Share to: share facebook share twitter share wa share telegram print page

Permanently shadowed crater

The Moon's Erlanger crater is an example of a permanently shadowed crater.

A permanently shadowed crater is a depression on a body in the Solar System within which lies a point that is always in darkness.[1][2]

As of 2019, there are 324 known permanently shadowed regions on the Moon.[3] Such regions also exist on Mercury[4] and Ceres.[5]

Location

Such a crater must be located at high latitude (close to a pole) and be on a body with very small axial tilt. The Moon has an axial tilt of about 1.5°; Mercury, 0.03°;[6] and Ceres, about 4°.[7]

On the Moon, permanent shadow can exist at latitudes as low as 58°; approximately 50 permanently shadowed regions exist in the 58°- 65° latitude range for both lunar hemispheres.[8]

The cumulative area of permanently shadowed lunar regions is about 31 thousand km2; more than half of it is in the southern hemisphere.[9]

Conditions inside craters

Craters of eternal darkness might be advantageous for space exploration and colonization, as they preserve sources of water ice[10] that can be converted into drinkable water, breathable oxygen, and rocket propellant.[11] Several of such craters show indications of water ice in their interiors, including Rozhdestvenskiy[12] and Cabeus craters[13] on the Moon, and Juling Crater on Ceres.[14] Other volatiles besides water can also be trapped in such craters, such as mercury.[15] The LCROSS mission additionally found native silver and gold in permanently shadowed craters on the Moon, probably brought there by electrostatic dust transport, and some inconclusive evidence for platinum. Gold was estimated to have a soil mass abundance of 0.52% in these craters from LCROSS data, and mercury 0.39%. This high mercury abundance has been noted as a possible health hazard of water derived from permanently shadowed craters.[16]

The craters may also contain unusually high concentrations of helium-3.[17]

A business case analysis indicates that mining of propellants in the craters could become a profitable commercial enterprise.[18]

The Moon's Shackleton Crater, as imaged by Earth-based radar

In some cases, peaks of eternal light are located nearby, that could be advantageous for solar power generation. For example, there are two peaks near Shackleton Crater that are illuminated a combined ~94% of a lunar year.[19]

Permanently shadowed regions have a stable surface temperature. On the Moon, the temperature hovers somewhere at or below 50 Kelvin.[20] Another temperatures estimate is 25 K to 70 K.[21] The low temperatures make the regions desirable locations for future infrared telescopes.[22][23]

On the other hand, computer simulations show that powerful solar storms can charge up the soil in permanently shadowed regions near the lunar poles, and may possibly produce "sparks" that could vaporize and melt the soil.[24][25]

There are other unique challenges of such regions: dark environments that restrict the ability of rovers to perceive their surroundings, cryogenic regolith that could be hard to move on, and communication interruptions.[26]

Planetary protection

In 2020, NASA assigned "sensitive location" status to the Moon's permanently shadowed regions to avoid their contamination.[27] The SETI Institute has a contract to manage planetary protection measures for NASA.[28]

List

Computer renderings of some permanently shadowed regions
The south pole of the Moon
The northern hemisphere of Ceres

Below is an incomplete list of such craters:

The Moon:

Mercury:

Ceres:[40]

Research missions

Past

In 2009, LCROSS sent an impactor into a Cabeus crater, that resulted in detection of water in the ejected material.[42]

In 2012, The Lyman Alpha Mapping Project aboard NASA's Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter has found that the permanently shadowed regions have a porous, powdery surface, that indicates the presence of water ice.[43]

In 2018, an analysis of the results of the Moon Mineralogy Mapper confirmed the existence of water ice deposits in permanently shadowed craters and crevices, with more abundance near the south pole.[44]

Current

Lunar Flashlight launched in December 2022 as a secondary payload for the Hakuto-R Mission 1 mission.[45][46]

A camera called ShadowCam has been built that is able to take high-resolution images of Permanently Shadowed Regions. It is a NASA instrument that flies on board the Korea Pathfinder Lunar Orbiter (KPLO) since 2022.[47]

Planned

The proposed International Lunar Observatory mission involves a landing near the Malapert crater.[48]

