List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Colombia
Several stratigraphic units in Colombia have provided fossils . The richest formations are the Devonian Cuche and Floresta Formations , the Cretaceous Paja Formation , the Paleocene Cerrejón Formation and the Miocene La Venta site . The latter is the richest Konzentrat-Lagerstätte in northern South America and comprises the formations of the Honda Group .
Fossiliferous stratigraphic units
Formations are ordered according to their youngest age
Age
Formations
Locations
Departments
Fossils
Image
Notes
Cenozoic
Holocene
Quaternary alluvium
Yumbo Turbaná
Valle del Cauca Bolívar
Stegomastodon waringi
Curití
Santander
collared peccary (Tayassu tajacu ), South American tapir (Tapirus terrestris ), white-lipped peccary (Tayassu pecari ), Cryptotis sp. , Hydrochoerus sp. , Mazama sp.
Pleistocene (Lujanian )
Haplomastodon chimborazi
Late Pleistocene
Sabana Fm.
Tibitó , Checua , Bosa , Guasca , Guatavita , Soacha , Tunjuelito , Mosquera , Tocancipá , Bogotá savanna
Cundinamarca
Cuvieronius hyodon , Equus amerhippus lasallei , Haplomastodon waringi or H. chimborazi
Soatá Fm.
Soatá
Boyacá
Colombibos atactodontus , Haplomastodon waringi
Neochoerus sp. , Odocoileus salinae
Middle Pleistocene
Quipile
Cundinamarca
Megatherium sp.
Tocaima
Cundinamarca
Haplomastodon waringi
Pleistocene
Rotinet Fm.
Rotinet, Repelón
Atlántico
Haplomastodon waringi
Arboleda El Remolino, Taminango
Nariño
Haplomastodon sp.
Mercaderes
Cauca
Haplomastodon sp.
Toro
Valle del Cauca
Stegomastodon sp.
Medellín
Antioquia
Gomphotheriidae indet.
El Cocuy , Duitama , Sáchica , Socotá , Tunja , Villa de Leyva
Boyacá
Gomphotheriidae indet.
Salamina
Caldas
Gomphotheriidae indet.
Fusagasugá
Cundinamarca
Gomphotheriidae indet.
Carrizal, Uribia
La Guajira
Gomphotheriidae indet.
Cabrera & San Alfonso, Villavieja
Huila
Gomphotheriidae indet.
Cúcuta , Pamplona
Norte de Santander
Gomphotheriidae indet.
Agualinda, Lebrija Vélez
Santander
Gomphotheriidae indet.
Ibagué , Ortega
Tolima
Gomphotheriidae indet.
La Victoria , Zarzal
Valle del Cauca
Gomphotheriidae indet.
Cocha Verde, Taminango
Nariño
Selenogonus nariñoensis
Pliocene
Piacenzian
Ware Fm. (3.4-2.78 Ma) [ 22]
Cocinetas Basin
La Guajira
Chapalmalania sp. , Hydrochoeropsis wayuu , Tardigrada n. gen. & sp. , Lestodontini n. gen. & sp. , Cichlidae sp. , Sciaenidae sp. , Doradidae sp. , Pimelodidae sp. , Characidae sp. , Cynodontidae sp. , Serrasalmidae sp. , Podocnemididae sp. , Aves sp. , Crocodylidae sp. , Alligatoridae sp. , Toxodontidae sp. , Hydrochoeridae sp. , Caviidae sp. , Erethizontidae sp. , Pampatheriidae sp. , Megatheriidae sp. , Glyptodontidae sp. , Proterotheriidae sp. , Camelidae sp. , Myliobatidae sp. , Pristidae sp. , Carcharhinidae sp. , Sphyrnidae sp. , Megalonychidae n. gen. & sp. , Mylodontidae n. gen. & sp. , Scelidotheriinae n. gen. & sp.
Pliomegatherium lelongi , Nothrotherium sp.
Late Miocene
Honda Gp. Cerbatana Mb.
La Venta
Huila
Geochelone hesterna
Serravallian (Laventan )
Honda Gp. Villavieja Fm. (17.0-12.1 Ma)[ 33] La Victoria Fm. (13.82-12.38 Ma)[ 34]
La Venta
Huila Tolima
Lycopsis longirostrus
Dukecynus magnus
Huilatherium pluriplicatum
Granastrapotherium snorki
Hapalops sp.
Anachlysictis gracilis
Theosodon sp.
Hilarcotherium castanedaii
Purussaurus neivensis
Sebecus huilensis
Charactosuchus fieldsi
Chelus colombiana
Colombophis portai
Dracaena colombiana (syn. Paradracaena colombiana )
?Eunectes stirtoni
Gryposuchus colombianus
Mourasuchus atopus
Colossoma macropomum , Lepidosiren paradoxa , cf. Acanthicus , Arapaima sp. , Brachyplatystoma cf. B. vaillanti , Brachyplatystoma promagdalena , cf. Corydoras sp. , Hoplias sp. , cf. Hoplosternum , Hydrolycus sp. , Phractocephalus hemiliopterus , Serrasalmus sp. , Pygocentrus sp. , or Pristobrycon sp. (cf. Myletes sp. ), Ariidae gen. et. sp. Incertae sedis , Characidae cf. Tetragonopterinae gen. et. sp. , Cichlidae gen. et. sp. Incertae sedis , Doradidae gen. et. sp. Incertae sedis 1-3 , Loricariidae gen. et. sp. Incertae sedis 1 & 2 , Potamotrygonidae
Sylviocarcinus piriformis
Hoazinoides magdalenae
Galbula hylochoreutes
Aramus paludigrus
Aotus dindensis
Nuciruptor rubricae
Stirtonia tatacoensis (syn. Kondous laventicus )
Stirtonia victoriae
Hondadelphys fieldsi
Neotamandua borealis
Patasola magdalenae
Potamosiren magdalenensis
Xenastrapotherium kraglievichi
Cebupithecia sarmientoi
Lagonimico conclucatus
Micodon kiotensis
Miocallicebus villaviejai
Mohanamico hershkovitzi
Neosaimiri annectens (syn. Laventiana annectens )
Neosaimiri fieldsi
Pachybiotherium minor
Micoureus laventicus
Thylamys colombianus
Thylamys minutus
Hondathentes cazador
Pithiculites chenche
Anadasypus hondanus
Pedrolypeutes praecursor
Nanoastegotherium prostatum
Scirrotherium hondaensis
Boreostemma gigantea (syn. Asterostemma )
Boreostemma acostae (syn. Asterostemma )
Neoglyptatelus originalis
Brievabradys laventensis
Huilabradys magdaleniensis
Pseudoprepotherium confusum
Neonematherium flabellatum
Microsteiromys jacobsi
Neoreomys huilensis
Microscleromys paradoxalis
Microscleromys cribiphilus
Rhodanodolichotis antepridiana
Scleromys colombianus
Scleromys schurmanni
Prodolichotis pridiana
Acarechimys minutissimus
Ricardomys longidens
Prolicaphrium sanalfolsensis
Prothoatherium colombianus
Megadolodus molariformis
Villarroelia totoyoi
Pericotoxodon platignathus
Miocochilius anomopodus
Notonycteris magdalenensis
Notonycteris sucharadeus
Palynephyllum antimaster
Mormopterus colombiensis
Potamops mascahehenes
Kiotomops lopezi
Diclidurus sp.
