The municipality of Ponce, officially the Autonomous Municipality of Ponce, is located in the southern coastal plain region of the island, south of Adjuntas, Utuado, and Jayuya; east of Peñuelas; west of Juana Díaz; and bordered on the south by the Caribbean Sea. The municipality has 31 barrios, including 19 outside the city's urban area and 12 in the urban area of the city. It is the second largest in Puerto Rico by land area, and it was the first in Puerto Rico to obtain its autonomy, becoming the Autonomous Municipality of Ponce in 1992.
The region of what is now Ponce belonged to the TaínoGuaynia region, which stretched along the southern coast of Puerto Rico.[32]Agüeybaná, a cacique who led the region, was among those who greeted Spanish conquistador Juan Ponce de León when he came to the island in 1508. Archaeological findings have identified four sites within the municipality of Ponce with archaeological significance: Canas, Tibes, Caracoles, and El Bronce.[33]
On September 17, 1692, the King of Spain Carlos II issued a Cédula Real (Royal Permit) converting the chapel into a parish, and in so doing officially recognizing the small settlement as a hamlet.[42] It is believed that Juan Ponce de León y Loayza, Juan Ponce de León's great-grandson, was instrumental in obtaining the royal permit to formalize the founding of the hamlet.[43] Captains Enrique Salazar and Miguel del Toro were also instrumental.[44] The city is named after Juan Ponce de León y Loayza,[45][46] the great-grandson of Spanish conquistador Juan Ponce de León.[47]
In the early 18th century Don Antonio Abad Rodriguez Berrios built a small chapel under the name of San Antonio Abad. The area would later receive the name of San Antón, a historically important part of modern Ponce.[48] In 1712 the village was chartered as El Poblado de Nuestra Señora de Guadalupe de Ponce (The Village of Our Lady of Guadalupe of Ponce).[49]
19th-century immigrants
In the early 19th century, Ponce continued to be one of dozens of hamlets that dotted the Island. Its inhabitants survived by subsistence agriculture, cattle raising, and maritimecontraband with foreigners. Mayor José Benítez categorized the jurisdiction into cotos, hatos, criaderos, monterías, and terrenos realengos.[50]Cotos were lands awarded to residents as reward for their services to the king. They were developed into estancias or lands apt to be cultivated for agricultural use. Hatos were lands not granted to anyone in particular, but available for communal use where cattle could roam at will. Monterías were hilly areas located next to hatos were cattle could be reigned in or gathered together with the help of trained dogs. Criaderos were lands were cows could be herded for milk production. Goats, sheep, pigs, asses, and mares were also herded in criaderos. Terrenos realengos were lands that belonged to the state (to the king).[51][52]
However, in the 1820s, three events dramatically changed the size of the town. The first of these events was the arrival of a significant number of white Francophones, fleeing the Haitian Revolution of 1791–1804.[53] The effect of this mass migration was not felt significantly until the 1820s. These French Creole entrepreneurs were attracted to the area because of its large flatlands, and they came with enough capital, slaves, and commercial connections to stimulate Ponce's sugarcane production and sales.[54]
Secondly, landlords and merchants migrated from various Latin American countries. They had migrated for better conditions, as they were leaving economic decline following the revolutions and disruption of societies as nations gained independence from Spain in the 1810s-1820s.[53]
Third, the Spanish Royal Decree of Graces of 1815 attracted numerous European immigrants to Puerto Rico. It encouraged any citizen of a country politically friendly to Spain to settle in Puerto Rico as long as they converted to the Catholic faith and agreed to work in the agricultural business. With such mass migrations, not only the size of the town was changed, but the character of its population was changed as well. Europeans, including many Protestants, immigrated from a variety of nations.[55] On July 29, 1848, and as a result of this explosive growth, the Ponce hamlet was declared a villa (village) by Queen Isabella II,[56][57] and in 1877 the village obtained its city charter.[58][59]
Many mid-18th-century immigrants made fortunes in Ponce, like the owner of this restored coffee plantation (Hacienda Buena Vista) founded in 1833; today it is a point of interest in the municipality
Some of these immigrants made considerable fortunes in coffee, corn and sugarcane harvesting, rum production,[60]banking and finance, the importing of industrial machinery, iron foundries and other enterprises. At the time of the American invasion of the Island in 1898, Ponce was a thriving city,[61] boasting the Island's main financial center,[62] the Island's first communications link to another country,[63] the best capitalized financial institutions, and even its own currency.[64] It had consular offices for England, Germany, the Netherlands, and other nations.[65]
Following trends set in Europe and elsewhere, in 1877, Don Miguel Rosich conceived an exposition for Ponce. This was approved in 1880, and the Ponce Fair was held in the city in 1882. It showed several industrial and agricultural advancements.
"It is important to establish a relationship between the European exhibitions that I have mentioned and the Ponce Fair, as the Fair was meant as a showcase of the advancements of the day: Agriculture, Trade, Industry, and the Arts. Just as with the 1878 World's Fair in Paris, the electric grid of the city of Ponce was inaugurated on the first day of the Ponce Fair. In this occasion the Plaza Las Delicias and various other buildings, including the Mercantile Union Building, the Ponce Casino, and some of Ponce's homes were illuminated with the incandescent light bulb for the first time".[66]
The 1898 landing of U.S. troops at Playa de Ponce led to a period economic stagnation for Ponce, as the Americans chose to centralize the administration of the island in San Juan
At the time of the U.S. invasion and occupation of Puerto Rico in 1898 during the Spanish–American War, Ponce was the largest city in the island with a population of 22,000. Ponce had the best road in Puerto Rico, running from Ponce to San Juan, which had been built by the Spaniards for military purposes.[67] The taking of Ponce by American troops "was a critical turning point in the Puerto Rican campaign. For the first time the Americans held a major port to funnel large numbers of men and quantities of war material into the island." Ponce also had underwater telegraph cable connections with Jamaica and the West Indies, putting the U.S. forces on the island in direct communication with Washington, D.C., for the first time since the beginning of the campaign.[68] Just prior to the United States occupation of the island, Ponce was a flourishing and dynamic city with a significant number of public facilities, a large number of industries and commercial firms, and a great number of exquisite residences that reflected the high standing of its bourgeoisie.[69]
On July 27, American troops, aboard the Cincinnati, Dixie, Wasp, and Gloucester, disembarked at Playa de Ponce.[70] General Nelson Miles arrived the next day with reinforcements from Guánica and took possession of the city. There were some minor skirmishes in the city, but no major battle was fought. Three men were killed and 13 wounded on the Spanish side, while the Americans suffered four wounded. The American flag was raised in the town center that same day and most of the Spanish troops retreated into the surrounding mountains. The U.S. Army then established its headquarters in Ponce.[71]
Period of stagnation
After the U.S. invasion, the Americans chose to centralize the administration of the island in San Juan,[72] the capital, neglecting the south and thus starting a period of socio-economic stagnation for Ponce.[73] This was worsened by several factors:
The loss of the Spanish and Cuban markets[82] "The Spanish American War had paralyzed the trade of the Island of Puerto Rico and when Spain surrendered the sovereignty she closed her [Spain's] ports to Puerto Rican products, while the American occupation of Cuba destroyed the only other important market. As a result, the trade in coffee and tobacco was ruined, and nothing was provided by the Americans to take their place."[83]
At least one author has also blamed the stagnation on "the strife between the U.S. and the local Nationalist Party."[84]
The 20th century financial stagnation prompted residents to initiate measures to attract economic activity back into the city. Also, a solid manufacturing industry surged that still remains. Examples of this are the Ponce Cement, Puerto Rico Iron Works, Vassallo Industries, and Destilería Serrallés. El Dia was also founded in Ponce in 1911.
On March 21, 1937, a peaceful march was organized by the Puerto Rican Nationalist Party to celebrate the 64th anniversary of the abolition of slavery and protest the incarceration of their leader, Dr. Pedro Albizu Campos, in a federal prison on charges of sedition.[85]
The march turned into a bloody event when the Insular Police, a force somewhat resembling the National Guard of the typical U.S. state and which answered to U.S.-appointed governor Blanton Winship, opened fire on
unarmed and defenseless members of the Cadets of the Republic and bystanders.[85][86]
When the shooting stopped, nineteen civilians had been killed or mortally wounded.[87] Over two hundred others were badly wounded.[88] Many were shot in their backs while running away, including a seven-year-old girl named Georgina Maldonado who was "killed through the back while running to a nearby church."[89][90]
The US commissioned an independent investigation headed by Arthur Garfield Hays, general counsel of the American Civil Liberties Union, together with prominent citizens of Puerto Rico. The members concluded in their report that the event was a massacre, with the police acting as a mob. They harshly criticized Winship's actions as governor and said he had numerous abuses of civil rights.[91] The event has since been known as the Ponce massacre.[91] It was the largest massacre in Puerto Rican history.[92] As a result of this report and other charges against Winship, he was dismissed from his position in 1937 and replaced as governor.[91]
The history of this event can be viewed at the Ponce Massacre Museum on Marina Street. An open-air park in the city, the Pedro Albizu Campos Park, is dedicated to the memory of the president of the Puerto Rican Nationalist Party. As a result of this event, Ponce has been identified as "the birthplace of Puerto Rican national identity."[93] Ponce history in general is expressed at the Ponce History Museum, on the block bordered by Isabel, Mayor, Cristina, and Salud streets in the historic downtown area.
Hub for political and economic activity
Ponce has continued to be a hub of political activity on the island, and is the founding site of several major political parties. It has also been the birthplace of several important political figures of the island, including Luis A. Ferré and Rafael Hernández Colón, both former governors of Puerto Rico, as well as the childhood town of governor Roberto Sanchez Vilella.
