They became one of the most popular pop acts in the late-1980s and early-1990s, with 7 million records sold in America alone; internationally, Milli Vanilli sold approximately 30 million singles.[9] However, their success turned to infamy when it was discovered that Morvan and Pilatus did not sing any of the vocals on their music releases. Their Grammy Award was revoked.[10][11][12] In 1998, they recorded a comeback album, Back and in Attack, but its release was canceled after Pilatus died the same year.[13]
Beginnings, 1988–1989
Frank Farian, the producer of Milli Vanilli. Over the course of his career, Farian sold over 850 million records and earned 800 gold and platinum certifications.[14]
Rob Pilatus, from Munich, met Fabrice Morvan, from Paris, during a dance seminar at a club in Munich.[12][15] They bonded over their experiences growing up in European cities;[16] Pilatus said, "Maybe it's because we're both black people who grew up in foreign cities that don't have too many blacks."[15] In Munich, they attempted to find work as backing singers, then formed their own act and recorded an album for a small German label that sold a few thousand records.[17] According to Pilatus, they struggled financially and lived in a housing project.[18]
The German music producer Frank Farian, who had previously created the disco group Boney M., invited Pilatus and Morvan to his Frankfurt studio to listen to a demo, "Girl You Know It's True".[17] They told him they could sing it. According to Pilatus, Farian said that he would make them multi-millionaires.[17] On 1 January 1988, the two signed a contract with Farian to record 10 songs a year.[16] The duo signed without understanding the terms and conditions.[17] The duo's singing in the recording studio did not impress Farian.[19] The final mix of "Girl You Know It's True" was finished by studio performers—including Charles Shaw, John Davis, Brad Howell, and twin sisters Jodie and Linda Rocco[20]—in March and April.[17]
Farian gave his new project the name "Milli Vanilli", with "Milli" taken from the nickname of his then-girlfriend Ingrid Segieth, and "Vanilli" added to sound like the British band Scritti Politti.[21] By May, Pilatus and Morvan were touring Spain, France and Italy, lip-syncing to the pre-recorded tracks and thrilling crowds with their distinct style — spandex shorts, thigh-high boots and cornrow hair extensions.[22] According to Pilatus, "We would ask Frank, 'When are we going to be allowed to give some (artistic) input?'. And he would say, 'Yeah, yeah, but right now we need you to go out and do promotion. Of course, you'll get to do it, just work with us'. That's how he strung us along."[17]
"Girl You Know It's True" peaked at No. 1 on the German Singles Chart and No. 3 on the UK Singles Chart. It was also a big success in the United States, peaking at No. 2 on the Billboard Hot 100 for the week ending 1 April 1989.[23] After "Girl You Know It's True" took off in Germany in the summer of 1988, Farian produced and wrote most of the material on the album All or Nothing, which was released in Europe in November 1988. "After Frank released the album, he told us that it was too late to stop now", Pilatus said. "Because the single was such a big success, he said, 'Now you have to go through with it. I'll cover you guys. Nobody will find out'. He said, 'Here, I'll give you $20,000 advance money'. We never had a hit before, so we went along with it. We played with fire and now we know, but it's too late." By December 1988, Pilatus and Morvan had both come to the realization that neither of their actual voices would ever be heard on any Milli Vanilli tracks.[17]
All or Nothing was a moderate success, reaching the Top 40 in several European countries and No. 1 in New Zealand. It originally reached No. 37 in the UK Albums Chart but was packaged together with The U.S.-Remix Album: All or Nothing in 1989 under the name 2×2 and reached No. 6. All or Nothing was subsequently expanded and repackaged as Girl You Know It's True for audiences in the United States and released in March 1989. It was a major success, producing five singles, including the title track of the American version, that all entered the Top 5 of the Billboard Hot 100. Three of these five singles, "Baby Don't Forget My Number", "Blame It on the Rain", and "Girl I'm Gonna Miss You", went to No. 1.[24] In January 1990, the album Girl You Know It's True was certified 6× platinum by the RIAA after spending seven weeks atop the Billboard Top 200.[25] It spent 41 weeks in the Top 10 of the Billboard Top 200 and 78 weeks on the charts overall. It was also certified Diamond in Canada, denoting sales of over a million units there. Milli Vanilli won the Best New Artist award at the 32nd Grammy Awards, as well as three awards at the 17th American Music Awards.[26] However, the duo was not without their detractors, as Rolling Stone Magazine named them "worst act of 1989" and Girl You Know It's True "worst album of 1989".[21]