Eumops sp.
Olenopsis sp.
?Steiromys sp.
Tonatia sp. or Lophostoma sp.
Dolichotinae sp.
Megatheriinae sp.
Nothrotheriinae sp.
?Echimyidae sp.
cane toad (Bufo marinus )
lesser bulldog bat (Noctilio albiventris )
LaVal's disk-winged bat (Thyroptera lavali )
Thyroptera robusta
Spix's disk-winged bat (Thyroptera tricolor )
Sincelejo Fm.
Calle Fría-Segovia
Sucre
Neoglyptatelus sincelejanus
Langhian
Castilletes Fm. (16.7-14.2 Ma) [ 22]
Cocinetas Basin
La Guajira
Lycopsis padillai , ?Hyperleptus sp. , Astrapotheriidae , Odontoceti , Mysticeti , Glyptodontidae , Pampatheriidae , Macraucheniidae , Proterotheriidae , Leontinidae , Toxodontidae , Interatheriidae , Megatheriidae , Dinomyidae , Sirenia , Sparassodonta , Aves indet.
Chelus colombiana , Chelus sp. , Chelonoidis sp. , cf. Crocodylus sp. , cf. Mourasuchus sp. , cf. Purussaurus sp. , Alligatoridae gen. et sp. indet. , Boidae , Crocodylidae gen et sp. indet. , cf. Eusuchia gen et sp. indet. , Gavialoidea gen. et sp. indet. , Podocnemididae incertae sedis
Characidae , Serrasalmidae , Sciaenidae , Sparidae , Sphyraenidae , Ariidae , Callichthyidae , Doradidae , Pimelodidae , Carcharhinidae , Hemigaleidae , Sphyrnidae , Lamnidae , Otodontidae , Dasyatidae , Myliobatidae , Rhinopteridae , Ginglymostomatidae , Pristiophoridae , Pristidae , Rhynchobatidae , Rhynobatidae , Lepidosirenidae
Calliostoma sp. , Arene sp. , Nerita cf. fulgurans , Neritina n. sp. aff. woodwadi , Modulus tamanensis , Turritella (Bactrospira) sp. cf. altilira , Turritella (Turritella) cocoditana , Turritella (Turritella) machapoorensis , Turritella (Turritella) matarucana , Architectonica (Architectonica) nobilis , Bittium sp. , Rhinoclavis (Ochetoclava) venada , Potamides suprasulcatus , Terebralia dentilabris , Petaloconchus sculpturatus , Bostrycapulus sp. , Crepidula cantaurana , Crepidula insculpta , Crepidula plana , Calyptraea sp. cf. centralis , Crucibulum (Dispotaea) sp. cf. springvaleense , Aylacostoma n. sp. , Doryssa n. sp. , Sheppardiconcha n. sp. , Charadreon n. sp. , Natica sp. , Naticarius sp. , Glossaulax paraguanensis , Polinices sp. cf. nelsoni , Sinum gabbi , Stigmaulax sp. , Strombus sp. , Malea sp. , Bursa rugosa , Ficus sp. cf. carbasea , Distorsio sp. , Chicoreus (Triplex) sp. cf. cornurectus , Chicoreus (Triplex) corrigendum , Luria sp. , Muracypraea sp. cf. hyaena , Calotrophon sp. cf. gatunensis , Cymia cocoditana , Eupleura kugleri , Hesperisternia sp. , Phyllonotus n. sp. , Siphonochelus (Laevityphis) cf. sawkinsi , Siratus cf. denegatus , Vokesimurex sp. cf. gilli , Antillophos sp. cf. gatunensis , Cymatophos cocoditana , Cymatophos paraguanensis , Gordanops sp. cf. baranoanus , Pallacera maracaibensis , Solenosteira sp. , Granolaria sp. cf. gorgasiana , Latirus sp. , Nassarius sp. , Turbinella falconensis , Melongena consors , Anachis sp. , Sincola sp. , Strombina sp. , Persicula venezuelana , Prunum quirosense , Agaronia sp. aff. testacea , Oliva sp. , Aphera sp. , Bivetiella sp. cf. gabbiana , Euclia sp. cf. dinota , Euclia werenfelsi , Narona sp. , Trigonostoma woodringi , Conus sp. aff. jaspideus , Agladrillia sp. , Crassispira conica , Fusiturricula sp. , Gemmula vaningeni , Glyphostoma dentiferum , Paraborsonia cantaurana , "Chiton" sp. , Saccella gnomon , Noetia dauleana , Bulla sp. , Crenella sp. , Brachidontes sp. , Atrina sp. , Argopecten sp. , Anadara (Rasia) democraciana , Anadara (Rasia) tirantensis , Conus sp. cf. chipolanus , Conus sp. cf. molis , Conus talis , Strioterebrum ulloa , Terebra (Paraterebra) sulcifera , Clathrodrillia sp. , Cruziturricula sp. , Hindsiclava henekeni , Knefastia sp. , Polystira sp. , Adrana sp. , Politoleda forcati , Anadara (Cunearca) zuliana , Anadara (Grandiarca) chiriquiensis , Anadara (Potiarca) inutilis , Anadara (Rasia) sp. cf. cornellana , Anadara (Tosarca) sp. cf. veatchi , Tucetona sp. cf. democraciana , Mytilus sp. cf. canoasensis , Anomia peruviana , Cavilinga sp. , Lucinisca mirandana , Diplodonta sp. , Harvella elegans , Mulinia sp. , Raeta sp. , Angulus sp. , ?Macoma sp. , Strigilla sp. , Leopecten sp. , Lindapecten buchivacoanus , Crassostrea sp. , Dendostrea democraciana , Plicatula sp. , Anodontia sp. , Lucina sp. cf. pensylvanica , Phacoides sp. cf. pectinatus , Glyptoactis paraguanensis , Arcinella yaquensis , Chama berjadinensis , Dallocardia sp. cf. sanctidavidis , Apiocardia n. sp. aff. aminensis , Crassinella sp. , Eucrassatella (Hybolophus) venezuelana , Micromactra maracaibensis , Eurytellina paraguanensis , Psammacoma falconensis , Psammotreta hadra , Donax sp. , Tagelus (Mesopleura) n. sp. aff. divisus , Solecurtus sp. , Solena sp. , Abra sp. , Agriopoma (Pitarella) paraguanensis , Hysteroconcha sp. , Leukoma sp. , Pitar sp. , Transennella sp. , Tenuicorbula n. sp. aff. lupina , Semele sp. , Chione sp. , Chionopsis paraguanensis , Clementia dariena , Cyclinella venezuelana , Dosinia sp. , Lamelliconcha labreana , Lirophora quirosensis , Macrocallista n. sp. aff. maculata , Panchione n. sp. aff. macrtropsis , Caryocorbula fortis , Caryocorbula quirosana , Hexacorbula cruziana , Dentalium sp. , Balanidae indet. , Buccinidae indet. , Callianassidae indet. , Pectinidae indet. , Portunidae indet. , Ranellidae indet. , Sphaeriidae indet. , Sportellidae indet. , Tellinidae indet. , Turridae indet. , Unioidae indet. , Veneridae indet.
