Towards the end of World War I, Portugal fell into a serious economic crisis, in part due to the Portuguese military intervention in the war. The Portuguese working classes responded to the deterioration in their living standards with a wave of strikes. Supported by an emerging labour movement, the workers achieved some of their objectives, such as an eight-hour working day. But a feeling of political powerlessness, the lack of a coherent political strategy among the Portuguese working class and the growing popularity of the Russian Revolution, led to the foundation of the Portuguese Maximalist Federation (FMP) on April 27, 1919. The goal of FMP was to promote socialist and revolutionary ideas and to organize and develop the worker movement.[3]
One of the main figures of the organization was Manuel Ribeiro, director of the federation's weekly newspaper Bandeira Vermelha. At the beginning of the 20th century, revolutionary syndicalists were opposed to purist anarchism, and defended Georges Sorel's position that only the trade union held the capacity to achieve a revolution.[4] However, the Maximalists never failed to assert themselves as anarchists. For the maximalists the "proletarian army of conscientious men" was the only weapon against the bourgeoisie, one that could bring anarchism to operate in the masses and syndicalism to organize the economy.[5]
On October 5, 1919, the FMP launched its weekly publication, the Bandeira Vermelha (Red Flag), a newspaper that became very popular with the Portuguese working classes, eventually reaching a circulation of 6,000 newspapers.[1] Although it is not possible to specify an exact number of militants in the federation, maximalist nuclei were found throughout much of the country:[1]
^ abcPina, André (2018). The Portuguese Maximalist Federation and the sociogenesis of the Portuguese Communist Party (in Portuguese). Porto: Faculty of Letters of the University of Porto.