Lip-syncing exposure and media backlash, 1989–1991
The first public sign that the group was lip-syncing came on 21 July 1989, during a live performance on MTV at the Lake Compounce theme park in Bristol, Connecticut. As they performed, a malfunctioning hard drive caused the recording of the song "Girl You Know It's True" to jam and skip, repeatedly playing the partial line "Girl, you know it's..." through the speakers.[33] "I knew right then and there, it was the beginning of the end for Milli Vanilli", recalled Pilatus of the incident. "When my voice got stuck in the computer, and it just kept repeating and repeating, I panicked. I didn't know what to do. I just ran off the stage."[17] Downtown Julie Brown ran after Pilatus and convinced him to finish the set. "With a bit of pushing and screaming, and a couple of F-words I think as well, I got them back out there", Brown explained on VH1's Behind the Music. Despite the mishap, the concert audience seemed neither to care, nor even to notice, and the concert continued as if nothing unusual had happened.[34]
In a March 1990 issue of Time magazine, Pilatus was quoted proclaiming himself to be "the new Elvis", reasoning that by the duo's success they were more talented musically than Bob Dylan, Paul McCartney and Mick Jagger.[35] This was denied by Morvan in 2017, saying that Pilatus had never used those words and that the quote was taken out of context, likely due to Pilatus still not having a full grasp of the English language.[36][21]
Unlike the international release of All or Nothing, the inserts for the American version of the album explicitly attributed the vocals to Morvan and Pilatus. This prompted singer Charles Shaw to reveal in December 1989 that he was one of the three actual vocalists on the album and that Pilatus and Morvan were impostors. Farian reportedly paid Shaw $150,000 to retract his statements, though this did not stem the tide of public criticism.[37] On the 21 April 1990 episode of In Living Color,Keenen Ivory Wayans and Damon Wayans parodied Milli Vanilli in a sketch, mocking the duo's accents, fashion sense, and dance moves.[38][39] This led to further jokes on the duo, such as David Letterman's Top 10 list on Late Night with David Letterman describing 10 jobs they could do other than music.[21]
Because of growing public questions as to who sang in the group, as well as Morvan's and Pilatus's demand to Farian that they be allowed to sing on the next album, on 14 November 1990, Farian announced that he had fired them and confessed they did not sing on the records.[12][40] Confronted by Los Angeles Times reporter Chuck Philips, Pilatus confirmed the deception. "It's True: Milli Vanilli Didn't Sing", read the newspaper's headline on 16 November 1990.[12] "I feel like a mosquito being squeezed", Pilatus said. "The last two years of our lives have been a total nightmare. We've had to lie to everybody. We are true singers, but that maniac Frank Farian would never allow us to express ourselves."[12]
Arista Records dropped the act from its roster and deleted Girl You Know It's True from their catalog, making it one of the largest-selling albums to ever be deleted.[41] On 19 November 1990, the National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences formally revoked the group's Grammy Award for Best New Artist,[42] marking the first time a Grammy was ever rescinded from an artist. The next day, Pilatus and Morvan gave a press conference in front of more than 100 journalists in Los Angeles where they stated their willingness to return their Grammy Award. The duo said they had "made a deal with the devil", and they sang and rapped for the room in order to prove that, although they had not sung on their records, they could, in fact, sing.[16]
After these details emerged, lawsuits were filed under various U.S. consumer fraud protection laws against Arista Records, Pilatus and Morvan.[43][44] One such filing occurred on 22 November 1990, in Ohio, where lawyers filed a class-action lawsuit asking for refunds on behalf of a local woman in Cuyahoga County who had bought Girl You Know It's True. When the suit was filed, it was estimated at least 1,000 Ohio residents had bought the album.[43] On 12 August 1991, a proposed settlement of a refund lawsuit in Chicago, Illinois, was rejected. This settlement would have refunded buyers of Milli Vanilli CDs, cassettes, records and singles. However, the refunds would only be given as credits for future Arista releases.[44] On 28 August, a new settlement was approved; it refunded those who attended concerts as well as those who bought Milli Vanilli recordings.[45] An estimated 10 million buyers were eligible to claim a refund, and they could keep the refunded recordings.[45] The refund deadline passed on 8 March 1992.[46]