See also

References

  1. ^ "LUNAR RECONNAISSANCE ORBITER: Permanently Shadowed Regions on the Moon" (PDF). lunar.gsfc.nasa.gov. National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Archived (PDF) from the original on 25 August 2014. Retrieved 5 December 2022.
  2. ^ "GMS: The Moon's Permanently Shadowed Regions". 6 March 2013.
  3. ^ "Permanently Shadowed Regions Atlas | Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter Camera".
  4. ^ "Permanently shadowed, radar-bright regions on Mercury".
  5. ^ Schorghofer, Norbert; Mazarico, Erwan; Platz, Thomas; Preusker, Frank; Schröder, Stefan E.; Raymond, Carol A.; Russell, Christopher T. (2016). "The permanently shadowed regions of dwarf planet Ceres". Geophysical Research Letters. 43 (13): 6783–6789. Bibcode:2016GeoRL..43.6783S. doi:10.1002/2016GL069368.
  6. ^ Planetary Fact Sheets, at http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov
  7. ^ Schorghofer, N.; Mazarico, E.; Platz, T.; Preusker, F.; Schröder, S. E.; Raymond, C. A.; Russell, C. T. (6 July 2016). "The permanently shadowed regions of dwarf planet Ceres". Geophysical Research Letters. 43 (13): 6783–6789. Bibcode:2016GeoRL..43.6783S. doi:10.1002/2016GL069368.
  8. ^ Bussey, D. B. J.; Cahill, J. T. S.; McGovern, J. A.; Spudis, P. D. (1 September 2012). "A Global Catalogue of Lunar Permanently Shadowed Regions" (PDF). EPSC Abstracts. 7. Bibcode:2012epsc.conf..756B. Retrieved 5 December 2022.
  9. ^ Crawford, Ian (2015). "Lunar Resources: A Review". Progress in Physical Geography. 39 (2): 137–167. arXiv:1410.6865. Bibcode:2015PrPhG..39..137C. doi:10.1177/0309133314567585. S2CID 54904229.
  10. ^ "Water Ice Confirmed on the Surface of the Moon for the 1st Time!". Space.com. 21 August 2018.
  11. ^ "Moon Mountain Seen as Prime Real Estate". www.space.com. Archived from the original on 13 February 2006. Retrieved 12 January 2022.
  12. ^ Mitchell, Julie (2017). "Investigations of Water-Bearing Environments on the Moon and Mars". Bibcode:2017PhDT.......229M. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  13. ^ "LCROSS Mission Finds Water - Planetary News | the Planetary Society". www.planetary.org. Archived from the original on 22 January 2010. Retrieved 12 January 2022.
  14. ^ "NASA Dawn Reveals Recent Changes in Ceres' Surface". 14 March 2018.
  15. ^ Reed Jr., George W. (1999). "Don't drink the water". Meteoritics & Planetary Science. 34 (5): 809–811. Bibcode:1999M&PS...34..809R. doi:10.1111/j.1945-5100.1999.tb01394.x.
  16. ^ Platts, Warren J.; Boucher, Dale; Gladstone, G. Randall (12 December 2013). "Prospecting for Native Metals in Lunar Polar Craters". 7th Symposium on Space Resource Utilization. doi:10.2514/6.2014-0338. ISBN 978-1-62410-315-5.
  17. ^ Cocks, F. H. (2010). "3He in permanently shadowed lunar polar surfaces". Icarus. 206 (2): 778–779. Bibcode:2010Icar..206..778C. doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2009.12.032.
  18. ^ Sowers, George F.; Dreyer, Christopher B. (2019). "Ice Mining in Lunar Permanently Shadowed Regions". New Space. 7 (4): 235–244. Bibcode:2019NewSp...7..235S. doi:10.1089/space.2019.0002. S2CID 210245597.
  19. ^ Bussey D. B. J., McGovern J. A., Spudis P. D., Neish C. D., Noda H., Ishihara Y., Sørensen S.-A. (2010). "Illumination conditions of the south pole of the Moon derived using Kaguya topography". Icarus. 208 (2): 558–564. Bibcode:2010Icar..208..558B. doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2010.03.028.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  20. ^ "Eternal Darkness Near the North Pole | Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter Camera".
  21. ^ "Casting Light on Permanently Shadowed Regions | Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter Camera".
  22. ^ "Liquid Mirror Telescopes on the Moon | Science Mission Directorate". Archived from the original on 2011-03-23. Retrieved 2020-08-08.
  23. ^ "Moon Mountain Seen as Prime Real Estate". www.space.com. Archived from the original on 13 February 2006. Retrieved 12 January 2022.
  24. ^ "Solar Storms Could Spark Soils at Moon's Poles".
