List of presidents of Romania

The president of Romania serves as the head of state of Romania. The office was created by the communist leader Nicolae Ceaușescu in 1974 and has developed into its modern form after the Romanian Revolution and the adoption of the 1991 constitution. The current president of Romania is Klaus Iohannis, who has been serving since 21 December 2014.

List

Key regarding the political parties of affiliation

  Romanian Communist Party (PCR)
  National Salvation Front (FSN)
  Social Democratic Party (PSD)
  Christian Democratic National Peasants' Party (PNȚCD)
  Democratic Liberal Party (PDL)
  National Liberal Party (PNL)

Socialist Republic of Romania (1965–1989)

No.	Portrait	Name (Birth–Death)	Elected	Term of office			Political Party	Ref.
No.	Portrait	Name (Birth–Death)	Elected	Took office	Left office	Time in office	Political Party	Ref.
1		Nicolae Ceaușescu (1918–1989)	1974 1980 1985	28 March 1974	22 December 1989	15 years, 249 days	Romanian Communist Party (PCR)	^[1]
1		Nicolae Ceaușescu (1918–1989)	1974 1980 1985	Despite his country's membership in the Warsaw Pact, Ceaușescu recognised the state of Israel, supported Romanian nationalism, and denounced the 1968 Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia. With his 1971 July Theses speech, Ceaușescu launched a quasi-Maoist and Neo-Stalinist cultural reform. He and his wife, Elena Ceaușescu were deposed during the 1989 Romanian Revolution and were both executed three days later.				^[1]

Romania (1989–present)

No.	Portrait	Name (Birth–Death)	Elected	Term of office			Political Party	Ref.
No.	Portrait	Name (Birth–Death)	Elected	Took office	Left office	Time in office	Political Party	Ref.
—		Ion Iliescu (born 1930)	1990	26 December 1989	20 June 1990	176 days	National Salvation Front (FSN)	^[2]
—			1990	A former Romanian Communist Party (PCR) high-ranking member and subsequent relative dissident, Iliescu was one of the main founders of the National Salvation Front (FSN) during the 1989 Revolution. As a member of the FSN triumvirate, Iliescu served as the acting head of state of Romania for almost six months during the beginning of its slow transition to free market capitalism.				^[2]
2			1990 1992	20 June 1990	29 November 1996	6 years, 161 days	National Salvation Front (FSN)	^[2]
2			1990 1992	The first Romanian president to have been freely and democratically elected, Ion Iliescu was an independent social democrat in geopolitical regards. He subsequently earned a negative reputation after his handling of the Mineriad's miner interventions in Bucharest. Under his first term, the current Constitution of Romania was introduced.				^[2]
3		Emil Constantinescu (born 1939)	1996	29 November 1996	20 December 2000	4 years, 21 days	Christian Democratic National Peasants' Party (PNȚCD)¹	^[3]
3		Emil Constantinescu (born 1939)	1996	Constantinescu was the successful candidate of the right-leaning Romanian Democratic Convention (CDR) which won the 1996 general elections, consequently paving the way for the first peaceful transfer of power in post-1989 Romania. During his term as president, Constantinescu struggled with the slow implementation of the modernization and privatization process which was bogged down by excessive bureaucracy. Nonetheless, the CDR coalition managed to secure three prime ministers who initiated liberalizing economic reforms under Constantinescu's presidency, although the overall progress was meagre.				^[3]
(2)		Ion Iliescu (born 1930)	2000	20 December 2000	20 December 2004	4 years	Social Democratic Party (PSD)	^[2]
(2)		Ion Iliescu (born 1930)	2000	Iliescu was elected to his third non-consecutive term in 2000. In March 2004, at the end of his last term, Romania joined the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), as part of the second largest wave of expansion in Central and Eastern Europe.				^[2]
4		Traian Băsescu (born 1951)	2004 2009	20 December 2004	21 December 2014	10 years, 1 day^[a]	Democratic Liberal Party (PDL)²	^[4]
4		Traian Băsescu (born 1951)	2004 2009	Elected with the support of the right-leaning Justice and Truth Alliance (DA), Băsescu won the presidency in 2004 on a platform targeting widespread political corruption. During his first term, Romania joined in the European Union (EU). In spite of the harsh opposition of the left-leaning parties (especially the PSD and the PRM), he publicly condemned the former communist regime. His second term was marked by a landslide victory of the opposition coalition, specifically the Social Liberal Union (USL), in both the local and the legislative elections of 2012, amidst heavy losses for the presidential party (i.e. the Democratic Liberal Party). Internationally, Băsescu aligned Romania closer to the United States, the European Union (EU), and NATO, maintaining a pro-Western foreign policy throughout both his terms. He was suspended twice, namely in 2007 and 2012. Both impeachment referendums were invalidated by the Constitutional Court on the grounds of low turnout, thus paving his way for a comeback to presidency.				^[4]
5		Klaus Iohannis (born 1959)	2014 2019	21 December 2014	Incumbent	9 years, 340 days	National Liberal Party (PNL)	^[5]
5		Klaus Iohannis (born 1959)	2014 2019	Elected with the support of the right-leaning Christian Liberal Alliance (ACL), Johannis won against former USL ally and coalition partner Victor Ponta in the run-off of the 2014 Romanian presidential elections. During the presidential campaign, his platform focused on anti-corruption, judicial independence, and fiscal relaxation.^[6] He is also the first Romanian President to have stemmed from an ethnic minority, as he is of German (more specifically Transylvanian Saxon) origin.^[7] In the wake of the 2016 legislative elections, his first presidential term was marked by the frequent change of prime ministers made by his former and current close allies, the socialists, as well as by the most massive and widespread series of protests to have ever occurred in the history of Romania (which were directed against the political corruption supposedly endorsed by the socialist governments). After defeating PSD candidate Viorica Dăncilă by a landslide in both presidential election rounds during late 2019, his second term has been marked by the COVID-19 pandemic and by further political instability (resulting in the 2021 Romanian political crisis). In 2023, under his second last year of presidency, Johannis faced a general strike of the Romanian teachers.				^[5]