Burdigalian
Miocene
Honda Gp.
Coyaima
Tolima
Granastrapotherium snorki , Sebecus sp. , Gavialis sp. , Cochilius sp. , Miocochilis sp. , Scleromys sp. , Dasypodidae sp. , Leontiniidae sp. , Megalonychidae sp. , Toxodontidae sp.
Late Oligocene
Early Oligocene
Pedeyita, Cartagena del Chairá
Caquetá
Eosteiromys sp.
Barzalosa Fm.
Alto San Jose, Chaparral
Tolima
Balanerodus logimus
Lophiodolodus chaparralensis
Xenastrapotherium chaparralensis
Protheosodon sp.
Proadinotherium sp.
Late Eocene
Gualanday Gp.
Colombitherium tolimense
Early Eocene
Bogotá Fm.
Ciudad Bolívar , Bogotá
Cundinamarca
Anemocardium margaritae , Etayoa bacatensis , Menispina evidens , Palaeoluna bogotensis , Stephania palaeosudamericana , Foveotriletes margaritae , Foveotricolpites perforatus , Hickeycarpum peltatum , Proxapertites operculatus , Ulmoideipites krempii , Carpolithus sp. , Annonaceae sp. , Arecaceae sp. , Fabaceae sp. , Lauraceae sp. , Malvaceae sp. , Salicaceae sp. , Salvinia sp. , Theaceae sp. , many still unnamed
Mid Paleocene
Cerrejón Fm.
Cerrejón
Cesar La Guajira
Titanoboa cerrejonensis
Carbonemys cofrinii
Acherontisuchus guajiraensis
Anthracosuchus balrogus
Cerrejonemys wayuunaiki
Cerrejonisuchus improcerus
Puentemys mushaisaensis
Aerofructus dillhoffi , Menispermites cerrejonensis , M. guajiraensis , Montrichardia aquatica , Petrocardium cerrejonense , P. wayuuorum , Stephania palaeosudamericana , Ulmoidicarpum tupperi , Acrostichum sp. , Amaryllidaceae sp. , Anacardiaceae sp. , Annonaceae sp. , Apocynaceae sp. , Araceae sp. , Arecaceae sp. , Dicotyledonae sp. , Elaeocarpaceae sp. , Euphorbiaceae sp. , Fabaceae sp. , Lauraceae sp. , Malvaceae sp. , Malvoideae sp. , Meliaceae sp. , Monocotyledoneae sp. , Moraceae sp. , Pinales sp. , Pteridophyta sp. , Salicaceae sp. , Salvinia sp. , Sapotaceae sp. , Stenochlaena sp. , Sterculioideae sp. , Violaceae sp. , Zingiberales sp.
Proxapertites operculatus , Gemmatus phanocolpites gemmatus , Mauritidlites franciscoi , M. franciscoi var. pachyexinatus , Ctenolophonidites lisamae , Psilatriatriletes guaduensis , Foveotriletes cf. margaritae , Psilamonocolpites sp. , Longapertites vaneenderburgi , Retidiporites magdalenensis
Manantial Fm. Hato Nuevo Fm.
Ranchería Sub-basin
Cesar La Guajira
Rzehakina epigona , Globorotalia conicotruncana , Globigerina eugubina , Fovetriletes margaritae , Psilatriletes guaduensis , P. martinensis , Zonotricolpites cf. variabilis , Proxapertites opercutatus , P. maracaiboensis , P. humbertoides , Psilabrevitricolpites marginatus , Ctenolophonidites sp.
Early Paleocene
Paleocene
Guaduas Fm.
Zipaquirá Tasco
Cundinamarca Boyacá
Archaeopaliurus boyacensis , Bacumorphomonocolpites tausae , Buttinia andreevi , Coussapoa camargoi , Echimonocolpites echiverrucatus , E. protofranciscoi , Ficus andrewsi , Foveotriletes margaritae , Geonomites zipaquirensis , Mauritiidites franciscoi , Proxapertites humbertoides , P. operculatus , Psilatriletes martinensis , Retimonocolpites claris , Retricolpites belskii , Scabrastephanocolpites guaduensis , Spinozonocolpites echinatus , S. tausae , Syncolporites lisamae , Zonotricolpites lineaus , Berhamniphyllum sp. , Dinogymniun sp.
Mesozoic
Maastrichtian
Early Maastrichtian
Guadalupe Gp.
San Luis de Gaceno Cucaita
Cundinamarca Boyacá
Ophthalmoplax andina , ?Orthocarstenia clarki , ?O. cretacea , Ostrea tecticosta , Peroniceras (Gauthiericeras) bajuvaricum , Siphogenerinoides ewaldi
Santonian
Maastrichtian
Molino Fm.
Cesar-Ranchería Basin
Cesar La Guajira
Globotruncana fornicata , G. caniculata ventricosa , Globigerina cretacea , Gumbelina globulosa , G. excolta , Siphogenerinoides cretacea , S. bramlettei , Abathomphalus mayorensis , Guembelitria cretacea , Globorotruncanita conica , Gansserina gansseri , Racemiguembelina fructicosa , Heferohelix striata , H. navarroensis , Pseudoguembelina excolata , P. palpebra , Globotruncana aegyptiaca , Echitriporites suescae , Echimonocolpites ruedae , Foveotriletes margaritae , Mauritildites protofranciscoi , Psilatriletes guaduensis , Araucariacites sp. , Rugutriletes sp. , Proxapertites operculatus , P. psilatus , Spiniferites cf. ramosus , Achomosphaera sp. , Dinogymnium sp.
Campanian
Oliní Gp.
Coello
Tolima
Eonatator coellensis
Santonian
Conejo Fm.