Statistics taken from the 2010 census show that 82.0% of Ponceños are white and 9.0% are African-American, with Taínos, Asians, people of mixed race and others making up the rest.[94] At 82.0% vs. 76.2% for the island as a whole, Ponce has the highest concentration of white population of any municipality in Puerto Rico.[95] However, the US Census Bureau changed the definitions of its racial makeup categories for the 2020 Census[96] resulting in 19.0% of Ponceños being classified as white and 13.3% as Black/Afro Puerto Rican', 0.3% as Asian, and people of mixed race making up the rest.
1970s economic decline
The 1970s brought significant commercial, industrial and banking changes to Ponce that dramatically altered its financial stability and outlook of the city, the municipality and, to an extent, the entire southern Puerto Rico region. After Luis A. Ferre concluded his term as governor of Puerto Rico on January 1, 1973, he closed the Puerto Rico Iron Works foundry on Avenida Hostos, and transferred the offices of Ponce's island-wide El Dia newspaper that he owned, as well as the headquarters of his Empresas Ferré, to San Juan. In 1976, CORCO—southern Puerto Rico's main source of economic vitality—shut down its industrial operations in Guayanilla leaving thousands of area residents without work; its impact on indirect sources of employment was even greater. Also, the sugar cane industry, also suffered a major downturn. Sugar cane had until 1976 been grown and refined at Ponce's Central Mercedita, but in that year agricultural production of sugar cane was halted in the lands of the municipality of Ponce and adjacent towns. Also, the headquarters of Banco de Ponce and Banco Crédito y Ahorro Ponceño were moved to San Juan. Unemployment of Ponce jumped to 25% as a result of these changes.[97]
On October 7, 1985, Ponce was the scene of a major tragedy, when at least 129 people lost their lives to a mudslide in a sector of Barrio Portugués Urbano[98] called Mameyes. International help was needed to rescue people and recover corpses. The United States and many other countries, including Mexico, France, and Venezuela, sent economic, human, and machinery relief. The commonwealth government, subsequently, relocated hundreds of people to a new community built on stable
ground.[99] In 2005, the National Science and Technology Council's Subcommittee on Disaster Reduction of the United States reported that the Mameyes landslide held the record for having inflicted "the greatest loss of life by a single landslide" up to that year.[100]
Recent history
The municipality of Ponce became the first in Puerto Rico to obtain its autonomy[101] on October 27, 1992, under a new law (The Autonomous Municipalities Act of the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico[102]) enacted by the Puerto Rican legislature. Ponce's mayor for 15 years, Rafael Cordero Santiago ("Churumba"), credited for leading the municipal government to that accomplishment, died in office on the morning of January 17, 2004, after suffering three consecutive strokes. Vice-mayor Delis Castillo Rivera de Santiago finished his term. Cordero was succeeded by Francisco Zayas Seijo. In the 2008 general elections María "Mayita" Meléndez was elected mayor of the city of Ponce and served three terms.[103] The current (2021) mayor is Luis Irizarry Pabón who became the first mayoral candidate in the modern history of Ponce to win with more than 60% of votes cast.[104]
The city is also the governmental seat of the Autonomous Municipality of Ponce, and the regional hub for various commonwealth entities. For example, it serves as the southern hub for the Judiciary of Puerto Rico.[105][106][107] It is also the regional center for various other commonwealth and federal government agencies.[108]
Ponce has improved its economy in the last years. In recent years, Ponce has solidified its position as the second most important city of Puerto Rico based on its economic progress and increasing population.[109] Today, the city of Ponce is the second largest in Puerto Rico outside of the San Juan metropolitan area.[110] Its nicknames include: La Perla del Sur (The Pearl of the South)[111] and La Ciudad Señorial (The Noble or Lordly City).[112] The city is also known as La Ciudad de las Quenepas (Genip City),[113][114] from the abundant amount of this fruit that grows within its borders. The complete history of Ponce can be appreciated at the Museo de la Historia de Ponce, which opened in the city in 1992. It depicts the history of the city from its early settlement days until the end of the 20th century.[115]
On September 20, 2017 Hurricane Maria struck the island of Puerto Rico. In Ponce, $1,000 million in damages were the initial estimates. An estimated 3,500 homes were completely or partially destroyed.[116] The hurricane triggered numerous landslides in Ponce.[117][118]
Geography
The municipality of Ponce includes many acres of lush forests like this one. The city of Ponce can be seen in the far background.
The Municipality of Ponce sits on the Southern Coastal Plain region of the Puerto Rico, on the shores of the Caribbean Sea. It is bordered by the municipalities of Adjuntas, Utuado, Jayuya, Peñuelas, and Juana Díaz.[119]
Ponce is a large municipality, with only Arecibo larger in land area in Puerto Rico.[120] In terms of physical features, the municipality occupies a roughly rectangular area in south-central portion of the Island of approximately 10 miles (16 km) wide (east-to-west) by 13 miles (21 km) long (north-to-south).[121] It has a surface area of 116.0 square miles (300 km2).[122] The main physiographic features of the municipality of Ponce are: (1) the mountainous interior containing the headwaters of the main river systems, (2) an upper plain, (3) a range of predominantly east-west trending limestone hills, (4) a coastal plain, and (5) a coastal flat.[123] The northern two-thirds of the municipality consists of the mountainous interior, with the southern third divided between hills, coastal plains, and the coastal flat.[124]
Ponce's municipal territory reaches the central mountain range to the north and the Caribbean Sea to the south. Geographically speaking, the southern area of the territory is part of the Ponce-Patillas alluvial plain subsector and the southern coastal plain, which were created by the consolidation of the valleys of the southern side of the central mountain range and the Cayey mountain range. The central area of the municipality is part of the semi-arid southern hills. These two regions are classified as being the driest on the island. The northern part of the municipality is considered to be within the rainy western mountains.[125] Barrio Anón is home to Cerro Maravilla, a peak that at 4,085 feet (1,245 m) is Puerto Rico's fourth highest peak.[126]
Nineteen barrios[127] comprise the rural areas of the municipality, and the topology of their lands varies from flatlands to hills to steep mountain slopes. The hilly barrios of the municipality (moving clockwise around the outskirts of the city) are these seven: Quebrada Limón, Marueño, Magueyes, Tibes, Portugués Rural, Machuelo Arriba, and Cerrillos. The barrios of Canas, Coto Laurel, Capitanejo, Sabanetas, Vayas, and Bucaná also surround the outskirts of the city but these are mostly flat. The remaining six other barrios are further away from the city and their topology is rugged mountain terrain. These are (clockwise): Guaraguao, San Patricio, Monte Llano, Maragüez, Anón, and Real. The ruggedness of these barrios is because through these areas of the municipality runs the Central Mountain Range of the Island.[128] The remaining barrios are part of the urban zone of the city.[129][130] There are six barrios in the core urban zone of the municipality named Primero, Segundo, Tercero, Cuarto, Quinto, and Sexto. They are delimetered by streets, rivers, or major highways. For example, Barrio Tercero is bounded in the north by Isabel Street, in the east by the Rio Portugués, in the south by Comercio Street, and the west by Plaza Las Delicias.[131] Barrio Tercero includes much of what is called the historic district.
There is a seismic detector that the University of Puerto Rico, Mayagüez Campus, has placed in Barrio Cerrillos.[132]
Land features
Cruceta del Vigía marks the spot where during the 17th through 19th centuries a guard watched for merchant as well as enemy ships approaching the Ponce harbor 3 mi (5 km) away.
Elevations include Cerro de Punta at 4,390 feet (1,340 m), the highest in Puerto Rico, located in Barrio Anón in the territory of the municipality of Ponce.[133][134] Mount Jayuya, at 4,314 feet (1,315 m) is located on the boundary between Barrio Anón and Barrio Saliente in Jayuya. Cerro Maravilla, at nearly 3,970 feet (1,210 m) above sea level, is located to the east of Barrio Anón. There are many other mountains at lower elevations in the municipality, such as the Montes Llanos ridge and Mount Diablo, at 2,231 feet (680 m) and Mount Marueño, at 2,100 feet (640 m), and Pinto Peak, among others. Part of the Toro Negro Forest is located in Barrio Anón. Coastal promontories include Cuchara, Peñoncillo, Carnero, and Cabullón points.[135] Fifty-six percent of the municipality consists of slopes 10 degrees or greater.[136]
The 14 rivers comprising the hydrographic system of Ponce are Matilde, Inabón, Bucaná, Jacaguas, Portugués, Cañas, Pastillo, Cerrillos, Chiquito, Bayagan, Blanco, Prieto, Anón and San Patricio[137] The Jacaguas River runs for a brief stretch on the southeast area of the municipality. The Inabón River springs from Anón ward and runs through the municipality for some 18 mi (29.0 km); the tributaries of the Inabón are the Anón and Guayo rivers and the Emajagua Brook. The Bucaná River springs from Machuelo Arriba ward and runs for 18.5 mi (29.8 km) into the Caribbean Sea. The tributaries of the Bucaná are the San Patricio, Bayagán, and Prieto Rivers and Ausubo brook. The Portugués River springs from the ward of that name in Adjuntas, and runs for 17.3 mi (27.8 km) into the Caribbean sea at Ponce Playa ward. The Matilde River, also known as the Pastillo River, runs for 12 mi (19 km); its tributaries are the Cañas River and the Limón and del Agua brooks. Lakes in Ponce include Bronce and Ponceña as well as lakes bearing numbers: Uno, Dos, Tres, and Cinco; and the Salinas Lagoon, which is considered a restricted lagoon.[138] Other water bodies are the springs at Quintana and the La Guancha and El Tuque beaches.[139] There is also a beach at Caja de Muertos Island. Lake Cerrillos is located within the limits of the municipality,[140] as will be the future lake resulting from the Portugués Dam. The Cerrillos State Forest is also located in the municipality of Ponce.
