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Sadratnamala

Sadratnamala
Opening verses of Sadratnamala (in Devanagari)
Author	Sankara Varman (1774–1839)
Language	Sanskrit
Subject	Astronomy/Mathematics
Publication date	1819 CE
Publication place	India

Sadratnamala is an astronomical-mathematical treatise in Sanskrit written by Sankara Varman, an astronomer-mathematician of the Kerala school of mathematics, in 1819.^[1] Even though the book has been written at a time when western mathematics and astronomy had been introduced in India, it is composed purely in the traditional style followed by the mathematicians of the Kerala school. Sankara Varman has also written a detailed commentary on the book in Malayalam.

Sadratnamala is one of the books cited in C. M. Whish's paper on the achievements of the Kerala school of mathematics.^[2] This paper published in the Transactions of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland in 1834, was the first ever attempt to bring the accomplishments of Keralese mathematicians to the attention of Western mathematical scholarship.^[3]

Whish wrote in his paper thus: "The author of Sadratnamalah is SANCARA VARMA, the younger brother of the present Raja of Cadattanada near Tellicherry, a very intelligent man and acute mathematician. This work, which is a complete system of Hindu astronomy, is comprehended in two hundred and eleven verses of different measures, and abounds with fluxional forms and series, to be found in no work of foreign or other Indian countries."

Synopsis of the book

The book contains 212 verses divided into six chapters, called prakarana-s.

Chapter 1: Gives the names of numerals; defines the eight operations of addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, squaring, extracting square root, cubing, and extracting cube root.
Chapter 2: Lists the different measures, namely, the measures of time, angles, lunar days, planets and stars, almanacs, length, grain weight, money and the directions.
Chapter 3: Defines the rule of three and syllabic enumeration; explains methods for the computation of the elements of the almanac, namely, mean and true sun, moon and planets, lunar day, yoga and karana; gives methods for determining the time elapsed after sunrise and after sunset.
Chapter 4: Deals with arcs and sines and its application in astronomical measurements and computations.
Chapter 5: Deals with computations relating to the shadow, eclipse, vyatipata, retrograde motion of the planets and apses of the moon.
Chapter 6: Explains the necessity of periodic revision of astronomical constants; gives a full description of parahita-karana.

Sankara Varman (1774–1839)

Sankara Varman, author of Sadratnamala, was born as a younger prince in the principality of Katathanad in the North Malabar in Kerala. To the local people he was known as Appu Thampuran. The date of birth of Sankara Varman is still uncertain. There are some strong arguments in favour of the year 1774 CE. Sankara Varman died in 1839 CE.

References

^ Sarma, K.V. (2001). "Sadratnamala of Sankara Varman" (PDF). Indian Journal of History of Science. 36 (3–4 (Supplement)). Indian National Academy of Science, New Delhi: 1–58. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 17 December 2009.
^ Charles Whish (1834), "On the Hindu Quadrature of the circle and the infinite series of the proportion of the circumference to the diameter exhibited in the four Sastras, the Tantra Sahgraham, Yucti Bhasha, Carana Padhati and Sadratnamala", Transactions of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland, 3 (3), Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland: 509–523, doi:10.1017/S0950473700001221, JSTOR 25581775
^ J J O'Connor; E F Robertson (November 2000). "An overview of Indian mathematics". School of Mathematics and Statistics, University of St Andrews Scotland. Retrieved 19 December 2009.

v t e Kerala school of astronomy and mathematics
Astronomers and mathematicians	(Complete list) Acyuta Piṣāraṭi Azhvāñceri Taṃprākkaḷ Citrabhānu Dāmodara of Vațaśreņi Devācārya Govinda Bhattathiri Govindasvāmin Haridatta Jyeṣṭhadeva Kochukrishnan Asan Madhava of Sangamagrama Mazhamaṅgalaṃ Nārāyaṇan Naṃpūtiri Nīlakaņțha Sōmayāji Nīlakaṇṭha II Parameśvara of Vațaśśeri Śaṅkaranārāyaṇa Śaṅkara of Mahiṣamaṅgalam Putumana Somayāji Śankara Vāriyar Śaṅkara Varma of Kaṭattanāṭ Udayadivākara Vararuci I Vidyamadhava
Treatises	Aryabhatiya-bhashya (Nīlakaņțha Sōmayāji) Candrachayaganita Dasādhyāyi Drigganita Dṛkkaraṇa Gaṇitayuktayah Golavada Golasara Grahacāraṇinibandhana Jātaka-sāara-saṃgraha Jyotirmimamsa Jyotiśśāstra-saṃgraha Kanakkusāraṃ Karaṇapaddhati Kriyakramakari Laghuvivṛti (commentary on Tantrasamgraha) Madhyamanayanaprakara Mahābhāskarīya Bhāshya Pañcabodha Sadratnamālā Sidhhantadarpana Spuṭanirṇaya Tantrasamgraha Venvaroha Yuktibhāṣā
Concepts/Topics	Chandravakyas Drigganita system Kaṭapayādi system Madhava's correction terms Madhava series Madhava's sine table Parahita system
Places associated with members of the school	Athavanad (Azhvanchery Thamprakkal) Alathiyur (Govinda Bhattathiri, etc) Kadathanadu (Sankara Varman) Mahodayapuram (Kodungallur) (Sankaranarayana) Kudallur (Madhava of Sangamagrama) Peruvanam (Mahishamangalam Sankaran Namputhiri) Thrikkandiyur (Nilakantha Somayaji, etc) Sivapuram (Thrissur) (Putumana Somayaji, etc) Tirunavaya (Haridatta)