Notes:

¹ Emil Constantinescu was the candidate of the Christian Democratic National Peasants' Party (PNȚCD) whose candidacy was supported as part of the larger right-leaning Romanian Democratic Convention (CDR) in both 1992 and 1996;
² Traian Băsescu was the presidential candidate of the Democratic Party (PD) whose candidacy was supported as part of the larger right-leaning Justice and Truth Alliance (DA) in 2004, alongside the National Liberal Party. In 2009, his re-election was supported only by the Democratic Liberal Party (PDL) along with a certain faction of the Christian Democratic National Peasants' Party (PNȚCD).

Acting presidents (2007; 2012)

Nº	Portrait	Name (Birth–Death)	Term of office			Political Party
Nº	Portrait	Name (Birth–Death)	Took office	Left office	Time in office	Political Party
—		Nicolae Văcăroiu (born 1943)	20 April 2007	23 May 2007	33 days	Social Democratic Party (PSD)
—		Nicolae Văcăroiu (born 1943)	Văcăroiu, the president of the Senate, served as interim president following Băsescu's first impeachment.			Social Democratic Party (PSD)
—		Crin Antonescu (born 1959)	10 July 2012	27 August 2012	48 days	National Liberal Party (PNL)
—		Crin Antonescu (born 1959)	Antonescu, the president of the Senate, served as interim president following Băsescu's second impeachment.			National Liberal Party (PNL)

List of presidents by religious affiliation

No.	Name	Religion	Branch	Further branch	Denomination	Years in office
1	Nicolae Ceaușescu	Atheist				1974–1989
2	Ion Iliescu	Atheist				1989–1996
3	Emil Constantinescu	Christian	Eastern Orthodox	Orthodox Church	Romanian Orthodox	1996–2000
4	Ion Iliescu	Atheist				2000–2004
5	Traian Băsescu	Christian	Eastern Orthodox	Orthodox Church	Romanian Orthodox	2004–2014
6	Klaus Iohannis	Christian	Protestant	Lutheran	Evangelical Church A.C.	2014–present

Timeline

Notes

^ Impeached twice, first time in 2007 and the second time in 2012.

References

^ Grosescu, R. (2004). The Political Regrouping of Romanian Nomenklatura during the 1989 Revolution. Romanian Journal of Society and Politics, 4(1), 97-123.
^ ^a ^b ^c "Ion Iliescu". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 5 April 2022.
^ "Emil Constantinescu". EastWest Institute. Retrieved 5 April 2022.
^ Eugen Tomiuc (13 December 2004). "Romania: Basescu Wins Presidential Vote, Vows To Fight Corruption". Radio Free Europe. Retrieved 5 April 2022.
^ "Klaus Iohannis wins Romanian presidential election". The Guardian. November 16, 2014. Archived from the original on November 17, 2014. Retrieved November 17, 2014.
^ "Presidents of Romania since 1989". World Atlas. Retrieved 1 July 2018.
^ "Romanians elect first ethnic German president". EU Observer. 17 November 2014. Retrieved 19 June 2018.

Bulei, Ion, O istorie a românilor, Editura Meronia, București, 2007, pg. 266-267

[4] Impeached twice, first time in 2007 and the second time in 2012.

[1] Grosescu, R. (2004). The Political Regrouping of Romanian Nomenklatura during the 1989 Revolution. Romanian Journal of Society and Politics, 4(1), 97-123.

[Encyclopædia_Britannica-2] "Ion Iliescu". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 5 April 2022.

[3] "Emil Constantinescu". EastWest Institute. Retrieved 5 April 2022.

[5] Eugen Tomiuc (13 December 2004). "Romania: Basescu Wins Presidential Vote, Vows To Fight Corruption". Radio Free Europe. Retrieved 5 April 2022.

[6] "Klaus Iohannis wins Romanian presidential election". The Guardian. November 16, 2014. Archived from the original on November 17, 2014. Retrieved November 17, 2014.

[7] "Presidents of Romania since 1989". World Atlas. Retrieved 1 July 2018.

[8] "Romanians elect first ethnic German president". EU Observer. 17 November 2014. Retrieved 19 June 2018.

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