Adding to the controversy, in December 1990, singer-songwriter David Clayton-Thomas sued Milli Vanilli for copyright infringement, alleging that the title song of All or Nothing used the melody from his 1968 composition "Spinning Wheel", a hit for his group Blood, Sweat & Tears.[47] In an interview from the 2023 documentary film Milli Vanilli, the duo justify their work with Farian to escape poverty. The film, without describing them as innocent, points out that a great many people knew about the deception, but the singers became the scapegoats; the popular narrative was incomplete and misdirected at the two public faces of a much larger operation. In an interview about the film, Morvan said: "People thought they knew the story, but they didn't."[48][49]
Subsequent to the revelation exposing the non-authentic vocal contributions of Morvan and Pilatus to the Milli Vanilli project, Frank Farian undertook a reconfiguration of the originally planned album for the initial duo. The album The Moment of Truth was released in early-1991, and spawned three singles, "Keep on Running", "Nice 'n Easy", and "Too Late (True Love)". The album was released only in Brazil, Europe, Asia, and New Zealand, and reached the Top 20 in Germany; "Keep on Running" reached No. 4 on the German charts.[50] One of four Diane Warren-penned songs that are included on The Moment of Truth, "When I Die", has been covered by several other artists, including Farian's No Mercy. For the American market, Farian chose to avoid any association with Milli Vanilli and had the tracks re-recorded with Ray Horton on the majority of lead vocals. However, The Moment of Truth was never released in that format in America.[51]
Try 'N' B
In 1992, RCA signed on to release the album as the debut of the newly created group Try 'N' B. Seven of the songs from The Moment of Truth were reworked and released as an eponymous album, with the addition of Tracy Ganser and Kevin Weatherspoon on vocals.[52] The album contained three additional songs: "Ding Dong", "Who Do You Love", and a cover version of Dr. Hook's "Sexy Eyes".[51]
In 1991, Pilatus and Morvan appeared in a commercial for Carefree Sugarless Gum that parodied the lip-syncing scandal. They also portrayed animated versions of themselves in an episode of The Adventures of Super Mario Bros. 3 and even signed with a PR firm in hopes of breaking into acting.[53][54] As Pilatus told the L.A. Times, "We think we have the potential to become actors. After all, we got a lot of practice while we were in Milli Vanilli. But the most important thing to us now is the new album."[55] Morvan and Pilatus moved to Los Angeles and signed with the Joss Entertainment Group; Sandy Gallin was their manager.[56]
They recorded the album Rob & Fab, which was financed by Taj Records in 1992 and released by Joss Entertainment in 1993. Almost all the album's songs were written by Kenny Taylor and Fab Morvan, while Morvan and Pilatus provided the lead vocals. Werner Schüler, a German bassist and songwriter, was the producer.[57] Due to financial constraints, Joss Entertainment Group was able to release the album only in the United States, the priority market to Milli Vanilli. A single, "We Can Get It On", was made available for radio play shortly before the album's release. However, the lack of publicity, poor distribution, and their steep fall from the height of pop-culture visibility after the lip-syncing scandal contributed to its failure. It sold only around 2,000 copies.[58]
Comeback attempt and death of Rob Pilatus, 1997–1998
To restore their careers, Farian agreed to produce a new Milli Vanilli album with Morvan and Pilatus on lead vocals in 1997, leading to the recording of the 1998 Milli Vanilli comeback album Back and in Attack. Some of the original studio singers even backed the duo in their attempt to recover some of the fame that had been lost so quickly. However, Pilatus encountered a number of personal problems during the album's production. He turned to drugs and crime, committing a series of assaults and robberies,[59] and was sentenced to three months in jail and six months in a drug rehabilitation facility in California.[60] On the eve of the new album's promotional tour on 3 April 1998, Pilatus was found dead of a suspected alcohol and prescription drug overdose in a hotel room in Frankfurt, Germany.[61][62] His death was ruled to have been accidental.[63]
Morvan's solo career
