Pleosporales

Pleosporales; Temporal range: Eocene–recent PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N
	Alternaria sp.
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Fungi
Division:	Ascomycota
Class:	Dothideomycetes
Subclass:	Pleosporomycetidae
Order:	Pleosporales; Luttr. ex M.E.Barr (1987)
Families
	Aigialaceae ; Amniculicolaceae ; Camarosporiaceae ; Coniothyriaceae ; Cucurbitariaceae ; Delitschiaceae ; Diademaceae ; Didymellaceae ; Didymosphaeriaceae ; Halojulellaceae ; Lentitheciaceae ; Leptosphaeriaceae ; Lindgomycetaceae ; Lophiostomataceae ; Massariaceae ; Massarinaceae ; Melanommataceae ; Neocamarosporiaceae ; Phaeosphaeriaceae ; [[Phaeotrichaceae]] ; Pleomassariaceae ; Pleosporaceae ; Podonectriaceae ; Pyrenidiaceae ; Roussoellaceae ; Salsugineaceae ; Sporormiaceae ; Teichosporaceae ; Tetraplosphaeriaceae ; Testudinaceae ; Torulaceae ; rematosphaeriaceae ; Tzeananaceae ; Venturiaceae ; Zopfiaceae ;
Synonyms
	Melanommatales ; Pseudosphaeriales ;

The Pleosporales is the largest order in the fungal class Dothideomycetes. By a 2008 estimate, it contained 23 families, 332 genera and more than 4700 species.^[3] The majority of species are saprobes on decaying plant material in fresh water,^[4] marine,^[5] or terrestrial environments, but several species are also associated with living plants as parasites, epiphytes or endophytes.^[1] The best studied species cause plant diseases on important agricultural crops e.g. Cochliobolus heterostrophus, causing southern corn leaf blight on maize, Phaeosphaeria nodorum (Stagonospora nodorum) causing glume blotch on wheat and Leptosphaeria maculans causing a stem canker (called blackleg) on cabbage crops (Brassica). Some species of Pleosporales occur on animal dung,^[6] and a small number occur as lichens ^[7] and rock-inhabiting fungi.^[8]

Taxonomy

The order was proposed in 1955 as Dothideomycetes with perithecioid ascomata with pseudoparaphyses amongst the asci, at which time there were seven families (Botryosphaeriaceae, Didymosphaeriaceae, Herpotrichiellaceae, Lophiostomataceae, Mesnieraceae, Pleosporaceae, and Venturiaceae). Three further families were added in 1973 (Dimeriaceae, Mycoporaceae, and Sporormiaceae). Coniothyriaceae was added by W.B. Cooke in 1983. The order was only formally described in 1987 (Barr) with 21 families. Five families were added in 2009 (Aigialaceae, Amniculicolaceae, Lentitheciaceae,^[9] Tetraplosphaeriaceae, and Trematosphaeriaceae).^[1] The family Halojulellaceae was circumscribed in 2013,^[10] as well as Salsugineaceae.^[11] Roussoellaceae was introduced by Liu et al. (2014),^[12] family Torulaceae was added in 2017,^[13] as well as family Camarosporiaceae,^[14] and Neocamarosporiaceae.^[14] Then the family Tzeananaceae was added in 2018.^[15]

Subdivision

Margaret E. Barr in 1979, originally accepted six suborders within which to arrange the families.^[16] A suborder, Pleosporineae has been proposed, including four families (Didymellaceae, Leptosphaeriaceae, Phaeosphaeriaceae and Pleosporaceae).^[1] Families Ascocylindricaceae, Coniothyriaceae, Cucurbitariaceae, Dothidotthiaceae, Halojulellaceae, Neopyrenochaetaceae, Neophaeosphaeriaceae, Parapyrenochaetaceae, Pseudopyrenochaetaceae, Pyrenochaetopsidaceae, Shiraiaceae and Tzeananiaceae joined them later in 2015.^[17]