Coastal geographic features in Ponce include Bahía de Ponce, Caleta de Cabullones (Cabullones Cove), and five cays: Jueyes, Ratones,[141]Cardona, Gatas, and Isla del Frio.[142]Caja de Muertos Island and Morrillito islet are located at the boundary between Ponce and Juana Díaz. There is a mangrove covering an area of approximately 100 acres (40 ha) at Cabullón promontory and Isla del Frio. The Salinas Lagoon, part of Reserva Natural Punta Cucharas, has a mangrove that expands about 37 acres (15 ha). The lagoon itself consists of 698 cuerdas (678 acres; 274 ha).[143] The Rita cave is located in Barrio Cerrillos.[144]
Climate
Ponce features a tropical savanna climate (Koppen Aw/As). Ponce has summer highs averaging 92 °F (33 °C)[145] and winter highs, 87 °F (31 °C).[146] It has lows averaging 67 °F (19 °C) in the winter[146] and 74 °F (23 °C) in the summer.[147] It has a record high of 100 °F (38 °C), which occurred on 21 August 2003,[148] and a record low of 51 °F (11 °C) which occurred on 28 February 2004, tying the record low of 51 °F (11 °C) from 25 January 1993.[149] The mean annual temperature in the municipality is 79 °F (26 °C).[150]
Climate data for Ponce, Puerto Rico (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1898–present)
Many of the city's features (from house façades to chamfered street corners) are modeled on Barcelona's architecture, given the city's strong Catalan heritage. In 2020, the National Trust for Historic Preservation named the Ponce Historic Zone as one of America's most endangered historic places.[155]
With 31 barrios, Ponce is Puerto Rico's municipality with the largest number of barrios.[156][157][158][159] Ponce's barrios consist of 12 located in the urban area of the city plus 19 outside the urban zone.[160][161] Of these nineteen, seven were considered suburban in 1999. The suburban barrios were: Canas, Magueyes, Portugués, Machuelo Arriba, Sabanetas, Coto Laurel, and Cerrillos.[162] A 2000 report by the U.S. Census Bureau provides detailed demographics statistics for each of Ponce's barrios.[163]
The 2000 Census showed that Montes Llanos is the least populated barrio in the municipality. Thanks to its larger area, barrio Canas was by far the most populated ward of the municipality.[164] At 68 persons per square mile, San Patricio was the least populated, while Cuarto was the most densely populated at 18,819 persons per square mile.
A summary of all the barrios of the municipality, their population, population density, and land and water areas as given by the U.S. Census Bureau is as follows:[166][167][168]
Due to its historical importance throughout the years, Ponce features many points of interest for visiting tourists.[169] The downtown area contains the bulk of Ponce's tourist attractions.[170] Tourism has seen significant growth in recent years. In 2007, over 6,000 tourists visited the city via cruise ships.[171] Passenger movement at the Mercedita Airport in FY 2008 was 278,911, a 1,228% increase over fiscal year 2003 and the highest of all the regional airports for that 5-year period.[172] Though not all of these were tourists, it represents a volume larger than the population of the city itself.
To support a growing tourist industry, around the 1970s, and starting with the Ponce Holiday Inn, several hotels have been built. Newer lodging additions include the Ponce Hilton Golf & Casino Resort, home to the new Costa Caribe Golf & Country Club, featuring a 27-hole PGA championship golf course. The Hotel Meliá has operated in the city continuously since the early 20th century. It has also been studied that the Intercontinental Hotel, which opened in February 1960 and closed in 1975, could be refurbished and re-opened atop the hill near Cruceta del Vigía as the "Magna Vista Resort".[173] The Ponce Ramada also opened in 2009, and other hotel projects in the works include the Four Points by Sheraton, and Marriott Courtyard, among others.[174] In 2013, the downtown Ponce Ramada Hotel added a casino to its 70-room structure.[175][176] Ponce is part of the Government of Puerto Rico's Porta Caribe tourist region.
External audio
You may a see a video on Ponce's tourist attractions HERE
Ponce en Marcha
Skyline of the city of Ponce in 2020, looking east. The city's tallest tower, the 23-story Condominio El Mirador, is next to the extreme right, with the two towers of Hospital Damas to its right.
In recent years an intensive $440 million[177][178] revitalization project called "Ponce en Marcha"[179] ("Ponce on the Move") has increased the city's historic area from 260 to 1,046 buildings.[180] The Ponce en Marcha[d] project was conceived in 1985 by then governor Rafael Hernández Colón during his second term in La Fortaleza and Ponce mayor Jose Dapena Thompson.[181][182] The plan was approved by the Ponce Municipal Legislature on January 14, 2003. It was signed by Governor Sila Calderon via Executive Order on December 28, 2003, and went into effect on January 12, 2004. The plan incorporates one billion dollars in spending during the period of 2004 through 2012.[183] A significant number of buildings in Ponce are listed in the National Register of Historic Places.[184] The nonprofit Project for Public Places[185] listed the historic downtown Ponce city center as one of the 60 of the World's Great Places, for its "graciously preserved showcase of Caribbean culture".[186] The revitalized historic area of the city goes by various names, including "Ponce Centro" (Ponce Center),[187] "Historic Ponce",[188] and "Historic District."[189] The name "Ponce en Marcha" comes from the revitalization plan of Zona Atocha in Madrid called Atocha en Marcha.[190]
Plaza Las Delicias, the town's main square, features a prominent fountain (namely, the "Lions Fountain"), the Ponce Cathedral, and Parque de Bombas, an old fire house, now a museum, that stands as an iconic symbol of the city and a tribute to the bravery of its firefighters. This plaza is also a usual gathering place for "ponceños". Other buildings around Ponce's main plaza include the Casa Alcaldía (Ponce City Hall), the oldest colonial building in the city, dating to the 1840s, and the Armstrong-Poventud Residence, an example of the neoclassical architectural heritage of the island.
Just north of downtown Ponce lies the Castillo Serrallés and the Cruceta del Vigía, a 100-foot (30 m) observation tower which overlooks the city. The Serralles castle is reported to receive nearly 100,000 visitors every year.[197] The hill on which the Cruceta is located was originally used by scouts to scan for incoming mercantile ships as well as invading ones. The invasion of American troops in 1898 was first spotted from there.
Ponce is home to Puerto Rico's oldest cemetery; in fact, it is the oldest cemetery in the Antilles. In the city outskirts, the Tibes Indigenous Ceremonial Center was discovered in 1975 after hurricane rains uncovered pottery.[198] The center is the site of the oldest cemetery uncovered up to date in the Antilles. With some 200 skeletons unearthed from the year 300 AD, it is considered the largest and the most important archaeological finding in the West Indies.[199][200] Two other cemeteries in Ponce worth noting are the Panteón Nacional Román Baldorioty de Castro and the Cementerio Catolico San Vicente de Paul, both of which are listed in the National Register of Historic Places. The Cementerio Catolico San Vicente de Paul has the most eye-catching burial constructions of any cemetery for the wealthiest families, both local and foreign-born, of southern Puerto Rico.[201]
Also in the city outskirts is Hacienda Buena Vista, an estate built in 1833 originally to grow fruits. It was converted into a coffeeplantation and gristmill in 1845. It remained in operation until 1937, then fell into disrepair, but was restored by the government's Fideicomiso de Conservación de Puerto Rico. All the machinery works (the metal parts) are original, operated by water channeled from the 360m Vives waterfall; there is a hydraulic turbine which makes the corn mill work.
As of 2008[update], the city had also engaged in the development of a convention center with a capacity for 3,000 people. It is also to include two major hotels, apartment buildings and recreational facilities.[202] Puerto Rico Route 143 (PR-143), known as the Panoramic Route, runs edging near the municipality's northern border.[203]
The city is home to a long list of cultural assets including libraries, museums, galleries, and parks, hundreds of buildings of historical value including schools, residences, bridges, and estates, and frequent activities such as festivals and carnivals. The municipality invests close to half a million dollars in promoting its cultural assets.[204] It established its first library in 1894[205] and, as of 2007[update] had a new central library[206] with seven other branches scattered throughout the municipality.[207]
The childhood home in Ponce of Antonio Paoli, one of Puerto Rico's greatest musical performers
A number of cultural events take place during the year, most prominently:[208][209]
The city values its cultural traditions as evidenced by the revitalization project Ponce en Marcha. It is deeply rooted in its traditional cultural, artistic, and musical heritage. The love for art and architecture, for example, can be appreciated at its museums of art, music, and architecture.
"Over the last century or so, the north [i.e., San Juan] willingly accepted the influence of western culture with its tendency toward large sprawling metropolises, and the displacement of old values and attitudes. Ponce, on the other hand, has been content to retain its old traditions and culture. Ponce is not concerned about losing its long standing position as the second largest city in population after San Juan. On the contrary, she prefers to maintain her current size, and stick to its old traditions and culture."[215][216]
Some argue that the Ponceño culture is different from the rest of the Island:
"Ponceños have always been a breed apart from other Puerto Ricans. Their insularity and haughtiness are legendary, and some Puerto Ricans claim that even the dialect in Ponce is slightly different from that spoken in the rest of the Island. They are also racially different: you'll see more people of African descent in Ponce than anywhere else in the Island except Loiza."[217]
Others claim that Ponceños exhibit considerable more civic pride than do residents of other locales.[218]Luis Muñoz Rivera, the most important statesman in the Island at the close of the 19th century, referred to Ponce as "the most Puerto Rican city of Puerto Rico."[219][e]
Artistic development also flourished during this period. The surging of popular rhythms like Bomba and Plena took place in the south region of the island, mainly in Ponce. Barrio San Antón is known as one of the birthplaces of the rhythm. Every July, Ponce celebrates an annual festival of Bomba and Plena, which includes various musicians and parades.