Toca Cucaita
Boyacá
Archaeglobigerina blowi , Codazziceras scheibei , Dicarinella concavata , D. primitiva , Gloriaceras correai , Heterohelix globulosa , H. reussi , Lenticeras baltai , Marginotruncana angusticarenata , M. sp. ct. M. renzi , M. sp. cf. M. sinuosa , Protexamites cucaitaense , Protopholoe colombiana , Rosita tornicata , Sigalitruncana sigali , Whiteinella inornata , Baculites sp. , Barroisiceras sp. , Exogyra sp. , Hedbergella sp. , Peroniceras sp. , Pryonocicloceras sp.
Turonian
Coniacian
La Luna Fm.
Sardinata Aguachica Lebrija Cesar-Ranchería Basin
Norte de Santander Santander Cesar La Guajira
Erichsenites mirabilis , Niceforoceras sp. , Paralenticeras sp. , Neoptychites sp. , Holitoides sp. , Fagesia sp. , Prothocantoceras sp. , Eucalycoceras sp. , Cloleopoceras sp. , Baroisiceras sp. , Prionotropis sp. , Baculites sp. , Tissotis sp. , Perinoceras aff. moureti , Whiteinella archeocretacea
Turonian
La Frontera Fm.
Yaguará
Huila
Yaguarasaurus columbianus
Boyacá Cundinamarca Huila
Anomia colombiana , Codazziceras ospinae , Coilopoceras cf. newelli , Hoplitoides ingens , H. cf. lagiraldae , H. wohltmanni , Kamerunoceras cf. turoniense , Neoptychites crassus , Vascoceras cf. constrictum , V. cf. venezolanum , Wrightoceras munieri , Inoceramus sp. , Mammites sp. , Prionocycloceras sp , ?Fagesia sp.
Coniacian
Loma Gorda Fm.
Aipe
Huila
Ankinatsytes venezolanus , Barroisiceras onilahyense , Codazziceras ospinae , Eulophoceras jacobi , Fagesia catinus , Hauericeras madagascarensis , Hoplitoides ingens , H. lagiraldae , Mitonia gracilis , Mytiloides kossmati , M. goppelnensis , M. scupini , Neoptychites cf. andinus , Paralenticeras sieversi , Paramammites sp. , Peroniceras subtricarinatum , Prionocycloceras guayabanum , Reesidites subtuberculatum , Subprionotropis colombianus , Allocrioceras sp. , Anagaudryceras sp. , Anomia sp. , Benueites sp. , Choffaticeras sp. , Dydimotis sp. , Forresteria sp. , Gauthiericeras sp. , Morrowites sp. , Nannovascoceras sp. , Quitmaniceras sp.
Turonian
Early Turonian
Otanche Fm.
Otanche
Boyacá
Crioceratites cf. apricus
Early Albian
Turonian
Chipaque Fm.
Chipaque
Cundinamarca
Exogyra squamata , Ostrea syphax
Cenomanian
Turonian
San Rafael Fm.
Pesca Samacá
Boyacá
Anomia colombiana , A. sp. cf. A. papyracea , Coilopoceras cf. lesseli , Hoplitoides cf. crassicostatus , H. cf. ingens , Kamerunoceras n. sp. aff. K. turoniense , Mammites nodosoidesappelatus , M. aff. afer , Mytiloides kossmati , M. mytiloides , M. subhercynicus , Ophthalmoplax spinosus , Paramammites cf. gracilis , Archaeoglobigerina sp. , Clavihedbergella sp. , Dicarinella sp. , Globigerinelloides sp. , Glyptoxoceras sp. , Guembelitria sp. , Hastigerinoides sp. , Hedbergella sp. , Helvetoglobotruncana sp. , Heterohelix sp. , Laeviheterohelix sp. , Watinoceras sp. , Whiteinella sp. , Wrightoceras sp. , ?Yubariceras sp.
Cenomanian
Late Cenomanian
Hondita Fm.
Aipe
Huila
Acanthoceras sp. , Rhynchostreon sp.
Cenomanian
Aguas Blancas Fm.
Cesar-Ranchería Basin
Cesar La Guajira
Ostrea scyfax , Exogyra toxaster , Choffatella decipiens , Cheloniceras sp. , Pseudosaynella sp. , Dufrenoya sp. , Turrulitas sp. , Acanthoceras sp. , ?Montelliceras sp. , ?Calvoceras sp. , Orbitolina conica texana , Heterohelix reussi , Marginotruncana sinuosa
Aptian
Early Albian
Hiló Fm.
Prado
Tolima
Actinoceramus munsoni , A. aff. subsulcatiformis , Beudanticeras cf. rebouli , Desmoceras latidorsatum , Eubrancoceras cf. aegoceratoides , Exogyra aff. texana , Goodhallites aguilerae , Inoceramus anglicus , I. cf. cadottensis , I. aff. dunveganensis , I. aff. etheridgei , I. cf. ewaldi , I. aff. irenensis , I. prefragilis , I. cf. richensis , Lyelliceras pseudolyelli , Mojsisovicsia evansi , Mortoniceras arietiforme , Neocomiceramus neocomiensis , Neoharpoceras hugardianum , Oxytropidoceras intermedium , O. karsteni , O. laraense , O. multicostatum , O. nodosum , O. peruvianum , ?O. robustum , O. venezolanum , Prolyelliceras gevreyi , P. prorsocurvatum , Puzio media , Tegoceras mosense , Acompsoceras sp. , ?Bositra sp. , Camptonectes sp. , Entolium sp. , Hamites sp. , Hysteroceras sp. , Mariella sp. , Ostrea sp. , Phelopteria sp. , ?Syncyclonema sp.
Early Albian
Capotes Fm.
Bituima
Cundinamarca
Douvilleiceras solitae , Neodeshayesites columbianus , Paracrioceras sp.
Barremian
Late Aptian
Yuruma Fm. Apón Fm.
South of Cuiza
La Guajira
Astarte cf. sieversi , Cheloniceras cf. subnodosocostatum , Crassatella cf. caudata , Cymatoceras perstriatum , Deshayesites aff. codazzianus , Hamites degenhardtii , Heinzia galeatoides , H. lindigii , H. aff. provincialis , Heteroceras cf. helicoceroides , Karsteniceras beyrichii , Nicklesia alicantensis , N. cf. colombiana , N. didayana , N. dumasiana , N. lenticulata , Parahoplites obliquus , Pedioceras caquesensis , P. undulatum , Phylloceras morelianum , P. velledae , Pinna robinaldina , Pseudoaustraliceras ramososeptatum , Pseudohaploceras aff. liptoviense , Psilotissotia maxima , Ptychoceras humboldtianum , Pulchellia caicedi , P. communis , P. elegans , P. fasciata , P. galeata , P. hettneri , P. multicostata , P. pseudokarsteni , P. radians , P. robusta , P. royoi , Trigonia tocaimaana , Valdedorsella inca , Zurcherella zurcheri , Colombiceras sp. , Eogaudryceras sp. , Exogyra sp. , Paraspiticeras sp. , Uhligella sp.