  25. ^ Jordan, A. P.; Stubbs, T. J.; Wilson, J. K.; Schwadron, N. A.; Spence, H. E.; Joyce, C. J. (2014). "Deep dielectric charging of regolith within the Moon's permanently shadowed regions". Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets. 119 (8): 1806–1821. Bibcode:2014JGRE..119.1806J. doi:10.1002/2014JE004648. S2CID 53533526.
  26. ^ "Roving in the Permanently Shadowed Regions of Planetary Bodies". 4 December 2014.
  27. ^ "NASA issues new guidelines to protect the Moon and Mars from Earth's germs | Business Insider India". www.businessinsider.in. Archived from the original on 2020-08-14.
  28. ^ "NASA Awards SETI Institute Contract for Planetary Protection Support - NASA".
  29. ^ "Eternal Darkness Near the North Pole | Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter Camera".
  30. ^ "Casting Light on Permanently Shadowed Regions | Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter Camera".
  31. ^ Sanin, A. B.; Mitrofanov, I. G.; Litvak, M. L.; Malakhov, A.; Boynton, W. V.; Chin, G.; Droege, G.; Evans, L. G.; Garvin, J.; Golovin, D. V.; Harshman, K.; McClanahan, T. P.; Mokrousov, M. I.; Mazarico, E.; Milikh, G.; Neumann, G.; Sagdeev, R.; Smith, D. E.; Starr, R. D.; Zuber, M. T. (2012). "Testing lunar permanently shadowed regions for water ice: LEND results from LRO". Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets. 117: n/a. Bibcode:2012JGRE..117.0H26S. doi:10.1029/2011JE003971. hdl:2060/20140005994. S2CID 130773165.
  32. ^ Sanin, A. B.; Mitrofanov, I. G.; Litvak, M. L.; Malakhov, A.; Boynton, W. V.; Chin, G.; Droege, G.; Evans, L. G.; Garvin, J.; Golovin, D. V.; Harshman, K.; McClanahan, T. P.; Mokrousov, M. I.; Mazarico, E.; Milikh, G.; Neumann, G.; Sagdeev, R.; Smith, D. E.; Starr, R. D.; Zuber, M. T. (2012). "Testing lunar permanently shadowed regions for water ice: LEND results from LRO". Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets. 117: n/a. Bibcode:2012JGRE..117.0H26S. doi:10.1029/2011JE003971. hdl:2060/20140005994. S2CID 130773165.
  33. ^ "Moon Mountain Seen as Prime Real Estate". www.space.com. Archived from the original on 13 February 2006. Retrieved 12 January 2022.
  34. ^ L. J. Harcke; et al. (2001). "Radar Imaging of Mercury's North and South Poles at 3.5 cm Wavelength" (PDF). Workshop on Mercury: Space Environment, Surface, and Interior (1097): 36. Bibcode:2001mses.conf...36H.
  35. ^ J. K. Harmon; et al. (1994). "Radar mapping of Mercury's polar anomalies". Nature. 369 (6477): 213–215. Bibcode:1994Natur.369..213H. doi:10.1038/369213a0. S2CID 4320356.
  36. ^ "Ice on Mercury". NASA. Retrieved 13 August 2016.
  37. ^ "NASA - Eternal Darkness of Petronius Crater".
  38. ^ New evidence for surface water ice in small‐scale cold traps and in three large craters at the north polar region of Mercury from the Mercury Laser Altimeter, Ariel N. Deutsch, Gregory A. Neumann, James W. Head. 14 September 2017. Geophysical Research Letters, Volume 44, Issue 18. doi.org/10.1002/2017GL074723
  39. ^ "Permanently Shaded Polar Craters". NASA/Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory/Carnegie Institution of Washington/National Astronomy and Ionosphere Center, Arecibo Observatory. 15 November 2012. Archived from the original on 30 November 2012. Retrieved 20 July 2021.
  40. ^ Schorghofer, Norbert; Mazarico, Erwan; Platz, Thomas; Preusker, Frank; Schröder, Stefan E.; Raymond, Carol A.; Russell, Christopher T. (2016). "The permanently shadowed regions of dwarf planet Ceres". Geophysical Research Letters. 43 (13): 6783–6789. Bibcode:2016GeoRL..43.6783S. doi:10.1002/2016GL069368.
  41. ^ "Juling Crater's Shadow". Jet Propulsion Laboratory.
  42. ^ "LCROSS Mission Finds Water - Planetary News | the Planetary Society". www.planetary.org. Archived from the original on 22 January 2010. Retrieved 12 January 2022.
  43. ^ "Shadows of the Moon Hide 'Fluffy' Dirt & Water Ice". Space.com. 19 January 2012.
  44. ^ "Water Ice Confirmed on the Surface of the Moon for the 1st Time!". Space.com. 21 August 2018.
  45. ^ "NASA is Studying How to Mine the Moon for Water". Space.com. 9 October 2014.
  46. ^ "NASA's large SLS rocket unlikely to fly before at least late 2021". 17 July 2019.
  47. ^ "Casting Light on Permanently Shadowed Regions | Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter Camera".
  48. ^ "International Lunar Observatory to offer a new astrophysical perspective". 12 August 2017.