Immigrants from Spain, Italy, France, Germany, and England came to Ponce to develop an international city that still maintains rich Taíno and African heritage. The African personality, belief, and music add flavor and colorful rhythm to Ponce's culture. Part of this are the influences of the Bomba and Plena rhythms. These are a combination and Caribbean and African music.[220]
Dating back to 1858, Ponce's Carnival is the oldest in Puerto Rico, and acquired an international flavor for its 150th anniversary.[221] It is one of the oldest carnivals celebrated in the Western Hemisphere. It features various parades with masked characters representative of good and evil.
The Museum of Puerto Rican Music, located at the Serrallés-Nevárez family residence in downtown Ponce, illustrates music history on the Island, most of which had its origin and development in Ponce.[222]
No discussion of music in Ponce would be complete without rendering honor to the great performances of King of Tenors Antonio Paoli and danza master Juan Morel Campos, both from Ponce. Today, there is a statue of Juan Morel Campos that adorns the Plaza Las Delicias city square, and the home where Paoli was born and raised functions as the Puerto Rico Center for Folkloric Research, a research center for Puerto Rican culture.
A municipal band presents concerts every Sunday evening, and a Youth Symphony Orchestra also performs.[223]
Arts
The Museo de Arte de Ponce, the largest art museum in the Caribbean,[224] is a mecca for the arts in the Island
Today, Ponce has more museums (nine) than any other municipality in the Island.[227] Ponce is home to the Museo de Arte de Ponce (MAP), founded in 1959 by fellow ponceñoLuis A. Ferré. The museum was operated by Ferré until his death at the age of 99, and it is now under the direction of the Luis A. Ferré Foundation. Designed by Edward Durell Stone, architect of Radio City Music Hall[228] and the Museum of Modern Art in New York, MAP is the only museum of international stature on the Island, the only one that was accredited by the American Alliance of Museums (AAM),[229] and the only one that has received a design prize of honor from the American Institute of Architects (AIA).[230] It houses the most extensive art collection in the Caribbean with 4,500 pieces.[231]
Sports
Juan Pachín Vicéns Auditorium, home to various sporting events in Ponce
Most of Ponce's professional teams are called the Leones de Ponce (Ponce Lions, or Ponce Lionesses as the case may be) regardless of the sport. The Leones de Ponce basketball team is one of the leading teams of the island, winning 12 championships during their tenure.[232] The team's venue is the Juan Pachín Vicéns Auditorium. The Leones de Ponce (men's) baseball and the Leonas de Ponce (women's) baseball teams have also been fairly successful.[233] The baseball teams' venue is the Francisco Montaner Stadium.[234] The stadium is located next to the Juan Pachín Vicéns Auditorium.[235]
The city also hosts two international annual sporting events. In the month of May, it hosts the Ponce Grand Prix, a track and field event in which over 100 athletes participate. During the Memorial Day Weekend in the month of September, the city hosts Cruce a Nado Internacional, a swimming competition with over a dozen countries represented. Also, the Ponce Marathon takes place every December, sometimes as part of the Las Mañanitas event on December 12.
La Guancha Beach at La Guancha, one of 40 salt-water beaches in Ponce
The municipality is home to several parks and beaches, including both passive and active parks. Among the most popular passive parks are the Julio Enrique Monagas Family Park on Ponce By-pass Road (PR-2) at the location where the Rio Portugués feeds into Bucaná. The Parque Urbano Dora Colon Clavell, another passive park is in the downtown area. Active parks include the Charles H. Terry Athletic Field, and several municipal tennis courts, including one at Poly Deportivos with 9 hard courts, and one at La Rambla with six hard courts.[238] There are also many public basketball courts scattered throughout the various barrios of the municipality.
The municipality has 40 beaches including 28 on the mainland and 12 in Caja de Muertos.[239] Among these, about a dozen of them are most notable, including El Tuque Beach in the El Tuque sector on highway PR-2, west of the city, La Guancha Beach at the La Guancha sector south of the city, and four beaches in Caja de Muertos: Pelicano, Playa Larga, Carrucho, and Coast Guard beach.[240] A ferry must be boarded at La Guancha for transportation to the Caja de Muertos beaches.
Religion
During and after colonization, the Roman Catholic Church became the established religion of the colony. Gradually African slaves were converted to Christianity, but many incorporated their own traditions and symbols, maintaining African traditions as well. Ponce Cathedral, listed in the National Register of Historic Places, was built in 1839.[241][242] The Royal Decree of Graces of 1815 allowed for non-Catholics to immigrate legally to Puerto Rico, but it required those who wanted to settle on the island to make a vow of alliance to the Catholic Church. Ponce was the first city in Puerto Rico where Protestant churches were built.[243]
Islamic Center at Ponce: numerous religious faiths are practiced in the cityThe 1907 Methodist Church in Ponce
With the U.S. invasion, there was a significant change in the religious landscape in the City and in Puerto Rico. "The Protestant missionaries followed the footprints of the United States soldiers, right after the Treaty of Paris was ratified and Puerto Rico was ceded to the American government."[244] By March 1899, eight months after the occupation, executives from the Methodists, Episcopalians, Baptists, Presbyterians, and others, had arranged for an evangelical division whereby Ponce would have Evangelical, Baptist, and Methodist "campaigns". With the passing of the Foraker Act in 1900, which established total separation between Church and State, the absolute power of the Catholic Church eroded quickly.[244]
The bell of the Episcopalian Holy Trinity Church in Barrio Cuarto, rang again[247] when the Americans arrived on 25 July 1898. Built in 1873, the church was allowed to function by the Spanish Crown under the conditions that its bell would not be rung, its front doors would always remain closed, and its services would be offered in English only.[248]
Today, Ponce is home to a mix of religious faiths: both Protestants and Catholics, as well as Muslims, have places of worship in Ponce. Baptists, Methodists, Presbyterians, Episcopalians, Pentecostals, Adventists, Evangelicals, Disciples of Christ, and Congregationalists are among the Protestant faiths with a following in Ponce. Catholicism is the faith of the majority of ponceños. In 2009, the Catholic Church had 18 parishes in the municipality, two bishops and 131 priests.[249] In his Memoirs, Albert E. Lee summed up Ponce's attitude towards religion:
Ponce was not only tolerant, it was indifferent in religious matters. Protestants and Catholics, and even atheists, lived together socially on the friendliest terms. Religion was strictly a personal affair in Ponce while in San Juan at times gave the impression that it was ready to practice the auto-de-fe [sic]."[250]
Economy
Before its merger with Banco Popular in 1991, Banco de Ponce (above) had the most extensive international network of branches of any Puerto Rican bank[251]
Traditionally the city's economy had depended almost entirely on the sugarcane industry.[252] Since around the 1950s, however, the town's economy has diversified and today its economy revolves around a mixed-industry manufacturing sector, retail, and tourism.[253][254] The building of a mega port, anticipated to be completed in 2012,[255] is expected to add significantly to the area's economy. Agriculture, retail, and services are also significant players in the local economy. It is considered an agricultural, trade, and distribution center, with manufacturing that includes electronics, communications equipment, food processing, pharmaceutical drugs, concrete plants, scientific instruments and rum distilling as well as an established gourmet coffee agricultural industry.[256] The city, though, suffers from an unemployment rate that hovers around the 15 percent mark.[257]
In the agricultural sector, the most important products are coffee, followed by plantains, bananas, oranges, and grapefruits. A mix of public and private services, as well as finance, retail sales, and construction round up Ponce's economic rhythm.[259]Cafe Rico, which metamorphosed from coffee-grower Cafeteros de Puerto Rico, has its headquarters in Ponce.
Retail
Atocha Promenade is part of El Ponce Tradicional, the old historic district
For many years commercial retail activity in Ponce centered around what is now Paseo Atocha. This has shifted in recent years, and most retail activity today occurs in one of Ponce's various malls, in particular Plaza del Caribe. Centro del Sur Mall is also a significant retail area, as is Ponce Mall.[260]
Mega port
Ponce is home to Puerto Rico's chief Caribbean port, the Port of Ponce.[261] The port is expanding to transform it into a mega port, called the Port of the Americas that will operate as an international transshipment port. When fully operational, it is expected to support 100,000 jobs.[262]
Ponce has consistently ranked as one of the most populous cities in Puerto Rico. Ponce's population, according to the 2010 census, stands at 166,327, with a population density of 1,449.3 persons per square mile (559.6 persons/km2), ranking third in terms of population among Puerto Rican municipalities. As of 2000, speakers of English as a first language accounted for 13.89% of the population. [264]
The municipal government has its seat in the city of Ponce.[265][266] Since its foundation in 1692, the city of Ponce has been led by a mayor. Its first mayor was Don Pedro Sánchez de Matos. The 2008 election of María Meléndez Altieri (PNP), brought Ponce the first woman to be elected to the mayoral office in the city's history. She was re-elected in 2012 and again in 2016, and serve as mayor until 2021. In the 2020 election Luis Irizarri Pabón (PPD) was elected as mayor and is currently serving as mayor.[267] Ponce's best known mayor of recent years is perhaps Rafael "Churumba" Cordero Santiago (PPD), who held office from 1989 until his sudden death on the morning of 17 January 2004, after suffering three successive brain strokes.
The city also has a municipal legislature that handles local legislative matters. Ponce has had a municipal council since 1812.[268][f][269] The municipal legislature is composed of 16 civilians elected during the general elections, along with the mayor, state representatives and senators. The delegations are, until the 2020 general election, distributed as follows: 13 legislators of the Popular Democratic Party, two legislators of the New Progressive Party, and one legislator from the Movimento Victoria Ciudadana.