Early Barremian
Late Aptian
Caballos Fm. Yaví Fm.
Alpujarra
Tolima
Araucarites sp. , Brachyphyllum sp. , Cladophlebis sp. , Weichselia sp.
El Peñón Fm.
El Peñón
Cundinamarca
Cheloniceras sp. , Epicheloniceras sp. aff. carlosacostai
Socotá Fm.
Útica
Cundinamarca
Acanthoplites (?) leptoceratiforme , Dufrenoyia sanctorum , Parahoplites (?) hubachi , Stoyanowiceras treffryanus
Aptian
Trincheras Fm.
Apulo
Cundinamarca
Heminautilus etheringtoni , Cheloniceras sp. , Heinzia sp. , Pseudohaploceras sp. , bryozoans , molluscs , echinoids
Early Aptian
Une Fm. Caballos Fm.
Firavitoba Payandé
Boyacá Tolima
Heminautilus etheringtoni
Aptian
Paja Fm.
Villa de Leyva Sáchica
Boyacá
Kronosaurus boyacensis
Callawayasaurus colombiensis
Padillasaurus leivaensis
Platypterygius sachicarum
Desmatochelys padillai
Brachauchenius sp.
Stenorhynchosaurus munozi
Muiscasaurus catheti
Leyvachelys cipadi
Bellcarcinus aptiensis , Cenomanocarcinus vanstraeleni , Colombicarcinus laevis , Joeranina colombiana , J. kerri , Notopocorystes kerri , Planocarcinus johnjagti , Rathbunassa gen. et sp. nov. , Telamonocarcinus antiquus
Acanthoptychoceras triumphyi , Acrioceras julivertii , Ancyloceras vandenheckii velezianum , Buergliceras buerglii , Colchidites apolinari , C. breistrofferi , Crioceratites leivaensis , C. tener , C. aff. emerici , Frenelopsis cf. ramosissima , Karsteniceras beyrichi , Karsteniceras multicostatum sp. nov. , Macroscaphites yvani disjuncticostatus , Monsalveiceras monsalvense , Nicklesia pulchella , Pedioceras asymmetricum , P. ubaquense , Protanisoceras creutzbergi , Pseudoaustraliceras columbiae , Pseudocrioceras simitiense , Pseudohaploceras incertum , Ptychoceras aff. puzosianum , Teredolites clavatus , Dufrenoyia sp. , Gerhardtia sp. , Heinzia sp. , Olcostephanus sp. , Phylloceras sp. , Prodesheyesites sp. , Pseudofrenelopsis sp. , Pulchellia sp. , Toxancycloceras sp. , Valdedorsella sp.
Hauterivian
Chipatá
Santander
Hamiticeras chipatai
Ritoque Fm.
Villa de Leyva
Boyacá
Valanginites santafecinus , Acanthodiscus sp. , Favrella sp. , Subastieria sp.
Tibasosa Fm.
Arcabuco Santa Rosa de Viterbo
Boyacá
Subsaynella boyacaensis n. sp. , Thurmanniceras santarosanum n. sp. , ?Pseudohaploceras sp.
Rosablanca Fm.
Arenal del Sur Simití Socorro Zapatoca
Bolívar Santander
Diaulax rosablanca , Natica cf. bulimoides , Toxaster roulini , Trigonia transitoria quintucoensis , Acanthodiscus sp. , Crioceras sp. , Favrella sp. , Hamulina sp. , ?Kilianella sp. , Nicklesia sp. , Olcostephanus sp. Pseudohaploceras sp. , Thurmanniceras sp.
Valanginian
Murca Fm.
Ubalá Labranzagrande
Cundinamarca Boyacá
Berriasella colombiana , Leptoceras ublanese n. sp. , Pseudoosterella ubalaensis
Berriasian
Early Berriasian
Arcabuco Fm.
Chíquiza
Boyacá
Dinosaur footprints
Tithonian
Late Jurassic
Valle Alto Fm.
San Félix, Salamina
Caldas
Piazopteris branneri , Cladophlebis sp. , Classopollis sp. , Ctenozamites sp. , Desmiophyllum sp. , Gleichenites sp. , Nilssoniopteris sp. , Otozamites sp. , Pachypteris sp. , Ptilophyllum sp. , Rhabdoderas sp. , Sagenopteris sp. , Sandlingites sp. , Sphenopteris sp. , Substeuroceras sp. , Trigonia sp. , Zamites sp.
Kimmeridgian
Coquina Gp. Jipi Fm.
Serranía de Cocinas
La Guajira
Adelocoenia dendroidea , Allocoenia trochiformis , Halysitastraea columbiana n. gen. n. sp. , Stylina micrommata , Thamnasteria dendroidea , Calamophylliopsis sp. , Calamophyllia sp. , Heliocoenia sp. , Isastrea sp. , Pholadomya sp. , Algae indet. , Bryozoa indet. , Gastropoda indet. , Porifera indet.
Late Triassic
Saldaña Fm. Chicalá Mb.
Payandé, San Luis
Tolima
Cycloceltites cowichanensis , Lissonites canadensis , Peripleurites boeckhi , Peripleurites roemeri , Rhabdoceras suessi
Middle Triassic
Payandé Fm.
Payandé
Tolima
Cidaris cf. hausmanni , C. cf. scrobiculata , Costatoria jaworskii , Gruenewaldia multicostata , Isocrinus aff. trechmanni , Metasibirites annulosus , M. tolimensis n. sp. , Monotis subcircularis , Myophorigonia ex gr. paucicostata , Rhabdoceras ex gr. suessi , Spiriferina abichi , Zygopleura cf. modestum , Z. cf. sturi , Z. cf. subanthophylloides , Coenothyris sp. , ?Discophyllites sp. , Gervillella sp. , Homomya sp. , Leptochondria sp. , ?Limatula sp. , Loxonema sp. , Megalodon sp. , ?Myophoria sp. , ?Oxynautilus sp. ,?Pleuromya sp. , ?Pomarangina sp. , Schafhaeutlia sp. , ?Wittenburgella sp. , Brachiopoda indet. , Crinoidea indet.
Paleozoic
Middle Permian
Palmarito Fm.
Río Molino
Magdalena
Mooreoceras sp.
Quebrada Manaure
La Guajira
Perrinites hilli , Eumedlicottia sp. , ?Stearoceras sp.
Early Permian
Mid Carboniferous
Early Carboniferous
Cuche Fm.
Floresta
Boyacá
Antarctilamna sp. , Asterolepis sp. , Bothriolepis sp. , Holoptychius sp. , ?Strepsodus sp. , ?Ginkgo lamariensis , Baiera sp. , Welleria sp. , Lingula sp.
Frasnian
Early Givetian
Floresta Fm.