External links
Read more information:

Peluru senapan gentel

Artikel ini membutuhkan rujukan tambahan agar kualitasnya dapat dipastikan. Mohon bantu kami mengembangkan artikel ini dengan cara menambahkan rujukan ke sumber tepercaya. Pernyataan tak bersumber bisa saja dipertentangkan dan dihapus.Cari sumber: Peluru senapan gentel – berita · surat kabar · buku · cendekiawan · JSTOR Peluru kaliber 12-gauge dalam wadah plastik transparan, sehingga isinya dapat terlihat. Dari kiri ke kanan: kuningan, propelan, gumpalan …

Liste der Universitäten in Belgien

Im Föderalstaat Belgien liegt die gesetzgebende Gewalt über Hochschulen und Universitäten in Händen der Gemeinschaften. Die Universitäten in Belgien werden somit von der Flämischen, der Französischen oder Deutschsprachigen Gemeinschaft anerkannt. Die Gemeinschaften bestimmen ebenso, welche Diplome die Institute vergeben dürfen. Die meisten Universitäten sind französisch- oder niederländischsprachig. Deutschsprachige Voll-Universitäten gibt es nicht, wohl aber seit 2005 die Autonome H…

Daughters (Nas song)

2012 single by NasDaughtersSingle by Nasfrom the album Life Is Good ReleasedJuly 17, 2012Recorded4220ConwayEastWest (Hollywood)Record One (Los Angeles)GenreHip hopLength3:20LabelDef JamSongwriter(s)Nasir JonesErnest D. WilsonPatrick AdamsGary DeCarloDale FrashuerPaul LekaProducer(s)No I.D.Nas singles chronology The Don (2012) Daughters (2012) Cherry Wine (2012) Daughters is a song by American rapper Nas, released on July 17, 2012, by Def Jam Recordings as the third single from his tenth stud…

Warped wall

Look up warped wall in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Wikimedia Commons has media related to Warped wall. A warped wall at Rugged Maniac The warped wall (Japanese: そり立つ壁, Hepburn: soritatsu kabe) is an obstacle on many obstacle courses for obstacle racing. Use Ninjasport The warped wall is used in various Ninja Warrior franchises, such as Sasuke, Kunoichi, American Ninja Warrior, Team Ninja Warrior, Ninja Warrior UK, Sasuke Ninja Warrior Indonesia, and Australian Ninja Warrior. The h…

Arturo Sosa

Dalam nama Spanyol ini, nama keluarganya adalah Sosa. Arturo SosaSJPetinggi Umum Serikat Yesus(XXXI)Sosa pada Januari 2017Awal masa jabatan14 Oktober 2016PendahuluAdolfo NicolásImamatTahbisan imam30 Juli 1977Informasi pribadiNama lahirArturo Marcelino Sosa AbascalLahir12 November 1948 (umur 75)Caracas, VenezuelaKewarganegaraanVenezuelaAlmamaterUniversidad Católica Andrés Bello (Sarjana)Universidad Central de Venezuela (Doktor) Arturo Marcelino Sosa Abascal SJ (lahir 12 November 1948) ada…

Embriogenesis somatik

Artikel ini sebatang kara, artinya tidak ada artikel lain yang memiliki pranala balik ke halaman ini.Bantulah menambah pranala ke artikel ini dari artikel yang berhubungan atau coba peralatan pencari pranala.Tag ini diberikan pada Juni 2020. Embriogenesis somatik rumput gajah (Panicum virgatum) yang terbentuk secara in vitro Embriogenesis somatik adalah suatu proses saat sel somatik (baik haploid maupun diploid) berkembang membentuk tumbuhan baru melalui tahap perkembangan embrio yang spesifik t…