The Ponce City Hall has one of the most unusual histories of any city hall throughout the world. "Originally built in the 1840s as a public assembly hall, Ponce's City Hall was a jail until the end of the 19th century. Current galleries were former cells, and executions were held in the courtyard. Four U.S. presidents spoke from the balcony - Theodore Roosevelt, Herbert Hoover, Franklin Roosevelt and George Bush." It is listed in the National Register of Historic Places.[270]
In 2005, the municipality's budget was US$152 million.[271] In 2010-2011 it was $158 million.[272] In 2016-2017 the proposed budget was $140 million.[273] From a business perspective, the Ponce municipal government is generally praised for its efficiency and speediness, thanks to its adoption of the Autonomous Municipality Law of 1991.[274]
The municipio has an official flag and coat of arms.[276]
Coat of arms
The coat of arms of the municipality is based on the design of the official mayoral seal that was adopted in 1844 under the administration of mayor Salvador de Vives.[277]
The coat of arms of Ponce consists of an escutcheon (shield) in the Spanish tradition. This shield has a field with a party per bend division. The division runs from top left to bottom right. The field is red and black, bordered with a fine golden line. In the center of the shield is the figure of an erect lion standing on a bridge. The top of the bridge is a golden, the middle is red bricks, and the base foundation is gray rocks. Under the bridge there are gray wavy lines. Over the shield rests a five-tower golden stone wall with openings in the form of red windows. To the left of the shield is a coffee tree branch with its fruit, and to the right of the shield is a sugarcane stalk. The symbols of the shield are as follows: The field represents the flag of the municipality of Ponce, divided diagonally in the traditional city colors: red and black. The lion over the bridge alludes to the last name of the conqueror and first governor of Puerto Rico, Juan Ponce de Leon. The waves under the bridge allude to the Rio Portugues, on the banks of which the city was born. The coronet in the form of a five-tower mural crown above the shield allude to the Spanish crown, through which the settlement obtained its city charter. The coffee tree branch and the sugarcane stalk represent the main agricultural basis of the economy of the young municipality.[277]
Flag
The 1692 Flag of the Municipality of Ponce, adopted in 1967, commemorates its founding
The 1877 Flag of the city of Ponce, adopted in 1977, commemorates the year of its city charter
Ponce has two official flags, one for the municipality and one for the city proper. The municipal flag, "the 1692 flag", was adopted in 1967 via a municipal ordinance. This flag, designed by Mario Ramirez, was selected from among a number of public proposals. It consisted of a rectangular cloth divided by a diagonal line into two equal isosceles triangles. The line ran from the top right-hand corner to the bottom left-hand corner. The top triangle was black; the bottom right triangle was red. On the top triangle was the figure of a lion over a bridge. On the bottom triangle was the word "Ponce" with the number "1692", the date when the municipality was founded. Ponce Municipal Assembly Order No. 5, Section 5, of Municipal Assembly Year 1966-1967 established that the last Sunday in April is "Día de la Bandera de Ponce" (Ponce Flag Day).[278]
Ten years later, in 1977, a new municipal ordinance introduced a flag, "the 1877 city flag" to commemorate the 100th anniversary of the declaration of the city charter. This (1977) flag consisted of a rectangular cloth divided by a diagonal line, creating two equal isosceles triangles, starting from the top left hand corner and ending on the lower right hand corner. The top triangle is red; the bottom triangle is black. In the center of the flag sits the shield of the municipality. Under this shield is the number "1877", the year of the founding of the city, and above the shield is the word "PONCE". Some flags have the "1877" date on the left border of the bottom triangle and the name of the city on the right border of the triangle, as illustrated in the insert on the left.[279]
Municipal services
Fire protection
Parque de Bombas - Long the iconic symbol of the city, was the first fire station in Puerto Rico
The city's fire department has a history of firsts, including being the first organized fire department in the Island. As the largest city in the island at the time, and de facto economic and social center of Puerto Rico, this in effect also created the first Puerto Rico Fire Department. The Ponce Fire Department also built the first fire station in the Island,[280][281] which still stands to this day, and is now open as the Parque de Bombas museum. Also, in 1951, Ponce's Fire Chief Raúl Gándara Cartagena, wrote a book on the firemen's service, which became a firemen's manual in several Latin American countries.[282] In recognition of the service rendered by its fire fighters, the City of Ponce built them homes resulting in the creation of the 25 de Enero Street near the city's historic district.
Major fires
The city has withstood some nearly catastrophic fires.
A major fire took place on February 27, 1820,[283][284] that "almost destroyed the early Ponce settlement". It destroyed 106 "of the best homes in town."[285] In 1823, then Governor of Puerto Rico, Miguel de la Torre mandated that "every male from 16 to 60 years old must be a firefighter".[286] Those firefighters had to supply their own fire fighting equipment (essentially picks, buckets, and shovels). Once De la Torre left office, this first fire fighting institution started to decay.[286]
Another major fire occurred in La Playa in March 1845,[285] that destroyed "most of the Ponce vicinity." It significantly damaged the Spanish Customs House in Ponce, this being one of the few buildings left standing after the fire.[287] The fire burned down the major buildings of the "Marina de Ponce".[285] After this fire, then governor of Puerto Rico Conde de Mirasol (born Rafael de Aristegui y Velez),[288] created a new fire fighting organization staffed by volunteers.[286] In 1862, the Ponce Firefighters Corps was reorganized under the administration of Ponce mayor Luis de Quixano y Font, and Tomás Cladellas was named fire chief.[286] In 1879 the Ponce Fire Corps reorganized again, with a new fire chief, the local architect Juan Bertoli.
On September 25, 1880 another fire, took place destroying most of the older civil records (births, baptisms, marriages, etc.) of the Ponce parish.[289] In 1883, the Ponce firefighter corps reorganized once more, this time in a more definitive fashion when Máximo Meana was mayor of Ponce. During this time the Ponce Fire Corps was made up of 400 firefighters. Its leadership consisted of Julio Steinacher, fire chief, Juan Seix, second fire chief, Oscar Schuch Olivero, Chief of Brigade, and Fernando M. Toro, Supervisor of the Gymnastics Academy. Concurrent with this, the firefighter corps music band was organized. In September 1883, Juan Morel Campos formally organized the Ponce Fire Corps Municipal Band which exists to this day.[286]
The fourth Ponce fire of large proportions occurred on January 25, 1899.[290] The fire was fought by a group of firefighters among whom was Pedro Sabater and the civilian Rafael Rivera Esbrí, who would later become mayor of the city. The fire started at the U.S. munitions depot on the lot currently occupied by the Ponce High School building and grounds. The heroes in that fire, believed to have saved the city from certain annihilation, are remembered to this day with monuments on their tombs as well as in a monument in the city square Plaza Las Delicias.[286] As a further gesture of gratitude, a neighborhood of distinctive Victorian-style cottages were constructed to house the firefighters and their families. These houses, painted in the red and black colors of the city, are located along a street named Calle 25 de Enero (25 de Enero street); they are still owned and occupied by the descendants of these firefighters and are a scenic attraction in Ponce's historic center.
The Puerto Rico Police had its Ponce area regional headquarters from 1970 until 2011 on Hostos Avenue.[292] In 2011 it moved its command center to a new and larger facility further west on Urbanizacion Los Caobos in Barrio Bucana. It commands five precincts in the city: Villa, Playa, Morel Campos, La Rambla, and El Tuque. The Ponce municipal coverage of the Puerto Rico Police force is as follows:
The Villa precinct covers barrios Primero, Segundo, Tercero, Cuarto, Quinto, and Sexto, and Portugués Urbano. This precinct includes the historic Ponce district.
The Playa precinct (# 258[293]) covers the barrios of Playa, Capitanejo, Bucaná, and Vayas.
The La Rambla precinct covers barrios Anón, Real, Maragüez, Cerrillos, Coto Laurel, Sabanetas, San Patricio, Monte Llano, Machuelo Arriba, Machuelo Abajo, and Portugués.
The El Tuque precinct covers barrios Canas and Canas Urbano.
The Morel Campos precinct covers barrios Guaraguao, Marueño, Tibes, Magueyes, Magueyes Urbano, and Quebrada Limón.
Crime
In 2002, most of the homicides in Puerto Rico were occurring in San Juan and the greater metropolitan areas of Bayamón, Carolina and Caguas, but Ponce also had a high homicide rate. Also in 2002, Puerto Rico law enforcement officials drafted plans to increase the number of forensic investigators by 25%. The investigators, assigned to the Institute of Forensic Sciences in San Juan, covered homicides in about 65 percent of the island, but the Institute was considering assigning Ponce its own unit.[294] By mid-year 2005, there had been 25 more murder cases in Ponce than for all of 2004, a significant increase.[295]
The police acknowledged that most crime cases in Puerto Rico are linked to drug-trafficking and illegal weapons. In mid-July 2005, Gov. Aníbal Acevedo Vilá announced a series of measures aimed at lowering Ponce's high murder rate. Some of those measures included the permanent transfer of 100 agents to the area, the appointment of a ballistics expert from the Institute of Forensic Sciences and of two prosecutors for the Department of Justice in Ponce. Puerto Rico Police Superintendent Pedro Toledo admitted that more than 100 agents are actually needed in the Ponce region in 2005, but that "there would be no additional transfers at the moment to avoid affecting other police areas."[295]
Ponce is a convenient transition point for drug smugglers due to its location on the Caribbean Sea and its proximity to Colombia and Venezuela.[296] From there packages are then transported to the United States by various means including the United States Postal Service.[296] The city is included in the area's HIDTA region.[296]
As most of the crime in Ponce is connected to the drug-trade, police have an eye on illegal smuggling through the Port of Ponce[297] A 2008 government report stated that, "Drug smuggling in containerized cargo is a significant maritime threat to the HIDTA (High Intensity Drug Trafficking Area) region. The vast and increasing quantity of goods transshipped through the region every year provides drug traffickers with ample opportunity to smuggle illicit drugs into, through, and from the area.[296] In July 2005, local police scored some points in their fight against drug-trafficking.[298]
By 2007, Ponce had experienced a 61% decline in the rate of violent crimes (Type I).[299] In 2010, there was a further reduction of 12 percent in violent crimes over 2009 statistics.[300] In August 2013, the Ponce Area Police Region, which includes Ponce and seven other adjacent municipalities, registered 27 fewer Type I crimes that it had by the same period in 2012.[301]
For the Ponce MSA, which includes the city of Ponce, its nineteen surrounding municipal barrios, the municipality of Juana Diaz, and the municipality of Villalba, crime data was tabulated in 2002 (Total MSA Population: 364,849). No data is available for the city or for the municipality of Ponce alone. The following statistics are registered:
Category
Number
Rate per 100,000
Violent crime^
929
254.6
Property crime^^
5,938
1,627.5
Murder and NNMS^^^
83
22.7
Forcible rape
25
6.9
Robbery
525
143.9
Aggravated assault
296
81.1
Burglary
1,588
435.2
Larceny-theft
3,803
1,042.3
Motor vehicle theft
547
149.9
Notes:
^ Violent crimes include: murder, forcible rape, robbery, and aggravated assault.
