Pinus massoniana (English: Masson's pine, Chinese red pine, horsetail pine; Chinese: 馬尾松) is a species of pine, native to Taiwan, a wide area of central and southern China, and northern Vietnam.
Description
bark close-up
It is an evergreen tree reaching 25–45 metres (82–148 feet) in height, with a broad, rounded crown of long branches. The bark is thick, grayish-brown, and scaly plated at the base of the trunk, and orange-red, thin, and flaking higher on the trunk. The leaves are needle-like, dark green, with two per fascicle, 12–20 centimetres (4+1⁄2–8 inches) long and 0.8–1 millimetre (1⁄32–3⁄64 in) wide, the persistent fascicle sheath 1.5–2 cm (5⁄8–3⁄4 in) long. The cones are ovoid, 4–7 cm (1+5⁄8–2+3⁄4 in) long, chestnut-brown, opening when mature in late winter to 4–6 cm (1+5⁄8–2+3⁄8 in) broad. The seeds are winged, 4–6 mm (5⁄32–1⁄4 in) long with a 10–15 mm (3⁄8–9⁄16 in) wing. Pollination occurs in mid-spring, with the cones maturing 18–20 months after.[2][3][4]
Distribution and habitat
It is native to Taiwan, a wide area of central and southern China including Hong Kong, and northern Vietnam, growing at low to moderate altitudes, mostly below 1,500 m (4,900 ft) but rarely up to 2,000 m (6,600 ft) above sea level.[5]
Ecology
In the 1970s and 80s, the Pinewood nematode from North America and pine-needle scale insect from Taiwan, together virtually eliminated the native Pinus massoniana in Hong Kong.[6]
Fossil record
A fossil seed cone and several needles of Pinus massoniana have been described from the upper Miocene Wenshan flora, Yunnan, SW China. The fossils most resemble the varietyP. massoniana var. hainanensis, which is a tropical montane thermophilic tree restricted to Hainan Island in southern China.[7]
Uses
The species is a common tree used in plantationforestry for replacing or compensating for the loss of the natural forest in southern China.[8] Chinese rosin is obtained mainly from the turpentine of P. massoniana and slash pine (P. elliottii).
^The occurrence of Pinus massoniana Lambert (Pinaceae) from the upper Miocene of Yunnan, SW China and its implications for paleogeography and paleoclimate by Jian-Wei Zhang, Ashalata D'Rozario, Jonathan M. Adams, Xiao-Qing Liang, Frédéric M.B. Jacquesa, Tao Su and Zhe-Kun Zhoua, Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology Volume 215, April 2015, Pages 57-67
