Shishugou Formation

Shishugou Formation
Shishugou Formation
Stratigraphic range: Callovian-Oxfordian; ~163–156 Ma PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N
Type	Geological formation
Unit of	Qigu Group
Sub-units	Wucaiwan Member
Underlies	Kalaza Formation
Overlies	Xishanyao Formation
Thickness	380 m (1,250 ft)
Lithology
Primary	Mudstone
Other	Tuff, sandstone, conglomerate
Location
Coordinates	44°30′N 90°12′E / 44.5°N 90.2°E
Approximate paleocoordinates	42°30′N 100°30′E / 42.5°N 100.5°E
Region	Xinjiang
Country	China
Extent	Northern Junggar Basin
	Shishugou Formation (Dzungaria)

The Shishugou Formation (simplified Chinese: 石树沟组; traditional Chinese: 石樹溝組; pinyin: Shíshùgōu Zǔ) is a geological formation in Xinjiang, China.

Its strata date back to the Late Jurassic period. Dinosaur remains are among the fossils that have been recovered from the formation.^[2] The Shishugou Formation is considered one of the most phylogenetically and trophically diverse Middle to Late Jurassic theropod fauna.^[3]

The Wucaiwan Member, once considered a separate, underlying formation,^[4] is now considered the lowest unit of the Shishugou Formation.

Lithology

At the Wuwaican locality, the formation is approximately 380 m thick, the lower 30 metres of the formation predominantly consist of conglomerate, with the majority of the formation consisting of red coloured mudstone with frequent channel/sheet sandstone lenses and occasional tuffaceous deposits.^[3] It is laterally equivalent to the Qigu Formation in the southern half of the Junggar Basin.

Shishugou Formation dinosaur traps

The Shishugou Formation dinosaur traps also known as death pits or death traps are pit structures found within the formation that are noted for their fossil content.

Paleontology

These 'traps' or 'bonebeds' are unusual in that they consist of vertically stacked skeletons of numerous non-avian theropods in 1–2 metres (3.3–6.6 ft) deep pits. The pits are filled with a mix of alluvial and volcanic mudstone and sandstone and appear to have been created by the trampling and wallowing of large dinosaurs. Small theropods and vertebrates then became mired in these pits, dying and being forced deeper by the activities of the large dinosaurs and the struggles of later victims. The high quality of preservation suggests a rapid burying of the carcasses. Some scavenging of the bodies took place leading to a dispersal of body parts. Smaller vertebrates were prone to getting stuck in these mudholes, and the small ceratosaur, Limusaurus inextricabilis, is the most common in the resulting bonebeds.^[5]

Excavations since 2000 have revealed a wealth of fossils dating from a period some 165 to 155 million years ago. Palaeontologists James Clark and Xu Xing are shedding light on this period previously notorious for its paucity of fossils, but important for its massive burst of speciation among the dinosaurs and ancestors of birds. These new branches on the dinosaur family tree led to well-known dinosaur groups, such as the horned ceratopsians, armoured stegosaurs, and tyrannosaurs. Clark joined Xu, from Beijing's Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, to explore the Junggar Basin, and in particular the Shishugou Formation, where the exposed rocks have been linked to the Middle Jurassic.

Prehistoric life

At the time the area was covered by marshland, adjoined a small mountain range peppered with volcanoes, and was inhabited by dinosaurs, small crocodilians and amphibians. Currently it is a sparsely settled region of dry washes, arid badlands and dunes along the Gobi Desert’s western edge. The Shishugou Formation consists of mudstone, siltstone, and sandstone, and is named for the silicified wood or petrified logs found here. ('Shishugou' = 'stone tree valley') These badlands were used for some sequences in the film Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon,^[6] the genus Yinlong ('hidden dragon') being named for the film.

When the site was first excavated, new species of turtles, crocodilians, pterosaurs, and early mammals were revealed. Many of these species showed the rudiments of characteristics that would later become their hallmarks. One of the first fossil skeletons exposed proved to be that of an unknown theropod, and revealed a stack of four more theropods buried below the first. Yang Zhongjian accompanied the first expedition to the Junggar Basin in 1928, and the fossils found included the medium-size sauropod Tienshanosaurus chitaiensis. Later expeditions stretched from the 1960s to the 1990s and yielded among others the extremely long-necked Mamenchisaurus and the carnivorous Sinraptor. In all, some 600 specimens have been collected.

On analysis of the rock matrix, large amounts of volcanic ash were found, hinting at eruptions during that period, the ash raining onto the marsh creating viscous mud and becoming subsequent death traps. To date three of these death pits have been located. In one pit a crocodilian was found against a small ceratosaur, in another three decapitated ceratosaurs. The most interesting of the traps gave up the fossil remains of an 80 kg tyrannosauroid named Guanlong, sporting a crest running from its nose to the back of its head. Its discovery was hailed by paleontologists as the earliest known remains of the tyrannosauroid clan that culminated with Tyrannosaurus rex.