^^ Property crimes include: burglary, larceny-theft, and motor vehicle theft.
^^^ NNMS, non-negligent manslaughter
Source: FBI[302]
FBI satellite office
There is an FBI satellite office located in Ponce.[303]
Ponce's first school for boys was established in 1820.[304] Today there are over a hundred public and private schools.[305] As with the rest of Puerto Rico, public education in Ponce is handled by the Puerto Rico Department of Education. However, the local government is taking on a greater role in public education. On June 13, 2010, the mayor of Ponce announced the creation of a Municipal Education System and a School Board with the objective of obtaining accreditation for what would be the first free bilingual school in the city.[293]
Colleges and universities
There are also several colleges and universities located in the city, offering higher education, including professional degrees in architecture, medicine, law, and pharmacy. Some of these are:
The city is served by several clinics and hospitals. There are four comprehensive care hospitals: Hospital Dr. Pila, Hospital San Cristobal, Hospital San Lucas,[309] and Hospital de Damas. In addition, Hospital Oncológico Andrés Grillasca specializes in the treatment of cancer,[310] and Hospital Siquiátrico specializes in mental disorders.[311] There is also a U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs Outpatient Clinic that provides health services to U.S. veterans.[312] The U.S. Veterans Administration will build a new hospital in the city to satisfy regional needs.[313] In 2009, Hospital Damas was listed in the U.S. News & World Report as one of the best hospitals under the U.S. flag.[314]
Ponce has the highest concentration of medical infrastructure per inhabitant of any municipality in Puerto Rico.
Due to its commercial and industrial significance, Ponce has consistently been a hub of transportation to the rest of the island.
Puerto Rico Highway 52 provides access to Salinas, Caguas, and San Juan. PR-2 grants access to southwestern and western municipalities as a full-access freeway. The PR-10 highway, which is still under construction as a faster alternative to PR-123, provides access to the interior of the island as well as points north of the island, such as Arecibo. PR-1 provides access to various points east and southeast of Puerto Rico, while PR-14 provides access to Coamo and other points in the central mountain region. PR-132 grants country-side access to the town of Peñuelas. PR-123 is the old road to Adjuntas and, while treacherous, it does provide an appreciation for countryside living in some of the municipality's barrios, such as Magueyes and Guaraguao.[315][316]
Ponce's Mercedita Airport used to be an air strip for a sugarcane mill in the early twentieth century
The city is served by a network of local highways and freeways. Running entirely within the municipal limits are PR-12, PR-9, PR-133, and PR-163 and a few others. Freeway PR-12 runs northbound starting at the Port of Ponce to connect with PR-14 on the northeastern part of the city. PR-9, also known as the Circuito de Circumnavegación de Ponce (Ponce's Circumferential Highway), is a highway still partly under construction. It runs mostly north of the city and connects PR-52 to PR-10 in an east-to-west fashion; when completed it will run as a beltway around most of the eastern and northern sections of the city.[317] PR-133 (Calle Comercio) connects PR-2 in west Ponce to PR-132. It is an extension of PR-1 from its PR-2 terminus into the city center. PR-163 crosses the City east-to-west connecting PR-52 and PR-14.[318][319][320][321] The municipality has 115 bridges.[322]
Ponce's public transportation system consists of taxicabs and share taxi service providing public cars and vans known as públicos[323] and a bus-based mass transit system.[324] There are five taxi companies in the city.[325] Most públicos depart from the terminal hub located in downtown Ponce, the Terminal de Carros Públicos Carlos Garay.[326][327] During the 1990s and 2000s, there was also a trolley system reminiscent of the one the city used in the 19th century and which traveled through the downtown streets, and which was used mostly by tourists.[328] Today it is used mostly during special events. There is also a small train that can bring tourists from the historic downtown area to the Paseo Tablado La Guancha on the southern shore,[329] As with the trolley, today the train is used mostly during special events. A ferry provides service to Isla de Caja de Muertos.[330] The new intra-city mass transit system, SITRAS, was scheduled to start operating in November 2011,[331] and, after a 3-month delay, the $4 million SITRAS system, was launched with 11 buses and three routes in February 2012.[324] A fourth route was to be added for the El Tuque sector according to a June 30, 2012 news report.[332]
Mercedita Airport sits 3 miles (4.8 km) east of downtown Ponce and handles both intra-island and international flights. The airport, used to be a private airfield belonging to Destilería Serralles rum distillery before it became a commercial airport serving the Ponce area in the 1940s. There is daily commercial non-stop air service to points in the United States.[333]
Since 1804, Ponce already boasted its own port facilities for large cargo ships.[334] The Port of Ponce is Puerto Rico's chief Caribbean port.[335] It is known as the Port of the Americas and is under expansion to convert it into a major international shipping hub.[336] It receives both cargo as well as passenger cruise ships.[337][338] A short-haul freight railroad also operates within the Port facilities.[339]
^Some publications/reporters have erroneously stated Ponce's date of founding as December 12, 1692 (see, for example, Jose Fernandez-Colon, The Associated Press, at "Noticias Online" on January 24, 2009, at Noticias Puerto Rico. Accessed 23 March 2019.) Another incorrect date sometimes found is September 12, 1692 (See, for example, Jorge L. Perez (El Nuevo Dia) and Jorge Figueroa (Ponce Municipal Historian), at Historic Buildings and Structures in Ponce, Puerto Rico., at the text accompanying Drawing #20, titled "Tumba de los Bomberos". Puerto Rico Historic Buildings Drawings Society. 2019. Accessed 4 February 2019. See also Mapa de Municipios y Barrios: Ponce, Memoria Numero 27.Archived 30 April 2019 at the Wayback Machine Gobierno del Estado Libre Asociado de Puerto Rico. Junta de Planificación. Santurce, Puerto Rico. 1953. p. 6.). Miguel A Sanchez-Celada also points to the September 12, 1692 date based on the record that on that date the Spanish Crown officially recognized, via Royal Decree, the hamlet as a town (See Miguel A Sanchez-Celada. Evolución urbana de Ponce (Puerto_Rico) según la cartografía Histórica. Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia (UNED), Madrid, Spain. 2018. (DOI:http:..dx.doi.org/10.5944/etfvi.11.2018.20421) In, Espacio, Tiempo y Forma", Revista de la Facultad de Geografia e Historia, UNED. Serie VI. Geografía 11. 2018, pp. 219-245. ISSN 1130-2968. E-ISSN 2340-146x.) In this article the date reported is that given by the authorities closest to the founding date, and with their respective references.
^Some historians state that the municipality was named after Juan Ponce de León himself. (Crediting Juan Ponce de León himself see, for example, Eduardo Neuman Gandia's Verdadera y Auténtica Historia de la Ciudad de Ponce. (San Juan, Puerto Rico: Instituto de Cultura Puertorriqueña. 1913.) Page 34, and Jose Luis Diaz de Villegas, https://books.google.com/books?id=ovzJlU1f-iAC&pg=PA46, and Sandra Torres Guzmán's Una hacienda atada a la historia citadina, https://www.periodicolaperla.com/una-hacienda-atada-a-la-historia-citadina/Archived 25 September 2019 at the Wayback Machine.) Others state it was named after Juan Ponce de Leon y Loayza, the great-grandson of Juan Ponce de Leon. (Crediting the great-grandson see, for example, Encyclopedia Puerto Rico, "Municipalities: Ponce". Archived from the original on 29 May 2012. Retrieved 25 July 2012.; J.A. Corretjer, http://www.yerbabruja.com/pueblos/ponce.html; Frommer, https://books.google.com/books?id=Wy_BSu4a2EYC&pg=PA185; and Harry S. Pariser, https://books.google.com/books?id=KawuqbFxLS0C&pg=PT239.) A few authorities state it may have been named after the Ponce de León family in general, covering father, son, grandson, and great-grandson (See, for example, Francisco Lluch Mora's "Orígenes y Fundación de Ponce, y otras noticias relativas a su desarrollo urbano, demográfico y cultural (siglos XVI-XIX)", Segunda Edición, Editorial Plaza Mayor, 2006, page 27.). Still others state it was founded by Juan Ponce de León y Loayza but named by him in the memory of his great-grandfather, the Spanish Conquistador Juan Ponce de León.
Footnotes
^During the 1600s and 1700s, the rural areas of a municipal jurisdiction, today (2019) called "barrio" in Puerto Rico, were then called "partido", a term used to refer to all the territory that depended from the Municipal Government of a city or town (See, Lorenzo A. Balasquide, Compendio Intrahistórico de Peñuelas, San Juan, Puerto Rico: Editorial Cordillera, Inc., 1972, p. 51, footnote #23; Aida R. Caro Costas, El Cabildo or Regimen Municipal Puertorriqueño en el Siglo XVIII: La Gestión Municipal Puertorriqueña, Tomo II, San Juan, Puerto Rico: Instituto de Cultura Puertorriqueña, 1974, p. 38). In 1670, that Municipal Government was San Germán.