Morvan spent the following years as a session musician and public speaker while working on writing and performing his new music. In 1998, he was a DJ at radio stationKIIS-FM. During this period, he also performed at the station's sold-out 1999 Wango Tango festival concert before 50,000 people at Dodger Stadium. He then spent 2001 on tour before performing in 2002 as the inaugural performer at the brand-new Velvet Lounge at the Hard Rock Hotel in Orlando, Florida. In 2003, Morvan released his first solo album, Love Revolution.[64]
In April 2011, Morvan released the single "Anytime" on iTunes.[65] In 2015 TMZ reported that Morvan was working on an album with John Davis, one of the original Milli Vanilli singers, called Face Meets Voice.[66] In 2016, he appeared in a documentary-style KFC commercial that focuses on his life and music career after Milli Vanilli.[67][68] Davis died on 24 May 2021 from complications of a COVID-19 infection.[69]
Films
In January 2014, the actual Milli Vanilli singers—Jodie Rocco, Linda Rocco, John Davis and Brad Howell—filmed an in-depth interview with the producers of Oprah: Where Are They Now for OWN TV.[70] The documentary Milli Vanilli: From Fame to Shame, directed by German Oliver Schwehm and produced by Hannah Lenitzki from Bremedia Produktion, was released in 2016.[71] Previous attempts to produce a film had all failed:
On 14 February 2007, it was announced that Universal Pictures was developing a film based on the true story of Milli Vanilli's rise and fall in the music industry. Jeff Nathanson, a screenwriter known for Catch Me If You Can, was to write and direct the film. Morvan was supposed to serve as a consultant, providing his and Pilatus's point of view.[72][73] However, the project was never completed.
In 2011, German director Florian Gallenberger declared that he was reviving the project and would be rewriting the script.[74][75]
Director Bret Ratner attempted to make his version of a Milli Vanilli biopic, but the project was eventually canceled in 2021 after numerous Time's Upsexual harassment allegations against Ratner became public.[76] For this project, Morvan had sold his exclusive life rights to Ratner's production company RatPac Entertainment,[77] which is why Morvan could not be involved in any competing project in development.
On March 13, 2021, Variety announced a feature documentary was in the works directed by Luke Korem and produced by Korem, Bradley Jackson, Keep on Running Pictures and MRC. Korem said that "the truth of what happened is more bizarre than anyone knows...there are so many layers, characters, and twists that have never before been revealed".[78] On his Facebook fanpage, Fab Morvan announced on 4 July 2022 the new documentary film about Milli Vanilli in the works, which he was involved in.[79]
On June 1, 2023, it was announced Paramount+ had acquired the film.[80] It then premiered at the Tribeca Festival on June 10, 2023.[48] The documentary film received positive critical reviews, including Variety calling it a "captivating and moving documentary" and that it "brings off something at once strategic, artful, and humane".[49]The Hollywood Reporter released the trailer on September 13, 2023, and the documentary had a global release on October 24, 2023.[81]
On the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, 100% of 24 critics' reviews are positive, with an average rating of 7.8/10. The website's consensus reads: "With clarity and compassion, Milli Vanilli reframes one of pop's most infamous scandals as a sobering cautionary tale."[82] The documentary was selected as a critic's pick by both The New York Times and Variety.[83] Both The Telegraph and The Times gave the film four out of five stars.[84][85]Variety named Milli Vanilli one of the best documentaries of 2023.[86]
^"32nd Annual GRAMMY Awards (1989)". National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences. 28 November 2017. Archived from the original on 12 November 2020. Retrieved 17 October 2019.
^"'Club MTV Live Tour' Promo". youtube. 1989. Retrieved 1 November 2023. Club MTV Live Tour! Milli Vanilli, Lisa Lisa & Cult Jam, Tone Loc, Information Society, Paula Abdul and Was (Not Was) head out on the road with Downtown Julie Brown & the Club MTV dancers.
^Goodman, Fred; Trakin, Roy (30 November 1990). "Artificial Vanilli". Entertainment Weekly. Archived from the original on 6 May 2008. Retrieved 25 July 2008.
^Milli Vanilli: From Fame to Shame "Archived copy". IMDb. Archived from the original on 8 March 2021. Retrieved 21 July 2018.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link) IMDb, 1h documentary, 23 July 2016
^Peter Debruge; Owen Gleiberman; Manuel Betancourt; Catherine Bray; Dennis Harvey; Lisa Kennedy; Jessica Kiang; Richard Kuipers; Guy Lodge; Chris Willman (29 December 2023). "The Best Documentaries of 2023". Variety. Retrieved 16 January 2024.
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