PTPRD, HPTP, HPTPD, HPTPDELTA, PTPD, RPTPDELTA, protein tyrosine phosphatase, receptor type D, protein tyrosine phosphatase receptor type D, R-PTP-delta
Receptor-type tyrosine-protein phosphatase delta is an enzyme that, in humans, is encoded by the PTPRDgene.[5][6][7]
Function
The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the protein tyrosine phosphatase (PTP) family. PTPs are known to be signaling molecules that regulate a variety of cellular processes including cell growth, differentiation, mitotic cycle, and oncogenic transformation. This PTP contains an extracellular region, a single transmembrane segment and two tandem intracytoplasmic catalytic domains, thus represents a receptor-type PTP. The extracellular region of this protein is composed of three Ig-like and eight fibronectin type III-like domains. Studies of the similar genes in chick and fly suggest the role of this PTP is in promoting neurite growth, and regulating neurons axon guidance. Multiple tissue specific alternatively spliced transcript variants of this gene have been reported.[7]
Ligand binding
PTPRD is the orexigenic receptor of asprosin, a hormone that is produced by the C-terminal cleavage of profibrillin from the FBN1 gene.[8] In mice, asprosin acts on an olfactory receptor, Olfr734 in the liver to regulate its gluconeogenic effects.[9] However, PTPRD has been identified as the neural receptor for asprosin. Genetic ablation of PTPRD results in extreme leanness and loss of appetite. More specifically, resistance to diet-induced obesity can occur through the loss of PTPRD in AgRP neurons. When asprosin binds to PTPRD, this leads to the de-phosphorylation and de-activation of Stat3.[8]
Clinical significance
PTPRD is highly expressed throughout the entire brain, especially in the cerebellum and cerebellar hemisphere. PTPRD is also highly expressed in the coronary arteries, the aorta, and the ovaries. Mutations in the PTPRD gene are also associated with autism,[10]obsessive–compulsive disorder,[11] and breast cancer.[12]
Wagner J, Gordon LA, Heng HH, Tremblay ML, Olsen AS (November 1996). "Physical mapping of receptor type protein tyrosine phosphatase sigma (PTPRS) to human chromosome 19p13.3". Genomics. 38 (1): 76–78. doi:10.1006/geno.1996.0594. PMID8954782.
Sato M, Takahashi K, Nagayama K, Arai Y, Ito N, Okada M, et al. (December 2005). "Identification of chromosome arm 9p as the most frequent target of homozygous deletions in lung cancer". Genes, Chromosomes & Cancer. 44 (4): 405–414. doi:10.1002/gcc.20253. PMID16114034. S2CID25616464.
1lar: CRYSTAL STRUCTURE OF THE TANDEM PHOSPHATASE DOMAINS OF RPTP LAR
1x5z: Solution structure of the fibronectin type-III domain of human protein tyrosine phosphatase, receptor type, D isoform 4 variant
2dlh: Solution structure of the second fn3 domain of human receptor-type tyrosine-protein phosphatase delta
2fh7: Crystal structure of the phosphatase domains of human PTP SIGMA
2nv5: Crystal structure of a C-terminal phosphatase domain of Rattus norvegicus ortholog of human protein tyrosine phosphatase, receptor type, D (PTPRD)