^Coined "Ciudad Señorial" by Manuel Fernández Juncos in 1864 upon the inauguration of Teatro La Perla. (Ref: Neysa Rodriguez Deynes, Rafael J. Torres Torres, and Carlos Aneiro Perez. "Teatro La Perla", in Brevario Sobre la Historia de Ponce y Sus Principales Lugares de Interés. Gobierno Municipal de Ponce (Ponce, Puerto Rico). Model Offset Printing. 1991. page 125.)
^Sometimes also translated "The Patrician City" (See, Ileana M. Rodríguez-Silva's "Silencing Race: Disentangling Blackness, Colonialism, and National Identities in Puerto Rico". New York: Basingstoke, Palgrave Macmillan. 2012. Page 94.) or "The Noble City" (See Ponce: General Information. Puerto Rico Encyclopedia. Retrieved 25 November 2009.), but translations into "The Majestic City" (See Fundación Puertorriqueña de las Humanidades. Ponce Ciudad Museo 2001. 2001. p. 149.), "The Lordly City" (See La Perla Theater in Ponce. Ivonne Acosta. Encyclopedia de Puerto Rico. 29 September 2008. Accessed 28 November 2018.), and "The Estately City", have also been encountered.
^For an extensive discussion of the Plan Ponce en Marcha, see Carmelo Rosario Natal, "Ponce en Marcha y las Primeras Iniciativas", in "Ponce en Su Historia Moderna: 1945-2002," Gobierno Municipal de Ponce, First Edition, 2003, Pages 242-324.
^It has, also, been called a "more profoundly Puerto Rican city than San Juan". See Enrique A. Laguerre's "Mito de la ponceñidad", El Mundo, 8 November 1980, page 9-A.
^Ayuntamiento de Ponce was the second formed in Puerto Rico, after San Juan's. See Historia de los partidos reformista y conservador de Puerto-Rico. Francisco Mariano Quiñones. Tipografía Comercial Comercio 13, Marina. Mayaguez, Puerto Rico. 1889. Page 7.
References
^Fay Fowlie de Flores. Ponce, Perla del Sur: Una Bibliográfica Anotada. Second Edition. 1997. Ponce, Puerto Rico: Universidad de Puerto Rico en Ponce. p. 14. Item 69. LCCN92-75480
^Socorro Giron. "El misterio de Ponce." El Mundo. San Juan, Puerto Rico. 1–2 July 1974. s.p.
^Eli D. Oquendo Rodriguez. De Criadero a Partido: Ojeada de la Historia de los Orígenes de Ponce, 1645-1810. First Edition. Lajas, Puerto Rico: Centro de Estudios e Investigaciones del Sur Oeste (CEISO). Editorial Akelarre. 2015. ISBN1516895487. Page 15.
^Mariano Vidal Armstrong. Ponce: Notas para su historia. Comité Historia de los Pueblos. San Juan, Puerto Rico. 1986. p. 7.
^Cayetano Coll y Toste. "Memoria del Gobernador [Juan López] Melgarejo." Biblioteca Histórica de Puerto Rico. 1914. Volume 1. Page 82.
^Eli D. Oquendo Rodriguez. De Criadero a Partido: Ojeada de la Historia de los Orígenes de Ponce, 1645-1810. First Edition. Lajas, Puerto Rico: Centro de Estudios e Investigaciones del Sur Oeste (CEISO). Editorial Akelarre. 2015. ISBN1516895487. Page 11.
^Alvaro Huerga. Las Descripciones de Puerto Rico Hechas en 1582. In, Historia Documental de Puerto Rico. Vol. XV (Primeros Historiadores de Puerto Rico: 1492-1660.) Ponce, Puerto Rico: Pontificia Universidad Católica de Puerto Rico. 2004. p. 141.
^Francisco Lluch Mora. "Orígenes y Fundación de Ponce." San Juan, Puerto Rico: Editorial Plaza Mayor. Segunda Edición. 2006. p. 29.
^Salvador Perea. Historia de Puerto Rico, 1537-1700. Edited by Instituto de Cultura Puertorriqueña, and Universidad Católica de Puerto Rico. 1972. p. 184.
^Eduardo Neumann Gandia. Verdadera y Autentica Historia de la Ciudad de Ponce:desde sus primitivos tiempos hasta la epoca contemporanea. Abril de 1913. Edición Conmemorativa del Centenario de la Fundación del Partido Autonomista Puertorriqueño: 1887-1987. San Juan, Puerto Rico: Instituto de Cultura Puertorriqueña. Henry Cobb, Editor. Primera Edición, 1987. p.19.
^Dennis DeJesus-Rodriguez. Fundación de Ponce: 1678-1692. In, Hereditas: Revista de genealogía puertorriqueña. San Juan, Puerto Rico: Sociedad de Genealogía de Puerto Rico. Vol. 10. Issue 2. Year 2009. pp. 63-71.
^Mariano Vidal Armstrong. Ponce: Notas para su historia. Comité Historia de los Pueblos. San Juan, Puerto Rico. 1986. p. 12.
^ abFrancisco Lluch Mora. Orígenes y Fundación de Ponce. San Juan, Puerto Rico: Editorial Plaza Mayor. Segunda Edición. 2006. p. 33.
^ abMariano Vidal Armstrong. Ponce: Notas para su Historia. San Juan, PR: Comité Historia de los Pueblos, Oficina de Preservación Histórica de Puerto Rico. Second Edition. 1986. p. 17.
^Salvador Brau. La fundación de Ponce: estudio retrospectivo que comprende desde los asomos de vecindad europea en las riberas del Portugués, al terminar el siglo XVI, hasta el incendio casi total del pueblo de Ponce en febrero de 1820. Ponce, Puerto Rico: Taller Tipográfico Comercial "La Democracia". 1909. Reprinted at San Juan, Puerto Rico, at a later date. p. 4. (See Francisco Luch Mora's Orígenes y Fundación de Ponce, Editorial Plaza Mayor, 2006, pp. 29, 33.)
^ abJosé Leandro Montalvo-Guenard. In, Luis Fortuño Janeiro. Album Histórico de Ponce: 1692-1963 (Section: "Algo Sobre Ponce y su Fundación".) Ponce, Puerto Rico: Imprenta Fortuño. 1963. p. 11.
^Eduardo Neumann Gandia. Verdadera y Auténtica Historia de la Ciudad de Ponce. April 1913. (Instituto de Cultura Puertorriqueña. Edición Comnmemorativa del Centenario de la Fundación del Partido Autonomista Puertorriqueño. 1987.) p. 283.
^Ilia del Toro Robledo. Acta #203, dated 17 September 1823. In, Actas del Cabildo de Ponce, Puerto Rico: 1812-1823. Gobierno Municipal Autónomo de Ponce. Comisión Puertorriqueña para la Celebracion del Quinto Centenario del Descubrimiento de America y Puerto Rico, en Conmemoración del Encuentro de Dos Mundos. 1993. p.352
^Salvador Brau. La fundación de Ponce: estudio retrospectivo que comprende desde los asomos de vecindad europea en las riberas del Portugués, al terminar el siglo XVI, hasta el incendio casi total del pueblo de Ponce en febrero de 1820. Ponce, Puerto Rico: Taller Tipográfico Comercial "La Democracia". 1909. p. 5. Reprinted at San Juan, Puerto Rico, at a later date. p. 4. (See Francisco Lluch Mora's Orígenes y Fundación de Ponce, Editorial Plaza Mayor, 2006, pp. 29, 33.)
^Mariano Vidal Armstrong. Ponce: Notas para su Historia. San Juan, PR: Comité Historia de los Pueblos. Second Edition. 1986. p. 17.
^Mariano Vidal Armstrong. Estampas, Tradiciones y Leyendas de Ponce. (San Juan, Puerto Rico: Instituto de Cultura Puertorriqueña. 1986.) Page 139. See also Calletano Coll y Toste and Salvador Brau's La fundación de Ponce: estudio retrospectivo que comprende desde los asomos de vecindad europea en las riberas del Portugués, al terminar el siglo XVI, hasta el incendio casi total del pueblo de Ponce en febrero de 1820. (Ponce, Puerto Rico: Tipografía Comercial "La Democracia". 1909.).
^Catalogo del Centro Ceremonial Indígena de Tibes. Secretaría de Cultura y Turismo. Municipio Autónomo de Ponce. Autonomous Municipality of Ponce. Ponce, Puerto Rico. April 2002. Page 13.
^Explore Puerto Rico.. By Harry S. Pariser. San Francisco: Manatee Press. Page 239. Retrieved 30 November 2009.
^Some historians believe the city was named after conquistador Juan Ponce de Leon himself. This includes Luis Fortuno Janeiro (see Luis Fortuno Janeiro, "Album Historico de Ponce (1692–1963)" (1963), page 12. Imprenta Fortuno. Ponce, Puerto Rico.). Others yet, believe it was named after the Juan Ponce de Leon family in general.
^Eduardo Neumann Gandía. Verdadera y Autentica Historia de la Ciudad de Ponce. Instituto de Cultura Puertorriqueña. 1913. p. 259.
^'Neysa Rodriguez Deynes. Brevario sobre la Historia de Ponce. Gobierno Municipal de Ponce. Oficina de Cultura y Turismo. 2002. p. 37.
^Eduardo Neumann Gandía. Verdadera y Autentica Historia de la Ciudad de Ponce. Instituto de Cultura Puertorriqueña. 1913. pp. 67-68.
^ abEduardo Neumann Gandia. Verdadera y Autentica Historia de la Ciudad de Ponce. 1913. Reprinted in 1987. San Juan, Puerto Rico: Instituto de Cultura Puertorriqueña. p. 38.
^Discovering Mamposteao. Jonny & Amy Seppy Sills. "We Are Never Full: Musings on Starters, Mains, Desserts and Second-Helpings…." 3 May 2012. Retrieved 19 July 2012.
