer finds her bearings there. It has been disfigured for the sake of glorifying it. Wellington, when he beheld Waterloo once more, two years later, exclaimed, "They have altered my field of battle!" Where the great pyramid of earth, surmounted by the lion, rises to-day, there was a hillock which descended in an easy slope towards the Nivelles road, but which was almost an escarpment on the side of the highway to Genappe. The elevation of this escarpment can still be measured by the height of the two knolls of the two great sepulchres which enclose the road from Genappe to Brussels: one, the English tomb, is on the left; the other, the German tomb, is on the right. There is no French tomb. The whole of that plain is a sepulchre for France.[15]
The alleged remark by Wellington about the alteration of the battlefield, as described by Hugo, was never documented, however.[16]
Silver medal depicting the statue (Braemt, c. 1826)
The statue is accessible by a staircase of 226 steps.[2] It weighs 28 tonnes (62,000 lb), has a height of 4.45 metres (14.6 ft) and a length of 4.5 metres (15 ft). William Cockerill's iron foundry in Liège cast the statue in sections; a canal barge brought those pieces to Brussels; from there, heavy horse-drays drew the parts to Mont-St-Jean, a low ridge south of Waterloo.
There is a legend that the foundry melted down brass from cannons that the French had left on the battlefield, in order to cast the metal lion. In reality, the foundry made nine separate partial casts in iron and assembled those components into one statue at the monument site.
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