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Senate Square, Helsinki

Summer tourists populate Senate Square, with Helsinki Cathedral in the background.

Senate Square (Finnish: Senaatintori, Swedish: Senatstorget) presents Carl Ludvig Engel's architecture as a unique allegory of political, religious, scientific and commercial powers in the centre of Helsinki, Finland.

Senate Square and its surroundings make up the oldest part of central Helsinki. Landmarks and famous buildings surrounding the square are the Helsinki Cathedral, the Government Palace, the main building of the University of Helsinki and the Sederholm House [fi], the oldest building of central Helsinki dating from 1757.[1]

Construction

Panorama of Senate Square, Helsinki. From left: the main building of the University of Helsinki, Helsinki Cathedral and the Government Palace. The statue of Alexander II is at the center.

In the 17th and 18th-centuries, the site was the location of a graveyard.[2] In 1812, Senate Square was designated as the main square for the new capital of Helsinki in the city plan designed by Johan Albrecht Ehrenström.[3] The Palace of the Council of State (or Government Palace) was completed on the eastern side of Senate Square in 1822. It served as the seat of the Senate of Finland until it was replaced by the Council of State in 1918, and now houses the offices of the Prime Minister of Finland and the cabinet. The main University building, on the opposite side of Senate Square, was constructed in 1832.[4]

Helsinki Cathedral, on the northern edge of Senate Square, was Engel's lengthiest architectural project. He worked on it from 1818 until his death in 1840. The Cathedral — then called the Church of St. Nicholas — dominates Senate Square, and was finalized in 1852, twelve years after Engel's death.[5]

  • Views of Senate Square.
    Views of Senate Square.
  • Engel's 1816–1818 watercolor painting of the old square that was located at the southeast part of the current square. On the right is the town hall and on the left the guard house, behind which is the old Ulrika Eleonora church.[6]
    Engel's 1816–1818 watercolor painting of the old square that was located at the southeast part of the current square. On the right is the town hall and on the left the guard house, behind which is the old Ulrika Eleonora church.[6]
  • Lithograph of the square from 1838. The guard building in front of the cathedral was demolished in the 1840s and replaced with the large steps.[7]
    Lithograph of the square from 1838. The guard building in front of the cathedral was demolished in the 1840s and replaced with the large steps.[7]
  • Sederholm House [fi], 1757, the oldest building of central Helsinki at the southeast corner of the square
    Sederholm House [fi], 1757, the oldest building of central Helsinki at the southeast corner of the square
  • Government Palace, 1822
    Government Palace, 1822
  • Main Building of University of Helsinki [fi], 1832, in its current façade
    Main Building of University of Helsinki [fi], 1832, in its current façade
  • Helsinki Cathedral, 1830–1852
    Helsinki Cathedral, 1830–1852

Statue of Alexander II

Main article: Alexander II (statue in Helsinki)
Statue of Alexander II in front of Helsinki Cathedral.

A statue of Emperor Alexander II is located in the center of the square. The statue, erected in 1894, was built to commemorate his re-establishment of the Diet of Finland in 1863 as well as his initiation of several reforms that increased Finland's autonomy from the Russian Empire's rule. The statue comprises Alexander on a pedestal surrounded by figures representing law, culture, and peasants. The sculptor was Walter Runeberg.[8]

During the trials of Russification of Finland between 1899 and 1917, the statue became a symbol of quiet resistance, with people protesting against the decrees of Nicholas II by leaving flowers at the foot of the statue of his grandfather, then known in Finland as "the good tsar".[9]

After Finland's full independence declaration in 1917, demands were made to remove the statue. Later, it was suggested to replace it with the equestrian statue of Mannerheim currently located on Mannerheimintie in front of the Kiasma museum. Nothing came of either of these suggestions, and today the statue is one of the major tourist landmarks of the city and a reminder of the role of Alexander II in establishing Finnish statehood for the first time in history.[9][10]