Indian mathematics

Mathematicians

Ancient	Apastamba Baudhayana Katyayana Manava Pāṇini Pingala Yajnavalkya
Classical	Āryabhaṭa I Āryabhaṭa II Bhāskara I Bhāskara II Melpathur Narayana Bhattathiri Brahmadeva Brahmagupta Govindasvāmi Halayudha Jyeṣṭhadeva Kamalakara Mādhava of Saṅgamagrāma Mahāvīra Mahendra Sūri Munishvara Narayana Parameshvara Achyuta Pisharati Jagannatha Samrat Nilakantha Somayaji Śrīpati Sridhara Gangesha Upadhyaya Varāhamihira Sankara Variar Virasena
Modern	Srinivasa Ramanujan Satyendra Nath Bose P.C. Mahalanobis Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar C.R. Rao Veeravalli S. Varadarajan S. R. Srinivasa Varadhan K. R. Parthasarathy (probabilist) M. S. Narasimhan C. S. Seshadri Harish-Chandra Subbayya Sivasankaranarayana Pillai Tilak Raj Prabhakar Manjul Bhargava Akshay Venkatesh Ravi Vakil Kannan Soundararajan Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize recipients in Mathematical Science

Treatises

Pioneering
innovations

Centres

Historians of
mathematics

Bapudeva Sastri (1821–1900)
Shankar Balakrishna Dikshit (1853–1898)
Sudhakara Dvivedi (1855–1910)
M. Rangacarya (1861–1916)
P. C. Sengupta (1876–1962)
B. B. Datta (1888–1958)
T. Hayashi
A. A. Krishnaswamy Ayyangar (1892– 1953)
A. N. Singh (1901–1954)
C. T. Rajagopal (1903–1978)
T. A. Saraswati Amma (1918–2000)
S. N. Sen (1918–1992)
K. S. Shukla (1918–2007)
K. V. Sarma (1919–2005)

Translators

Other regions

Modern
institutions

v t e Scientific Research in Kerala
Pre 19th Century	Achyuta Pisharati Candravakyas Citrabhanu Damodara Ganita-yukti-bhasa Govinda Bhattathiri Haridatta Jyā, koti-jyā and utkrama-jyā Jyeṣṭhadeva Jyotirmimamsa Karanapaddhati Katapayadi system Kriyakramakari Madhava of Sangamagrama Madhava series Madhava's sine table Melpathur Narayana Bhattathiri Nilakantha Somayaji Parameshvara Sadratnamala Śaṅkaranārāyaṇa Tantrasamgraha
Organizations	C-DAC Thiruvananthapuram Centre for Development Studies Centre for Earth Science Studies Centre for Mathematical Sciences (Kerala) Centre for Rural Management Centre of Science and Technology for Rural Development Cyberpark Kerala Mathematical Association Kerala Science and Technology Museum Kerala Science Congress Kerala Soil Museum Kerala State Council for Science, Technology and Environment Krishi Vigyan Kendra Kannur Liquid Propulsion Systems Centre Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology Regional Agricultural Research Station, Pattambi Rice Research Station, Moncombu Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre
Institutions	Agricultural Research Station, Anakkayam Agricultural Research Station, Mannuthy Agronomic Research Station, Chalakudy Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Centre Aromatic and Medicinal Plants Research Station, Odakkali Banana Research Station, Kannara Cashew Research Station, Madakkathara Central Institute of Fisheries Technology Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute Central Tuber Crops Research Institute Centre for Marine Living Resources & Ecology College of Horticulture Crocodile Rehabilitation and Research Centre Institute of Handloom and Textile Technology Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Thiruvananthapuram Indian Institute of Space Science and Technology Indian Institute of Spices Research Jubilee Mission Medical College and Research Institute Kerala Forest Research Institute Kerala School of Mathematics, Kozhikode Mar Athanasios College for Advanced Studies, Tiruvalla National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology National Institute of Speech and Hearing National Research Institute for Panchakarma Naval Physical and Oceanographic Laboratory Oriental Research Institute & Manuscripts Library Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology Srinivasa Ramanujan Institute of Basic Sciences St. Ephrem Ecumenical Research Institute Tropical Botanical Garden and Research Institute Vadakke Madham Brahmaswam Vedic Research Centre
Scientists	Ajit Varki C. V. Subramanian Dileep George E. C. George Sudarshan G. Madhavan Nair George Varghese K. R. Ramanathan K. Radhakrishnan M. G. K. Menon Matthew Pothen Thekaekara P. N. Vinayachandran Pisharoth Rama Pisharoty Pulickel Ajayan R. S. Krishnan Sainudeen Pattazhy T. A. Venkitasubramanian Thanu Padmanabhan Thomas Zacharia Vainu Bappu Varghese Mathai Vinod Scaria
Assorted articles	A Passage to Infinity FORV Sagar Sampada Swatantra 2014 Techno-lodge Technology Business Incubator TBI-NITC A History of the Kerala School of Hindu Astronomy
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