Also suborder Massarineae with five families (Lentitheciaceae, Massarinaceae, Montagnulaceae, Morosphaeriaceae and Trematosphaeriaceae). In 2015, with DNA analysis, the monophyletic status of the Dictyosporiaceae, Didymosphaeriaceae, Latoruaceae, Macrodiplodiopsidaceae, Massarinaceae, Morosphaeriaceae, and Trematosphaeriaceae was strongly supported, while the clades of the Bambusicolaceae and the Lentitheciaceae are only moderately supported. Two new families, Parabambusicolaceae and Sulcatisporaceae, were proposed in 2015.^[18]

Phylogenetics

The Pleosporales form a well supported clade, with 17 subclades.^[1] As a result of phylogenetic studies, the Pleosporales have undergone considerable reorganisation, particularly with reference to the very large genus Phoma and the family Didymellaceae. Consequently, a number of genera considered incertae sedis have now been placed within the latter family.^[19]

Genera incertae sedis

These are genera of the Pleosporales of uncertain taxonomy that have not been placed in any family.

Although in 2009 when Lentitheciaceae was established it placed various genera such as Lentithecium and Tingoldiago, plus others.^[9]

Evolution

The oldest members of Pleosporales are the fossil genera Margaretbarromyces, which was described from Eocene age strata on Vancouver Island, British Columbia,^[20] and Cryptodidymosphaerites, described from the Ypresian Princeton chert in the British Columbian interior.^[21]