  • Reveal of the statue of Alexander II, 29 April 1894
    Reveal of the statue of Alexander II, 29 April 1894
  • View from the tower of the cathedral towards southwest in 1909
    View from the tower of the cathedral towards southwest in 1909
  • View to the southeast in 1909
    View to the southeast in 1909
  • Parade of the White Guard on 16 May 1918 after the Battle of Helsinki
    Parade of the White Guard on 16 May 1918 after the Battle of Helsinki
  • Demonstration by the unions at the square during a general strike in 1956
    Demonstration by the unions at the square during a general strike in 1956

Contemporary role

Today, Senate Square is one of the main tourist attractions of Helsinki. Various art events, ranging from concerts, snow buildings to controversial snow boarding activities, have been set up on Senate Square.[11] In Autumn 2010, a United Buddy Bears exhibition with 142 bears was displayed on the historic square.[12][13]

Digital carillon music (Finnish: Senaatintorin ääni) is played daily at 17:49 at Senate Square. The sound installation was composed by Harri Viitanen, composer and organist of Helsinki Cathedral, and Jyrki Alakuijala, Doctor of Technology. The optimal listening position is at the proximity of the square's central monument, the bronze statue of Alexander II.[14]

Several buildings near Senate Square are managed by the government real estate provider, Senate Properties.[15] At the northwest corner there are four short pillars erected each winter to protect the memorial plate of the Ulrika Eleonora church from snow plows.[2][16]

The site aspires to be designated as a World Heritage Site, but a single building in its southwest corner prevents it.[17][18]

  • The red building on the left breaks the architectural style of the square
    The red building on the left breaks the architectural style of the square
  • Aerial photograph of the square towards the sea in 2015
    Aerial photograph of the square towards the sea in 2015
  • Trams travel on the eastern and southern sides of the square, and in this photograph special older models are being used
    Trams travel on the eastern and southern sides of the square, and in this photograph special older models are being used
  • Each year The Helsinki Christmas Market (Tuomaan Markkinat) is held in December[19][20]
    Each year The Helsinki Christmas Market (Tuomaan Markkinat) is held in December[19][20]
  • The square is often a spot for artworks and events like this environmental-awareness raising plastic bag octopus during Helsinki Night of the Arts 2016
    The square is often a spot for artworks and events like this environmental-awareness raising plastic bag octopus during Helsinki Night of the Arts 2016
  • Snow sculpture version of the old Ulrika Eleonora Church being constructed on the square in 2000 (also done once before in 1997)[21]
    Snow sculpture version of the old Ulrika Eleonora Church being constructed on the square in 2000 (also done once before in 1997)[21]
  • Red Bull City Flight snowboarding event at the square in 2001
    Red Bull City Flight snowboarding event at the square in 2001
  • Helsinki Pride parade at the square in 2015
    Helsinki Pride parade at the square in 2015
  • Open-air food court in 2020
    Open-air food court in 2020

Film

  • The title sequence of John Huston's The Kremlin Letter (1970) was filmed over the square at night, including the silhouette of the cathedral.[22][23]
  • American actor and film director Warren Beatty filmed scenes from his film Reds (1981) on the square — Helsinki playing the role of Saint Petersburg — but without showing the cathedral.[24]
  • Snowy night scenes from Jim Jarmusch's film Night on Earth (1991) were filmed on the square, but given the impression that there is a traffic roundabout at the center.[25]

Music

  • The opening sequence of the music video for "Sandstorm" by Darude was filmed on Senate Square, prominently featuring the cathedral in the background.[26]