Platyceras aff. nodosum
Placoderm fishes, Colombianaspis carvalhoae gen. et sp. nov. , Schizobolus pilasiensis sp. nov. , Tarijactinoides sp. nov. , Anchiopsis armata , Barroisella sp. , Belenopyge contusa , Cordania gasepiou , Coronura cf. lessepsensis , Dechenella boteroi , Dipleura cf. dekayi , Greenops cf. grabaui , Kettneraspis callicera , Mannopyge sp. , Synphoria stemmata , ?Tarutiglossa sp. , Viaphacops cristata , Acrospirifer olssoni , Anoplotheca cf. silvetii , Atrypa harrisi , Australospirifer cf. antarcticus , Aviculopecten wellsi , Brachyspirifer palmerae , Camarotoechia dotis , Chonetes cf. billingsi , C. comstockii , C. cf. stubeli , Chonostrophia knodi , Cyclotrypa boyaca , C. carribeana , C. dickeyi , C. reticulata , C. stellata , Cymostrophia dickeyi , C. schucherti , C. waringi , Cypricardinia cf. subindenta , Cyrtina hamiltonensis , Dalmanites cf. patacamayaensis , Dechenella boteroi , Dictyostrophia cooperi , Elytha colombiana , Eodevonaria imperialis , Favosites aff. hamiltonensis , Fenestrellina colombiana , F. olssoni , F. acuta , F. quadrata , F. harrisi , Fistulipora anomala , F. megalopora , Florestacanthus morenoi , Greenops cf. grabaui , Heliophyllum halli , Intrapora fragilis , I. megalopora , Leiorhynchus mysia , Leptaena boyaca , Megastrophia hopkinsi , M. pygmaea , Meristella wheeleri , Nucleospira concinna , Meganteris australis , Odontopleura callicera , Pentagonia gemmisulcata , Phacops cf. salteri , Pholidops florestae , Platyostoma lineata , Pleurodictyum americanum , Polypora elegantula , P. granulifera , Prismopora inornata , Schellwienella goldringae , Semicoscinium colombiensis , S. minutum , Spinocyrtia cf. valenteana , Spinulicosta spinulicosta , Spirifer kingi , Strophonella floweri , S. meridionalis , Sulcoretepora olssoni , S. subramosa , Taeniopora florestae , Tropidoleptus carinatus , Unitrypa casteri , Viaphacops cristata , Acanthograptus sp. , Actinopteria sp , Amphigenia sp. , Anthozoa sp. , Aviculopecten sp. , Camarotoechia sp. , Cryptonella sp. , Cyphaspis sp. , Cryphaeus sp. , Dalmanites sp. , Derbyina sp. , Gastropoda sp. , Grammysia sp. , Homalonotus sp. , Leptostrophia sp. , Mediospirifer sp. , Orthoceras sp. , Ostracoda sp. , Orthis sp. , Paraspirifer sp. , Proetus sp. , Pterinea sp. , Strophodonta sp. , Thamnopora sp. , Vitulina sp.
Late Emsian
Devonian
Río Cachirí Gp.
Cesar-Ranchería Basin
Cesar La Guajira
Acrospirifer olssoni ; Spirifer kingi , Leptaena boyaca , Fenestella venezuelansis , Neospirifer latus , Composita subtilita , Phricodrotis planoconvexa , Pecten sp.
Early Devonian
Silurian
Late Ordovician
Middle Ordovician
Caño Cristales
Meta
Dichograptus sp. , Tetragraptus sp. , ?Lingulella sp. , ?Obolus sp.
Darriwilian
El Higado Fm. Venado Fm.
Tarqui
Huila
Acodus deltatus , Anebolithus tafuri , Costiconus iniquus , ?Costiconus cf. ethingtoni , Cryptograptus tricornis , Didymograptus artus , Didymograptus murchisoni , Drepanodus robustus , Drepanoistodus cf. tablepointensis , Hallograptus bimucronatus , Ogygiocarella cf. debuchii , Ogygiocaris cf. macrops , ?Paltodus deltifer , Parapaltodus simplicissimus , Paroistodus numarcuatus , Protolloydolithus cf. salax , Protopanderodus rectus , Semiacontiodus cf. cornuformis , Scolapodus striatus , Cerninella sp. , Cordylodus sp. , Glyptograptus sp. , ?Obolus sp. , Porterfieldia sp. , Schizocrania sp. , Asaphidae sp.
Floian
Early Ordovician
?Guapayito Fm.
Guaviare River Serranía de la Macarena
Meta
Acrotreta sp. , ?Apheoorthis sp. , Basiliella sp. , Geragnostus sp. , Kainella sp. , ?Leptoplastides sp. , Lingulella sp. , Megistaspis sp. , ?Nanorthis sp. , ?Niobella sp. , ?Pseudokainella sp. , Raphiophorus sp. , Symphysurus sp. , ?Tropidodiscus sp. , Tropidopyge sp. , ?Westergaardia sp.
Cambrian
Duda Fm.
El Dorado
Meta
Paradoxides sp.