References

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Zhang Y, Schoch CL, Fournier J, Crous PW, Gruyter J De, Woudenberg JHC, Hirayama K, Tanaka K, Pointing SB, Hyde KD. 2009. Multi-locus phylogeny of the Pleosporales: a taxonomic, ecological and evolutionary re-evaluation. Studies in Mycology 64: 85–102.[1]
^ "Pleosporales". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Retrieved October 12, 2007.
^ Kirk PM, Cannon PF, Minter DW, Stalpers JA (2008). Dictionary of the Fungi (10th ed.). Wallingford, UK: CAB International. p. 547. ISBN 978-0-85199-826-8.
^ Shearer, C.A.; Raja, H.A.; Miller, A.N.; Nelson, P.; Tanaka, K.; Hirayama, K.; Marvanová, L.; Hyde, K.D.; Zhang, Y. (2009). "The molecular phylogeny of freshwater Dothideomycetes". Studies in Mycology. 64: 145–153. doi:10.3114/sim.2009.64.08. PMC 2816971. PMID 20169028.
^ Suetrong, S.; Schoch, C.L.; Spatafora, J.W.; Kohlmeyer, J.; Volkmann-Kohlmeyer, B.; Sakayaroj, J.; Phongpaichit, S.; Tanaka, K.; Hirayama, K.; Jones, E.B.G. (2009). "Molecular systematics of the marine Dothideomycetes". Studies in Mycology. 64: 155–173. doi:10.3114/sim.2009.64.09. PMC 2816972. PMID 20169029.
^ Kruys, Åsa; Eriksson, Ove E.; Wedin, Mats (2006). "Phylogenetic relationships of coprophilous Pleosporales (Dothideomycetes, Ascomycota), and the classification of some bitunicate taxa of unknown position". Mycological Research. 110 (5): 527–536. doi:10.1016/j.mycres.2006.03.002. PMID 16769507.
^ Nelsen, M.P.; Lücking, R.; Grube, M.; Mbatchou, J.S.; Muggia, L.; Plata, E. Rivas; Lumbsch, H.T. (2009). "Unravelling the phylogenetic relationships of lichenised fungi in Dothideomyceta". Studies in Mycology. 64: 135–144. doi:10.3114/sim.2009.64.07. PMC 2816970. PMID 20169027.
^ Ruibal, C.; Gueidan, C.; Selbmann, L.; Gorbushina, A.A.; Crous, P.W.; Groenewald, J.Z.; Muggia, L.; Grube, M.; Isola, D.; Schoch, C.L.; Staley, J.T.; Lutzoni, F.; de Hoog, G.S. (2009). "Phylogeny of rock-inhabiting fungi related to Dothideomycetes". Studies in Mycology. 64: 123–133. doi:10.3114/sim.2009.64.06. PMC 2816969. PMID 20169026.
^ ^a ^b Zhang, Y.; Wang, H. K.; Fournier, J.; et al. (2009). "Towards a phylogenetic clarification of Lophiostoma/Massarina and morphologically similar genera in the Pleosporales". Fungal Diversity. 38: 225–251. S2CID 62787793.
^ Ariyawansa HA, Jones EB, Suetrong S, Alias SA, Kang JC, Hyde KD (2013). "Halojulellaceae a new family of the order Pleosporales" (PDF). Phytotaxa. 130 (1): 14–24. doi:10.11646/phytotaxa.130.1.2.
^ Hyde, Kevin D.; Jones, E. B. Gareth; Liu, Jian-Kui; Ariyawansa, Hiran; Boehm, Eric; Boonmee, Saranyaphat; Braun, Uwe; Chomnunti, Putarak; Crous, Pedro W.; Dai, Dong-Qin; Diederich, Paul; Dissanayake, Asha; Doilom, Mingkhuan; Doveri, Francesco; Hongsanan, Singang; Jayawardena, Ruvishika; Lawrey, James D.; Li, Yan-Mei; Liu, Yong-Xiang; Lücking, Robert; Monkai, Jutamart; Muggia, Lucia; Nelsen, Matthew P.; Pang, Ka-Lai; Phookamsak, Rungtiwa; Senanayake, Indunil C.; Shearer, Carol A.; Suetrong, Satinee; Tanaka, Kazuaki; Thambugala, Kasun M.; Wijayawardene, Nalin N.; Wikee, Saowanee; Wu, Hai-Xia; Zhang, Ying; Aguirre-Hudson, Begoña; Alias, S. Aisyah; Aptroot, André; Bahkali, Ali H.; Bezerra, Jose L.; Bhat, D. Jayarama; Camporesi, Erio; Chukeatirote, Ekachai; Gueidan, Cécile; Hawksworth, David L.; Hirayama, Kazuyuki; De Hoog, Sybren; Kang, Ji-Chuan; Knudsen, Kerry; Li, Wen-Jing; Li, Xing-Hong; Liu, Zou-Yi; Mapook, Ausana; McKenzie, Eric H. C.; Miller, Andrew N.; Mortimer, Peter E.; Phillips, Alan J. L.; Raja, Huzefa A.; Scheuer, Christian; Schumm, Felix; Taylor, Joanne E.; Tian, Qing; Tibpromma, Saowaluck; Wanasinghe, Dhanushka N.; Wang, Yong; Xu, Jian-Chu; Yacharoen, Supalak; Yan, Ji-Ye; Zhang, Min (2013). "Families of Dothideomycetes". Fungal Diversity. 63 (1). Kunming Institute of Botany of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (Springer): 1–313. doi:10.1007/s13225-013-0263-4. ISSN 1560-2745. S2CID 207464100.
^ Chethana, Thilini (20 September 2022). "Roussoellaceae - Facesoffungi number: FoF 08360". Faces Of Fungi. Retrieved 5 October 2022.
^ Li, Jun-Fu; Phookamsak, Rungtiwa; Jeewon, Rajesh; Bhat, Darbhe J.; Mapook, Ausana; Camporesi, Erio; Shang, Qiu-Ju; Chukeatirote, Ekachai; Bahkali, Ali H.; Hyde, Kevin D. (2017). "Molecular taxonomy and morphological characterization reveal new species and new host records of Torula species (Torulaceae, Pleosporales)". Mycological Progress. 16 (4): 447–461. Bibcode:2017MycPr..16..447L. doi:10.1007/s11557-017-1292-2. S2CID 255318369.
^ ^a ^b Wanasinghe, D.N.; Hyde, Kevin D.; Jeewon, R.; Crous, P.W.; Wijayawardene, N.N.; Jones, E.B.G.; Bhat, D.J.; Phillips, A.J.L.; Groenewald, J.Z.; Dayarathne, M.C.; Phukhamsakda, C.; Thambugala, K.M.; Bulgakov, T.S.; Camporesi, E.; Gafforov, Y.S.; Mortimer, P.E.; Karunarathna, S.C. (1 June 2017). "Phylogenetic revision of Camarosporium (Pleosporineae, Dothideomycetes) and allied genera". Studies in Mycology. 87: 207–56. doi:10.1016/j.simyco.2017.08.001. PMC 5607397. PMID 28966419.
^ Ariyawansa HA, Phillips A, Chuang WY, Tsai I (2018). "Tzeananiaceae, a new pleosporalean family associated with Ophiocordyceps macroacicularis fruiting bodies in Taiwan". MycoKeys (37): 1–17. doi:10.3897/mycokeys.37.27265. PMC 6072833. PMID 30100794.
^ Barr, Margaret E. (1979). "A Classification of Loculoascomycetes". Mycologia. 71 (5): 935–957. doi:10.2307/3759283. JSTOR 3759283.
^ Ariyawansa, H.A.; Hyde, K.D.; Jayasiri, S.C.; et al. (2015). "Fungal diversity notes 111–252—taxonomic and phylogenetic contributions to fungal taxa" (PDF). Fungal Diversity. 75: 27–274. doi:10.1007/s13225-015-0346-5. S2CID 256069350.
^ Tanaka, K.; Hirayama, K.; Yonezawa, H.; Sato, G.; Toriyabe, A.; Kudo, H.; Hashimoto, A.; Matsumura, M.; Harada, Y.; Kurihara, Y.; Shirouzu, T.; Hosoya, T. (1 September 2015). "Revision of the Massarineae (Pleosporales, Dothideomycetes)". Studies in Mycology. 82 (1): 75–136. doi:10.1016/j.simyco.2015.10.002. PMC 4774272. PMID 26955201.
^ Aveskamp, M.M.; de Gruyter, J.; Woudenberg, J.H.C.; Verkley, G.J.M.; Crous, P.W. (2010). "Highlights of the Didymellaceae: A polyphasic approach to characterise Phoma and related pleosporalean genera". Studies in Mycology. 65: 1–60. doi:10.3114/sim.2010.65.01. PMC 2836210. PMID 20502538.
^ Mindell, R.A.; Stockey, R.A.; Beard, G.; Currah, R.S. (2007). "Margaretbarromyces dictyosporus gen. sp. nov.: a permineralized corticolous ascomycete from the Eocene of Vancouver Island, British Columbia". Mycological Research. 111 (6): 680–684. doi:10.1016/j.mycres.2007.03.010. PMID 17601718.
^ Currah, R.S.; Stockey, R.A.; LePage, B.A. (1998). "An Eocene tar spot on a fossil palm and its fungal hyperparasite". Mycologia. 90 (4): 667–673. doi:10.1080/00275514.1998.12026955.