^Reinaldo E. Gonzalez Blanco. El Turismo Cultural en Ponce durante el Plan Ponce en Marcha, 1900-2000. Neysa Rodriguez Deynes, Editor. Ponce, Puerto Rico: Professional Editions. 2018. pp.24-25. ISBN978-1-64131-139-7
^An Act: To amend Sections 1 and 2 of Act No. 100 of June 27, 1956Archived 12 May 2011 at the Wayback Machine Act No. 81 of 30 August 1991: Autonomous Municipalities Act of the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico. In An Act: To amend Sections 1 and 2 of Act No. 100 of June 27, 1956, Act No. 66, 3rd Session of the 13th Legislature of Puerto Rico. 14 April 1998. Retrieved 22 November 2009.
^Ciudad de Las QuenepasArchived 2012-07-07 at the Wayback Machine Genip is one of the common names in English for Melicoccus bijugatus. The word used in Puerto Rico is quenepa. Other Spanish-speaking countries call the fruit mamoncillo. Retrieved 23 July 2009.
^Cayo Ratones has an area of 6.94 square cuerdas and is located across from Laguna Salinas (in Barrio Canas). Neysa Rodriguez Deynes. Brevario Sobre la Historia de Ponce. Second Edition. Government of the Autonomous Municipality of Ponce. 2002. Pages 9 and 13. Printed by Impress Quality Printing, Bayamon, Puerto Rico.
^Cayo Frio has an area of 2.89 cuerdas and is located across from the mouth of Rio Inabon (in Barrio Capitanejo). Neysa Rodriguez Deynes. Brevario Sobre la Historia de Ponce. Second Edition. Government of the Autonomous Municipality of Ponce. 2002. Pages 9 and 13. Printed by Impress Quality Printing, Bayamon, Puerto Rico.
^"Station: Ponce 4 E, PR PQ". U.S. Climate Normals 2020: U.S. Monthly Climate Normals (1991-2020). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved June 17, 2021.
^Ponce. Proyecto Salon Hogar. Map of Barrios of Ponce. (Map with fully urbanized barrios conglomerated and merged as "Zona Urbana". Barrio not labeled is named "Machuelo Abajo".) Retrieved 30 November 2009.
^Sunny A. Cabrera Salcedo. Hacia un Estudio Integral de la Toponimia del Municipio de Ponce, Puerto Rico. Ph. D. dissertation. May 1999. University of Massachusetts Amherst. Graduate School. Department of Spanish and Portuguese. Page 21.
^Ponce... Pearl of the South. The Real Estate Book.Archived 2012-02-24 at the Wayback Machine List of barrios of Ponce from U.S. Census Bureau. This map shows fully urbanized barrios conglomerated and merged as "Zona Urbana". The barrio missing a label is called "Machuelo Abajo" Retrieved 7 December 2009.
^Reinaldo E. Gonzalez Blanco. El Turismo Cultural en Ponce durante el Plan Ponce en Marcha, 1900-2000. Neysa Rodriguez Deynes, Editor. Ponce, Puerto Rico: Professional Editions. 2018. p.28 (footnote). ISBN978-1-64131-139-7
^Crónico el problema con museos del ICP. Reinaldo Millán. La Perla del Sur. Ponce, Puerto Rico. 20 July 2011. Page 12. (Year 29. No. 1442) Retrieved 14 November 2011.
^Mariano G. Coronas Castro, Certifying Official, and Marta Cruz Case, Graduate Architect. Cementerio Católico San Vicente de Paul. Puerto Rico Historic Preservation Office. San Juan, Puerto Rico. May, 1988. National Register of Historic Places - Registration Form: Listing Reference Number 88001249. Pages 2-3. 25 August 1988. United States Department of the Interior. National Park Service. Washington, D.C.
^Aida Belen Rivera Ruiz, Certifying Official, and Juan Llanes Santos, Preparer, Puerto Rico Historic Preservation Office. (San Juan, Puerto Rico) 26 February 2008. In National Register of Historic Places Registration Form. United States Department of the Interior. National Park Service. (Washington, D.C.) Page 13. Listing Reference Number 08000283 (McCabe Memorial Church). 11 April 2008.
^Froomer's Puerto Rico. Eighth Edition. By Darwin Poter and Danforth Prince. (Hoboken, NJ: Wiley Publishing. 2006.) Page 187. Retrieved 5 December 2010.
^Guillermo A. Baralt. La Historia de El Nuevo Dia (1909–2000): "Al servicio de mi tierra". Page 101. Fundación El Nuevo Dia. San Juan, Puerto Rico. 2002. ISBN1-881720-82-9.
^ abAida Belen Rivera Ruiz, Certifying Official, and Juan Llanes Santos, Preparer, Puerto Rico Historic Preservation Office. (San Juan, Puerto Rico) 26 February 2008. In National Register of Historic Places Registration Form. United States Department of the Inferior. National Park Service. (Washington, D.C.) Page 20. Listing Reference Number 08000283. Section 8, page 16. 11 April 2008.
^Aida Belen Rivera Ruiz, Certifying Official, and Juan Llanes Santos, Preparer, Puerto Rico Historic Preservation Office. (San Juan, Puerto Rico) 26 February 2008. In National Register of Historic Places Registration Form. United States Department of the Interior. National Park Service. (Washington, D.C.) Page 20. Listing Reference Number 08000283. Section 8, page 16. 11 April 2008.
^Hector F. Santiago, Historian and Felix Julian del Campo, Historian. Puerto Rico Historic Preservation Office. (San Juan, Puerto Rico) August, 1987. In National Register of Historic Places Inventory Nomination Form. United States Department of the Interior. National Park Service. (Washington, D.C.) Listing Reference Number 87001822. 29 October 1987.
^Socorro. Guiron, Ponce, El teatro La Perla y La Campana de la Almudaina: Historia de Ponce desde sus comienzos hasta la segunda década del siglo XX, Ponce, Puerto Rico: Gobierno Municipal de Ponce. 3rd ed. 1992. p.153.
^Mariano G. Coronas Castro, Certifying Official; Felix Julian del Campo, State Historian; and Hector Santiago, State Historian, Puerto Rico Historic Preservation Office. (San Juan, Puerto Rico) 14 July 1986. In National Register of Historic Places-Inventory Nomination Form. United States Department of the Interior. National Park Service. (Washington, D.C.) Page 4. Listing Reference Number 86002766. 29 September 1986.
^Neysa Rodriguez Deynes, et al., Brevario sobre la historia de Ponce y sus principales lugares de interes. 1991. Museo de la Historia de Ponce. Secretaria de Arte y Cultura. Government of the Autonomous Municipality of Ponce. Ponce, Puerto Rico. p. 62.
^ abcVerdadera y Auténtica Historia de la Ciudad de Ponce. By Dr. Eduardo Neumann. 1913. (In Spanish) Reprinted by the Instituto de Cultura Puertorriqueña (1987)Page 194.
^James C. Massey, Exec. Vice Pres., and Shirley Maxwell, Associate, National Preservation Institute (National Building Museum) Washington, D.C. and the Federal Historic Preservation Office, U.S. Department of the Treasury. (Washington, D.C.) 7 January 1988. In National Register of Historic Places Registration Form - U.S. Custom House, Ponce. United States Department of the Interior. National Park Service. (Washington, D.C.) Section 8, Page 3. Listing Reference Number 88000073. 10 February 1988.
^Eli D. Oquendo Rodriguez. De criadero a partido: Ojeada a la Historia de los Orígenes de Ponce, 1645-1810. Lajas, Puerto Rico: Editorial Akelarre. 2015. page 43.
^Secretary's, Puerto Rico; Office, Puerto Rico Secretary's (March 15, 2019). "Annual Register of Porto Rico". Office of the Secretary – via Google Books.
^Ponce tendrá su Hospital de Veteranos.Archived 22 March 2014 at the Wayback Machine Jason Rodríguez Grafal. La Perla del Sur. Ponce, Puerto Rico. 10 October 2012. Year 30. Issue 1506. Page 11. (Title in printed version: "Sera en Ponce: Con luz verde federal el nuevo Hospital de Veteranos.") Retrieved 18 October 2012.
^"Ponce Bridges". National Bridge Inventory Data. US Dept. of Transportation. Archived from the original on February 22, 2019. Retrieved February 20, 2019.
^Rebaja $46 millones la Alcaldía ponceña. Jason Rodríguez Grafal. La Perla del Sur. Ponce, Puerto Rico. Year 30. Issue 1487. Page 14. 29 May 2012. Retrieved 4 June 2012.
^Al rescate de quienes perdieron todo. Jason Rodríguez-Grafal. Ponce, Puerto Rico: La Perla del Sur. 6–12 September 2012. Year 30 Issue 1502. Page 8. Accessed 22 March 2019.
^Kal Wagenheim and Olga Jimenez-De Wagenheim. "The Grim Years" in, The Puerto Ricans: A Documentary History. Markus Wiener Publishers. 2008. pp. 179–180. ISBN9781558764767
^José Leandro Montalvo-Guenard. In, Luis Fortuño Janeiro. Album Histórico de Ponce: 1692-1963 (Algo Sobre Ponce y su Fundación.) Ponce, Puerto Rico: Imprenta Fortuño. 1963. p.11.
^"Storm Data"(PDF). 27 (10). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. October 1985: 30. Retrieved May 1, 2012. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)[permanent dead link]
^Nicholas DeGraff (July 24, 1999). "Landslides in Puerto Rico". University of the West Indies. Archived from the original on March 18, 2007. Retrieved May 2, 2012.
.jpg)
,_en_Ponce,_Puerto_Rico,_mirando_al_sureste_desde_la_Calle_Uni%C3%B3n.jpg)
.jpg)
.jpg)
.jpg)
.jpg)
.jpg)
