Mendipite

Mendipite
Mendipite
General
Category	Halide mineral
Formula; (repeating unit)	Pb3Cl2O2
IMA symbol	Mdi
Strunz classification	3.DC.70 Oxyhalide
Dana classification	10.3.1.1
Crystal system	Orthorhombic
Crystal class	Dipyramidal (mmm) ; H-M symbol: (2/m 2/m 2/m)
Space group	Pnma ; or P212121,
Unit cell	a = 9.52 Å, b = 11.87 Å, ; c = 5.87 Å; Z = 4
Identification
Formula mass	724.50 g/mol
Color	Colorless to white, brownish cream, grey, yellowish, pink, red, or blue; nearly colorless in transmitted light.
Crystal habit	Columnar or fibrous aggregates, often radiated, and cleavable masses.
Cleavage	Perfect on {110}, fair on {100} and {010}
Fracture	Conchoidal to uneven
Mohs scale hardness	2+1⁄2 to 3
Luster	Pearly to silky on cleavages; resinous to adamantine on fractures.
Streak	White
Diaphaneity	Translucent, rarely transparent
Specific gravity	7.24
Optical properties	Biaxial (+)
Refractive index	nα = 2.240, nβ = 2.270, nγ = 2.310
Birefringence	δ = 0.070
2V angle	Measured: 90°, calculated: 84°
Solubility	Soluble in dilute nitric acid, HNO3
References

Mendipite is a rare mineral that was named for the locality where it is found, the Mendip Hills in Somerset, England. It is an oxyhalide of lead with formula Pb₃Cl₂O₂.^[4]

Crystal structure

Most references assert that mendipite crystallises in the orthorhombic crystal system, disphenoidal class 2 2 2, meaning that it has three mutually perpendicular axes of twofold symmetry, with space group P2₁2₁2₁, meaning that each of these axes is a screw axis.^[4]^[5]^[6] One reference, however, gives the crystal class as orthorhombic m m m with space group Pnma,^[2] which has a higher symmetry. In each case the "P" means that the mineral has a primitive unit cell.

Unit cell parameters:

a = 9.52 Å, b = 11.87 Å, c = 5.87 Å, Z = 4^[4]^[5]^[6]
a = 11.87 Å, b = 5.806 Å, c = 9.48 Å, Z = 4^[2]

Optical properties

Mendipite is colorless to white, brownish cream, grey, yellowish, pink, red, or blue. It is nearly colorless in transmitted light. It has a white streak and its luster is pearly to silky on cleavages, and resinous to adamantine on fractures. The mineral is translucent, and rarely transparent. It is biaxial (+), with refractive indices N_x = 2.24, N_y = 2.27, N_z = 2.31. These values are quite high, compared with ordinary glass at 1.5. This is typical of lead minerals.

Physical properties

Mendipite is found in columnar or fibrous aggregates, often radiated but more rarely straight long fibers, and in cleavable masses. The cleavage is perfect on {110} and fair on {100} and {010}. Fracture is conchoidal (shell-like) to uneven and the mineral is soft, with hardness only 2+1⁄2 to 3, a bit less than that of calcite. Because of the lead content the specific gravity is high, at 7.24,^[4]^[6]^[2] or 7 to 7.2,^[5] just a little less than that of mimetite, another lead mineral. Mendipite is soluble in dilute nitric acid, HNO₃.^[2] It is not radioactive.^[5]

Environment

At the Eleura Mine near Cobar, New South Wales, Australia, oxygenated groundwater reacted with sulfide minerals during the Cenozoic, forming supergene sulfides, as well as the sulfate minerals beudantite, anglesite and baryte, together with some mimetite and native silver. Cerussite crystallised later, and later still chloride-rich groundwaters reacted with many of these earlier minerals to form more mimetite, as well as blixite, laurionite, mendipite and chlorargyrite.^[7]

At the type locality, galena was deposited in Carboniferous Limestone throughout the Mendip Hills during the late Permian or Triassic Period. In the Jurassic Period that followed, these deposits were exposed to the action of seawater, which deposited manganate minerals that reacted with the galena and adsorbed heavy metals both from the seawater and surroundings. A later event heated the deposits creating the conditions which led to the formation of the suite of unusual secondary minerals, including a number of rare oxohalide minerals, now found at Merehead.^[8] The mendipite occurs in nodules in manganese oxide ores, associated with hydrocerussite, cerussite, malachite, pyromorphite, calcite, chloroxiphite, diaboleite and parkinsonite.^[6]

Type locality

The type locality is Churchill, Mendip Hills, Somerset, England, and type material is conserved at the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, Stockholm, Sweden. Other localities include Australia, Germany, Greece, Sweden, the UK and the US.

References

^ Warr, L.N. (2021). "IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols". Mineralogical Magazine. 85 (3): 291–320. Bibcode:2021MinM...85..291W. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43. S2CID 235729616.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g Gaines et al (1997) Dana’s New Mineralogy Eighth Edition. Wiley
^ ^a ^b Mineralienatlas
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g "Mendipite". MinDat.org.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Dave Barthelmy. "Mendipite Mineral Data". WebMineral.com. Retrieved 2015-01-04.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g "Handbook of Mineralogy".
^ Australian Journal of Mineralogy (2005) 11-2:89-90
^ Turner, R. (2006). "A mechanism for the formation of the mineralized Mn deposits at Merehead Quarry, Cranmore, Somerset, England". Mineralogical Magazine. 70 (6): 629–653. Bibcode:2006MinM...70..629T. doi:10.1180/0026461067060359. ISSN 0026-461X. S2CID 129918302.