Bibliography

Zhang Y, Crous PW, Schoch CL, Hyde KD (2011). "Pleosporales". Fungal Diversity. 53 (1): 1–221. doi:10.1007/s13225-011-0117-x. PMC 3477819. PMID 23097638.
Schoch CL, Crous PW, Groenewald JZ, Boehm EW, BurgessTI, De Gruyter J, De Hoog GS, Dixon LJ, Grube M, Gueidan C, Harada Y, Hatakeyama S, Hirayama K, Hosoya T, Huhndorf SM, Hyde KD, Jones EB, Kohlmeyer J, Kruys Å, Li YM, Lücking R, Lumbsch HT, Marvanová L, Mbatchou JS, McVay AH, Miller AN, Mugambi GK, Muggia L, Nelsen MP, Nelson P, Owensby CA, Phillips AJ, Phongpaichit S, Pointing SB, Pujade-Renaud V, Raja HA, Rivas Plata E, Robbertse B, Ruibal C, Sakayaroj J, Sano T, Selbmann L, Shearer CA, Shirouzu T, Slippers B, Suetrong S, Tanaka K, Volkmann-Kohlmeyer B, Wingfield MJ, Wood AR, Woudenberg JH, Yonezawa H, Zhang Y, Spatafora JW (2009). "A class-wide phylogenetic assessment of Dothideomycetes" (PDF). Studies in Mycology. 64: 1–15. doi:10.3114/sim.2009.64.01. PMC 2816964. PMID 20169021. Retrieved 2010-02-04.