Hengkie Kaluara

Hengkie KaluaraKepala Kepolisian Daerah GorontaloMasa jabatan3 September 2015 – 14 November 2016PendahuluAndjajaPenggantiRachmad FudailWakil Kepala Kepolisian Daerah Jawa BaratMasa jabatan19 Oktober 2011 – 19 Februari 2013PendahuluYovianes MaharPenggantiRycko Amelza Dahniel Informasi pribadiLahir0 Juni 1961 (umur 62)GorontaloKarier militerPihak IndonesiaDinas/cabang Kepolisian Negara Republik IndonesiaPangkat Inspektur Jenderal PolisiSatuanBinmasSunting kotak info…

Hermann Schwörer

Kandidatenplakat zur Bundestagswahl 1965 Hermann Schwörer (* 1. Mai 1922 in Oberstetten; † 24. November 2017[1][2] in Sigmaringen) war ein deutscher Jurist, Unternehmer und Politiker der CDU. Er war von 1958 bis 1994 Mitglied des Deutschen Bundestages und parallel von 1970 bis 1979 Mitglied des Europäischen Parlaments. Inhaltsverzeichnis 1 Leben und Beruf 2 Politische Tätigkeit 3 Sonstige Mitgliedschaften, Ehrungen und Auszeichnungen 4 Veröffentlichungen 5 Literatur 6 Webli…

Johanna Gastdorf

Johanna GastdorfJohanna Gastdorf pada 2012Lahir1959 (umur 63–64)Hamburg, Jerman BaratPekerjaanPemeranTahun aktif1993–kini Johanna Gastdorf (kelahiran 1959) adalah seorang pemeran asal Jerman.[1] Ia tampil dalam lebih dari 100 film dan acara televisi sejak 1993. Filmografi pilihan Sophie Scholl – The Final Days (2005) Hilde (2009) Eine Insel namens Udo (2011) 24 Weeks (2016) Never Look Away (2018) Referensi ^ Johanna Gastdorf. Film Portal (dalam bahasa German). Diakses…

Pulau Sarassang Lompo

Sarassang LompoKoordinat7°11′52.000″LS,118°11′30.000″BTNegaraIndonesiaGugus kepulauanSabalanaProvinsiSulawesi SelatanKabupatenPangkajene dan KepulauanLuas94.147,9021679 m²PopulasiTak berpenghuni Temuan Bractechlamys vexillum di perairan Pulau Sarassang Lompo dalam Ekspedisi Siboga, 4–5 April 1899Temuan Mimachlamys punctata di perairan Pulau Sarassang Lompo dalam Ekspedisi Siboga, 4–5 April 1899Temuan Laevichlamys squamosa di perairan Pulau Sarassang Lompo dalam Ekspedisi Sibo…

Silene cognata

Species of plant in the family Caryophyllaceae Silene cognata Flower Scientific classification Kingdom: Plantae Clade: Tracheophytes Clade: Angiosperms Clade: Eudicots Order: Caryophyllales Family: Caryophyllaceae Genus: Silene Species: S. cognata Binomial name Silene cognata(Maxim.) H.Ohashi & H.Nakai Synonyms[1] Lychnis cognata Maxim. Lychnis cognata f. albiflora W.Lee Silene cognata (syn. Lychnis cognata), the orange campion or orange catchfly, is a species of flowering plant…

Westworld (TV series)

American science fiction television series WestworldTitle card for the first seasonGenre Drama Dystopian Science fiction Western Created by Jonathan Nolan Lisa Joy Based onWestworldby Michael CrichtonStarring Evan Rachel Wood Thandiwe Newton Jeffrey Wright James Marsden Ingrid Bolsø Berdal Luke Hemsworth Sidse Babett Knudsen Simon Quarterman Rodrigo Santoro Angela Sarafyan Shannon Woodward Ed Harris Anthony Hopkins Ben Barnes Clifton Collins Jr. Jimmi Simpson Tessa Thompson Fares Fares Louis He…

Qin Gang

Chinese former diplomat In this Chinese name, the family name is Qin. Qin Gang秦刚Qin in June 2023State Councilor of the People's Republic of ChinaIn office12 March 2023 – 24 October 2023Serving with Li Shangfu, Wang Xiaohong, Wu Zhenglong, Shen YiqinPremierLi QiangMinister of Foreign AffairsIn office30 December 2022 – 25 July 2023PremierLi KeqiangLi QiangPreceded byWang YiSucceeded byWang YiChinese Ambassador to the United StatesIn office27 July 2021 – …