Proterozoic
Proposed reclassification of South American gomphotheres
Some authors, Lucas , Mothé, Avilla et al., propose a reclassification of the South American gomphotheres as follows:[ 275] [ 276] [ 277] [ 278]
Stegomastodon (Pohlig 1912) is an exclusively North American genus
Haplomastodon (Hoffstetter 1950) is a South American genus, but synonymous with Notiomastodon (Cabrera 1929)
as Notiomastodon was defined earlier , all Haplomastodon species should be considered part of Notiomastodon
all formerly described species as Stegomastodon sp. , Haplomastodon sp. and Notiomastodon sp. belong to a single species; Notiomastodon platensis
Cuvieronius (Osborn 1923) is the only remaining South American genus outside of Notiomastodon
Evolution
Lucas (2010, 2013) proposes that Notiomastodon evolved from Cuvieronius inside South America[ 275]
Mothé et al. (2012, 2015, 2016) propose that Notiomastodon and Cuvieronius reached South America in two separate migration waves[ 279]
See also
Notes and references
Notes
^ a b c d Reclassified as Notiomastodon platensis by Mothé & Avilla (2015)[ 17]
^ Piazopteris branneri listed as the Permian genus Glossopteris (branneri)[ 250]
References
^ Stegomastodon waringi at Fossilworks .org
^ a b Curití at Fossilworks .org
^ a b De Porta, 1969, p.92
^ Correal Urrego, 1990, p.77
^ De Porta, 1960
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Rodríguez Flórez et al., 2009
^ Hammen, 1986, p.29
^ Villarroel et al., 1996
^ Hernández & De Porta, 1960, p.46
^ Hoffstetter, 1971, p.54
^ a b Soatá at Fossilworks .org
^ a b De Porta, 1961, p.52
^ a b Bürgl, 1956
^ Páramo & Escobar, 2010, p.55
^ Villarroel & Clavijo, 2005, p.353
^ Haplomastodon waringi , Rotinet at Fossilworks .org
^ Mothé & Avilla, 2015, pp.25-27
^ a b (in Spanish) Mastodontes en Colombia
^ Hoffstetter, 1971, p.53
^ Hoffstetter, 1971, p.52
^ Hoffstetter, 1971, p.43
^ a b Amson et al., 2016, p.2
^ Amson et al., 2016, p.3
^ Amson et al., 2016, p.4
^ Amson et al., 2016, p.6
^ Amson et al., 2016, p.8
^ Amson et al., 2016, p.15
^ Pérez et al., 2017
^ Ware Vertebrates at Fossilworks .org
^ Amson et al., 2016, p.9
^ Amson et al., 2016, p.12
^ Geochelone hesterna at Fossilworks .org
^ Villarroel et al., 1996, p.54
^ Villarroel et al., 1996, p.53
^ a b Suárez et al., 2015
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Croft, 2007, p.299
^ Villarroel, 1997
^ a b c d e f g h i j Croft, 2007, p.302
^ Pardo Jaramillo, 2010
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Croft, 2007, p.300
^ Vallejo Pareja et al., 2015
^ Purussaurus neivensis at Fossilworks .org
^ Sebecus huiensis at Fossilworks .org
^ Charactosuchus fieldsi at Fossilworks .org
^ Cadena et al., 2008
^ De la Fuente et al., 2013, p.102
^ Hsiou et al., 2010
^ Dracaena colombiana at Fossilworks .org
^ (in Spanish) Fauna de La Venta, serpientes
^ Gryposuchus colombianus at Fossilworks .org
^ Mourasuchus atopus at Fossilworks .org
^ a b (in Spanish) Fauna de La Venta - flora, cangrejos y peces
^ Kay & Madden, 1997, p.185
^ Lundberg & Chernoff, 1992, p.5
^ Brachyplatystoma promagdalena at Fossilworks .org
^ Miller, 1953
^ a b Rasmussen, 1997
^ Setoguchi & Rosenberger, 1988
^ a b c d e f g h i j k Tejedor, 2013, p.22
^ Meldrum & Kay, 1997
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q Croft, 2007, p.301
^ Stirtonia tatacoensis at Fossilworks .org
^ Setoguchi, 1985
^ Stirtonia victoriae at Fossilworks .org
^ Hondadelphys fieldsi at Fossilworks .org
^ Marshall, 1976
^ Neotamandua borealis at Fossilworks .org
^ Croft, 2007, p.303
^ Cebupithecia sarmientoi at Fossilworks .org
^ Organ & Lemelin, 2011
^ Defler, 2004, p.32
^ Miocallicebus villaviejai at Fossilworks .org
^ Takai et al., 2001
^ Neosaimiri annectens at Fossilworks .org
^ Rosenberger et al., 1991
^ Pachybiotherium minor at Fossilworks .org
^ Thylamys colombianus at Fossilworks .org
^ Thylamys minutus at Fossilworks .org
^ Hondathentes cazador at Fossilworks .org
^ Pithiculites chenche at Fossilworks .org
^ Anadasypus hondanus at Fossilworks .org
^ Pedrolypeutes praecursor at Fossilworks .org
^ Scirrotherium hondaensis at Fossilworks .org
^ Boreostemma gigantea at Fossilworks .org
^ Boreostemma acostae at Fossilworks .org
^ Neoglyptatelus originalis at Fossilworks .org
^ Brievabradys laventensis at Fossilworks .org
^ Huilabradys magdaleniensis at Fossilworks .org
^ Pseudoprepotherium confusum at Fossilworks .org
^ Neonematherium flabellatum at Fossilworks .org
^ Neoreomys huilensis at Fossilworks .org
^ Rhodanodolichotis antepridiana at Fossilworks .org
^ Scleromys colombianus at Fossilworks .org
^ Scleromys schurmanni at Fossilworks .org
^ Prolicaphrium sanalfolsensis at Fossilworks .org
^ Prothoatherium colombianus at Fossilworks .org
^ a b c d e f g h i j k Czaplewski et al., 2003, p.278
^ Potamops mascahehenes at Fossilworks .org
^ Kiotomops lopezi at Fossilworks .org
^ Takai et al., 1991
^ Estes & Wassersug, 1963
^ Thyroptera robusta at Fossilworks .org
^ Neoglyptatelus sincelejanus at Fossilworks .org
^ Amson et al., 2016, p.7
^ a b Moreno et al., 2015, p.35
^ Cadena & Jaramillo, 2015, pp.190-196
^ Moreno Bernal, 2014, pp.7-30
^ Moreno et al., 2015, p.29
^ Hendy et al., 2015, pp.52-54
^ Villarroel et al., 1996, p.63
^ Hoffstetter, 1971, p.40
^ Granastrapotherium snorki , Sebecus sp. at Fossilworks .org
^ a b Hoffstetter, 1971, p.39
^ Balanerodus logimus at Fossilworks .org
^ Lophiodolodus chaparralensis at Fossilworks .org
^ Xenastrapotherium chaparralensis at Fossilworks .org
^ Protheosodon at Fossilworks .org
^ Proadinotherium at Fossilworks .org
^ Billet et al., 2010
^ Etayoa bacatensis at Fossilworks .org
^ Villarroel, 1987, p.241
^ Stephania palaeosudamericana , FH0903 at Fossilworks .org
^ a b Herrera et al., 2011
^ Montoya & Reyes, 2002, p.59
^ Herrera et al., 2014, pp.204-209
