Neeraj Kayal was given the Distinguished Alumnus Award of the IITK,[3] for his work in computational complexity theory. He is also a recipient of the Gödel prize[4] and the Fulkerson Prize[5] for the same along with his co-authors. In 2012, he was awarded the Young Scientist Award from the Indian National Science Academy (INSA) for contributions to the development of arithmetic complexity theory including the development of a deterministic algorithm for primality testing, the resolution of the constant fan-in conjecture for depth three circuits, and a reconstruction algorithm for arithmetic formulas.[6]
In 2021, he won the Infosys Prize in Mathematical Sciences.[7] He was awarded the Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize in Mathematical Sciences for the year 2022.[8] The announcement of the awardees for 2022 was however made in 2023.