Kujtim Bala

Swedish footballer of Kosovar descent Kujtim Bala Kujtim Bala in 2010Personal informationDate of birth (1990-05-24) 24 May 1990 (age 33)Place of birth SwedenHeight 1.66 m (5 ft 5+1⁄2 in)Position(s) DefenderYouth career0000–2004 Veddige BK2005–2009 Halmstads BKSenior career*Years Team Apps (Gls)2007 Varbergs BoIS 2008–2011 Halmstads BK 20 (1)2012–2014 Varbergs BoIS 51 (1)2015 Östersunds FK 20 (1)2016 IK Sirius 11 (0)2016–2017 Dalkurd FF 36 (3)International car…

Villa Sanssouci (Löbau)

Villa Sanssouci (2020) Villa Sanssouci (um 1890) Die Villa Sanssouci (seltener auch Villa Rönsch) ist ein unter Denkmalschutz stehendes Gebäude mit Villengarten und Garteneinfriedung in der Stadt Löbau (Sachsen). Es befindet sich in der Hartmannstraße 5. Inhaltsverzeichnis 1 Lage 2 Geschichtlicher Hintergrund und Nutzung 3 Beschreibung 4 Weblinks 5 Einzelnachweise Lage Das Gebäude befindet sich an der Straßenkreuzung von Hartmannstraße und August-Bebel-Straße am nördlichen Rand der Löb…

Prime meridian (Greenwich)

Meridian passing through Greenwich, London This article is about a historical prime meridian. For the general concept and information on modern prime meridians, see prime meridian. 51°28′40.12″N 0°00′05.31″W / 51.4778111°N 0.0014750°W / 51.4778111; -0.0014750 Tourists queuing to take pictures on the line of the historic prime meridian at the Royal Observatory, Greenwich. The historic prime meridian or Greenwich meridian is a geographical reference line that pa…

Transgender Victoria

Transgender VictoriaSingkatanTGVTanggal pendirianpenghujung 1990-anTipeLembaga swadaya masyarakatTujuanPengkampanyean hak dan kesehatan transgenderWilayah layanan Victoria, AustraliaDirektur eksekutifSally GoldnerSitus webtransgendervictoria.com Direktur eksekutif, Sally Goldner (tengah), 2015. Transgender Victoria (TGV) adalah sebuah organisasi sukarelawan bagi orang transgender maupun pasangan, teman, dan keluarga orang transgender. Organisasi ini bergerak dalam kampanye mengenai keadilan sosi…

Daniel François Malan

Daniël François MalanPerdana Menteri Afrika SelatanMasa jabatan4 Juni 1948 – 30 November 1954Penguasa monarkiGeorge VIElizabeth IIGubernur JenderalGideon Brand van ZylErnest George JansenPendahuluJan SmutsPenggantiJohannes Gerhardus StrijdomMenteri Dalam Negeri, Pendidikan, dan Kesehatan PublikMasa jabatan30 Juni 1924 – 20 Mei 1933Perdana MenteriJ. B. M. HertzogPendahuluPatrick DuncanPenggantiJan Hofmeyr Informasi pribadiLahir(1874-05-22)22 Mei 1874Riebeek-Wes, Koloni Cap…

Gun safety

Study and practice of safe operation of firearms This article is about techniques for the safe handling, possession, and storage of firearms. For political and legal issues concerning firearms, see Gun politics and Gun control. For the part of a firearm called a safety or safety catch, see Safety (firearms). This article may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia's quality standards. The specific problem is: How-to advice, lectures, addressing the reader. Mostly needs to be simply deleted. Keep the f…

Gothic House

For other buildings of this name, see Gothic House (disambiguation). Historic site in Brighton and Hove , United KingdomGothic HouseThe building from the northeast in 2010, when occupied by a Blockbuster storeLocation95–96 Western Road, Brighton, Brighton and Hove BN1 2LB, United KingdomCoordinates50°49′29″N 0°09′08″W / 50.8246°N 0.1522°W / 50.8246; -0.1522Built1822–25ArchitectAmon Henry Wilds;Charles BusbyArchitectural style(s)Regency Gothic Revival/…

Kembali kehalaman sebelumnya