^ Bloch et al., 2008
^ Head et al., 2011
^ Head et al., 2012
^ Titanoboa cerrejonensis at Fossilworks .org
^ Head et al., 2009
^ Carbonemys cofrinii at Fossilworks .org
^ Cadena et al., 2012a
^ Acherontisuchus guajiraensis at Fossilworks .org
^ Hastings et al., 2011, p.1095
^ Anthracosuchus balrogus at Fossilworks .org
^ Hastings et al., 2014
^ Cerrejonemys wayuunaiki at Fossilworks .org
^ Cadena et al., 2010
^ Cerrejonisuchus improcerus at Fossilworks .org
^ Hastings et al., 2010
^ Puentemys mushaisaensis at Fossilworks .org
^ Cadena et al., 2012b
^ Herrera et al., 2008
^ Herrera et al., 2014, p.199
^ Herrera et al., 2014, p.204
^ Wing et al., 2009
^ Cerrejón 0315 at Fossilworks .org
^ Cerrejón 0318 at Fossilworks .org
^ Cerrejón 0319 at Fossilworks .org
^ Cerrejón 0322 at Fossilworks .org
^ Cerrejón 0323 at Fossilworks .org
^ Cerrejón 0324 at Fossilworks .org
^ Cerrejón 0706 at Fossilworks .org
^ Cerrejón 0707 at Fossilworks .org
^ Cerrejón 0708 at Fossilworks .org
^ Cerrejón 0710 at Fossilworks .org
^ Cerrejón FH0705-12 at Fossilworks .org
^ a b García González et al., 2007, p.303
^ Moreno & Hincapié, 2010, p.37
^ Huertas, 1960, p.54
^ Coussapoa camargoi , Ficus andrewsi at fossilworks .org
^ Berhamniphyllum sp. & Archaeopaliurus boyacensis at fossilworks .org
^ 'Archaeopaliurus boyacensis' in the Paleobiology Database
^ Gúzman et al., 2016
^ Espinel & Hurtado, 2010, pp.14-15
^ García González et al., 2007, p.77
^ a b c García González et al., 2007, p.307
^ Eonatator coellensis at Fossilworks .org
^ Páramo Fonseca, 2013
^ Luque et al., 2015
^ Tchegliakova & Pérez, 1995
^ Acosta & Ulloa, 2002, p.48
^ Espinel & Hurtado, 2010, p.14
^ Moreno & Hincapié, 2010, pp.32-33
^ a b c Moreno Bedmar et al., 2015
^ a b García González et al., 2007, p.75
^ Yaguarasaurus columbianus at Fossilworks .org
^ Páramo Fonseca, 2000
^ a b Acosta & Ulloa, 2002, p.41
^ Patarroyo, 2016, p.41
^ Blanco et al., 2004, p.26
^ a b Patarroyo, 2011
^ Acosta & Ulloa, 2002, p.54
^ Gutiérrez Palma, 1971
^ Acosta, 1960, p.37
^ Patarroyo & Rojas, 2007
^ Moreno & Hincapié, 2010, p.31
^ Olini Creek 1 at Fossilworks .org
^ Olini Creek 3 at Fossilworks .org
^ Olini Creek 6 at Fossilworks .org
^ Olini Creek 8 at Fossilworks .org
^ Olini Creek 9 at Fossilworks .org
^ Olini Creek 13 at Fossilworks .org
^ Olini Creek 15 at Fossilworks .org
^ Olini Creek 34 at Fossilworks .org
^ Olini Creek 39 at Fossilworks .org
^ Olini Creek 40 at Fossilworks .org
^ Olini Creek 47 at Fossilworks .org
^ Olini Creek 48 at Fossilworks .org
^ Olini Creek 54 at Fossilworks .org
^ Olini Creek 58 at Fossilworks .org
^ Olini Creek 59 at Fossilworks .org
^ Olini Creek 65 at Fossilworks .org
^ Olini Creek 100 at Fossilworks .org
^ Olini Creek 101 at Fossilworks .org
^ Olini Creek 106 at Fossilworks .org
^ Olini Creek 108 at Fossilworks .org
^ Olini Creek 115 at Fossilworks .org
^ Olini Creek 122 at Fossilworks .org
^ a b Acosta & Ulloa, 2002, p.42
^ Cuiza Barremian at Fossilworks .org
^ Cuiza Aptian at Fossilworks .org
^ Punta Espada at Fossilworks .org
^ Monje et al., 2016, p.38
^ Acosta & Ulloa, 2002, p.40
^ Badouin et al., 2016, p.87
^ Kronosaurus boyacensis at Fossilworks .org
^ Callawayasaurus colombiensis at Fossilworks .org
^ Padillasaurus leivaensis at Fossilworks .org
^ Platypterygius sachicarum at Fossilworks .org
^ Páramo et al., 2016
^ a b Brachauchenius sp. , Gerhardtia sp. , Heinzia sp. , Karsteniceras sp. , Prodesheyesites sp. , Pulchellia sp. , Toxancycloceras sp. at Fossilworks .org
^ a b Cadena & Parham, 2015
^ Muiscasaurus catheti at Fossilworks .org
^ Leyvachelys cipadi at Fossilworks .org
^ Luque, 2014
^ Karasawa et al., 2014
^ Luque, 2015
^ Bermúdez et al., 2013
^ Luque et al., 2012
^ Monsalveiceras monsalvense at Fossilworks .org
^ a b Kabakadze & Hoedemaeker, 1997, pp.58-59
^ Chaparro et al., 2015
^ Moreno et al., 2007
^ Patarroyo, 2009
^ Espinel & Hurtado, p.11
^ Moreno & Hincapié, 2010, p.23
^ Santa Rosa de Viterbo, Boyacá at Fossilworks .org
^ Arcabuco at Fossilworks .org
^ Gómez et al., 2015
^ Espinel & Hurtado et al., 2010, p.10
^ Moreno & Hincapié, 2010, p.21
^ Acosta & Ulloa, 2002, p.38
^ Dorado Galindo, 1990, p.23
^ Moreno, 1990, p.76
^ Piraquive et al., 2011, p.207
^ Pseudoosterella ubalaensis
^ Ubalá at Fossilworks .org
^ Moreno Sánchez et al., 2011
^ a b Mojica, 1984, pp.131-132
^ Valle Alto Formation at Fossilworks .org
^ Coquina Group Jurassic fauna at Fossilworks .org
^ Payandé bed A at Fossilworks .org
^ Payandé bed B at Fossilworks .org
^ Payandé bed C at Fossilworks .org
^ Payandé Río Coello at Fossilworks .org
^ Payandé Quebrada Chicalá at Fossilworks .org
^ Payandé El Salitre at Fossilworks .org
^ Payandé Cueva Tuluni at Fossilworks .org
^ Río Molino Permian at Fossilworks .org
^ Quebrada Manaure Permian at Fossilworks .org
^ a b Mojica & Villarroel, 1984, pp.65-69
^ Janvier & Villarroel, 1998
^ a b Devonian Floresta at Fossilworks .org
^ Morzadec et al., 2015, pp.335-352
^ Giroud López, 2014, pp.39-40
^ Janvier & Villarroel, 1998, p.9
^ García González et al., 2007, p.68
^ Caño Ordovician at Fossilworks .org
^ Moreno et al., 2008, p.10
^ Borrero et al., 2007
^ Guaviare Ordovician at Fossilworks .org
^ Macarena Ordovician at Fossilworks .org
^ Toro Toro et al., 2014
^ a b Lucas, 2013
^ Mothé et al., 2012
^ Mothé et al., 2016a
^ Mothé et al., 2016b
^ Mothé & Avilla, 2015, p.33
Bibliography
Pleistocene-Holocene
Bürgl, Hans (1956), Restos de Megatherium y otros fósiles de Quipile, Cundinamarca , INGEOMINAS , pp. 1–14, retrieved 2017-05-03
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: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link )
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: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of July 2024 (link )
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External links