References

  1. ^ "Helsingin kaupunginmuseo, Sederholmin talo". Stadissa. Retrieved 5 July 2020.
  2. ^ a b Pajunen, Lauri (28 July 2020). "Senaatintorin salaisuudet". Iltalehti. Retrieved 28 July 2020.
  3. ^ "Senaatintori ympäristöineen". Valtakunnallisesti merkittävät rakennetut kulttuuriympäristöt RKY. 22 December 2009. Retrieved 5 July 2020.
  4. ^ Hasu, Kirsi (4 March 2020). "Senaatintori – koko Suomen pää ja sydän". Helsinki. Retrieved 5 July 2020.
  5. ^ Perälä, Reijo (12 April 2018). "Helsingin tuomiokirkko nousi vallan symboliksi ja maksoi miljoona ruplaa". Yle. Retrieved 26 June 2020.
  6. ^ "Senaatorin Historia". Visit Sveaborg. Retrieved 28 July 2020.
  7. ^ "Kirkon tarina". Helsingin Tuomiokirkko. Retrieved 26 June 2020.
  8. ^ "Senaatintori ja Aleksanteri II:n patsas". Eduskunta. Retrieved 5 July 2020.
  9. ^ a b Roiha, Juha (24 September 2019). "Venäjän keisarin patsas herättää turisteissa ihmetystä – Miksi se on yhä keskellä Helsinkiä?". Yle. Retrieved 5 July 2020.
  10. ^ https://www.eduskunta.fi/EN/naineduskuntatoimii/kirjasto/aineistot/yhteiskunta/suomi-valtiona/Pages/Suomen-valtiokehityksen-historiaa.aspx [bare URL]
  11. ^ Saariaho, Jari (6 April 2001). "Kääk, lautailua Senaatintorilla!". City. Retrieved 5 July 2020.
  12. ^ "United Buddy Bears in Helsinki". United Buddy Bears. Retrieved 5 July 2020.
  13. ^ "'Buddy Bears' Take Over Senate Square". Yle. 30 August 2010. Retrieved 5 July 2020.
  14. ^ Helsinki.fi Archived 2010-08-11 at the Wayback Machine
  15. ^ "Helsingin nähtävyyksiä". Kylatalo. 5 May 2018. Retrieved 5 July 2020.
  16. ^ "Memorial to the Ulrika Eleonora Church". HAM Helsinki. Retrieved 29 June 2020.
  17. ^ Manninen, Antti (27 October 2002). "Senaatintori ehkä Unescon suojelulistalle".
  18. ^ Manninen, Antti (15 September 2015). "Senaatintori haluttiin Unescon maailmanperintölistalle, mutta yksi rakennus vaaransi suunnitelman".
  19. ^ Zitting, Marianne (26 November 2018). "Joulu valtaa Senaatintorin! Tuomaan markkinoilla pääsee saunaan ja vegekinkkubingoon". Iltalehti. Retrieved 4 July 2020.
  20. ^ "Info". Tuomaan Markkinat. Archived from the original on 4 July 2020. Retrieved 4 July 2020.
  21. ^ "Minä vuosina Helsingin Senaatintorille rakennettiin lumikirkko?". Kysy. 13 October 2011. Retrieved 29 June 2020.
  22. ^ "Suomi Venäjänä elokuvissa". Elokuvapolku. Retrieved 5 July 2020.
  23. ^ Römpötti, Harri (8 June 2018). "Helsinki Hollywood-näyttelijänä – nämä paikat Helsingissä ovat esittäneet Neuvostoliittoa amerikkalaisissa elokuvissa". Helsingin Sanomat. Retrieved 5 July 2020.
  24. ^ Valleala, Siru (23 January 2020). "Seksin Samuraiksi ja Hollywoodin prinssiksi kutsuttu Warren Beatty on urallaan kuvannut elokuvaa myös Suomessa – tältä kuvauksissa näytti Senaatintorilla". Ilta-Sanomat. Retrieved 5 July 2020.
  25. ^ Lehtovuori, Panu (2010). Experience and Conflict: The Production of Urban Space. Gower Publishing. ISBN 9780754676027.
  26. ^ Rantanen, Miska (2 May 2019). "Maailman kuuluisin takaa-ajojuoksu". Helsingin Sanomat. Retrieved 5 July 2020.

60°10′10″N 024°57′09″E / 60.16944°N 24.95250°E / 60.16944; 24.95250

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