Vertebrate paleofauna

Ornithischians

Undescribed stegosaur is present in the Wucaiwan member.^[4] Undescribed ornithopod is present in the Wucaiwan member.^[4] Undescribed ankylosaurs present in both upper Shishugou and Wucaiwan members.^[2]

Genus	Species	Stratigraphic position	Notes
"Eugongbusaurus"	"E. wucaiwanensis"	Upper	An unspecified basal ornithopod (or perhaps a more basal neornithischian), previously classified as Gongbusaurus wucaiwanensis.^[2] It is estimated at around 1.3 to 1.5 meters (4.3 to 4.9 ft) long.
Hualianceratops	H. wucaiwanensis	Upper	An early ceratopsian.^[7]
Jiangjunosaurus	J. junggarensis	Upper	A stegosaurid reaching around 6 meters (20 feet) in length and weighed 2.5 metric tons.^[8] It had three distinguishing traits: the crowns of the teeth are symmetrical and in side view wider than tall; the spine of the axis, the second neck vertebra, has a rectangular profile in side view, instead of a triangular one; and the rear neck vertebrae have large vein openings in their sides.
Yinlong	Y. downsi	Upper	A very basal and most primitive ceratopsian (possibly a chaoyangsaurid). It was bipedal and had a total length of about 1.2 meters (3.9 feet) from nose to tail, and a weight of about 15 kilograms (33 pounds).^[9]

Pterosaurs

Genus	Species	Stratigraphic position	Abundance	Notes	Images
Kryptodrakon	K. progenitor	Upper		A basal pterodactyloid with an estimated wingspan of 1.47 meters (4.8 feet).
Sericipterus	S. wucaiwanensis	Upper		A rhamphorhynchine rhamphorhynchid with a wingspan that has been estimated at least 1.73 meters.^[10]

Sauropods

Sauropods of the Shishugou Formation
Genus	Species	Stratigraphic position	Material	Notes	Images
Bellusaurus	B. sui	base of Upper		A short-necked sauropod only known from juvenile specimens which measured about 4.8 meters (16 feet) long.^[4]
Fushanosaurus^[11]	F. qitaiensis	Upper	Complete right femur	A titanosauriform estimated to have been approximately 98 feet long, which would then make it one of the longest known dinosaurs.
Klamelisaurus	K. gobiensis	Wucaiwan member		A eusauropod measuring 15 meters and weighing 5 metric tons.
Mamenchisaurus	M. sinocanadorum	Upper	"Partial skull and skeleton."^[12]	A mamenchisaurid with a remarkably long neck which made up half the total body length.^[2] It is one of the largest dinosaurs known, measuring 35 meters (115 feet) in length with an 18-meter-long (59 feet) neck.
Tienshanosaurus	T. chitaiensis	Upper	"Partial postcranial skeleton."^[13]	A mamenchisaurid known from very few remains.^[2]

Theropods

Undescribed ornithomimosaur-like species.^[2] Indeterminate tetanuran remains.^[2]

Genus	Species	Stratigraphic position	Notes
Aorun	A. zhaoi	Wucaiwan member	A basal alvarezsaur that was at best 1 meter (3.3 feet) long and weighed 2 kilograms (4.4 pounds) at most.^[3]
Guanlong	G. wucaii	Upper	A proceratosaurid that was one of the earliest tyrannosaurs, about 3 meters (9.8 feet).^[14] It has a large distinctive crest on its head, a feature seen in many primitive tyrannosaurs
Haplocheirus	H. sollers	Upper	An alvarezsaur that was the largest known definite member of the superfamily, at around 2 meters long. It had an enlarged thumb claw like other alvarezsaurs, but also retained two other functional fingers, unlike more derived alvarezsaurs, where only the thumb was significantly large and clawed.^[15]
Limusaurus	L. inextricabilis	Upper	A toothless, omnivorous elaphrosaurine noasaur that is the first definitely known Jurassic ceratosaur from Eastern Asia, including China.^[16] Limusaurus had a small slender body measuring about 1.7 meters in length.
Monolophosaurus	M. jiangi	Wucaiwan member	A tetanuran named for the single crest on top of its skull. It is estimated to have a length at 5.5 meters (16.4 feet), the weight at 475 kilograms.
Shishugounykus	S. inexpectus	Upper	A little-known early alvarezsaur.
Sinraptor	S. dongi	Upper	A metriacanthosaurine metriacanthosaur theropod standing nearly 3 meters (9.8 feet) tall and measuring roughly 7.6 meters (25 feet) in length.
Zuolong	Z. salleei	Upper	A basal tyrannoraptoran approximately 3 meters (9.8 feet) long and weighs about equal to a gray wolf. The specimen known is probably from a juvenile individual and is quite complete.^[17]

Crocodylomorphs

After an overview of crocodylomorphs of the Junggar Basin, Wings et al. identified the following species from the Shishugou Formation.^[18]

Genus	Species	Stratigraphic position	Abundance	Notes
Crocodyliformes indet.		Upper	A single fully articulated skeleton	Found on the same slab that also preserved the holotype and an associated specimen of Limusaurus inextricabilis^[16]^[5]
Junggarsuchus	J. sloani	Upper
Sunosuchus	S. junggarensis	Upper		Goniopholidid
Nominosuchus	N. matutinus	Upper		Shartegosuchid

Mammaliamorphs

Genus	Species	Stratigraphic position	Abundance	Notes	Images
Yuanotherium	Y. minor	Upper		A tritylodontid^[19]

References

^ Vincent SJ & Allen MB (2001). "Sedimentary record of Mesozoic intracontinental deformation in the eastern Juggar Basin, northwest China: response to orogeny at the Asian margin". In Hendrix MS & Davis GA (eds.). Paleozoic and Mesozoic Tectonic Evolution of Central and Eastern Asia. Colorado, US: The Geological Society of America, Inc. pp. 354–356. ISBN 978-0813711942.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g Weishampel, David B; et al. (2004). "Dinosaur distribution (Late Jurassic, Asia)." In: Weishampel, David B.; Dodson, Peter; and Osmólska, Halszka (eds.): The Dinosauria, 2nd, Berkeley: University of California Press. Pp. 550–552. ISBN 0-520-24209-2.
^ ^a ^b ^c Choiniere JN; Clark JM; Forster CM; Norell MA; Eberth DA; Erickson GM; Chu H; Xu X (2013). "A juvenile specimen of a new coelurosaur (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from the Middle–Late Jurassic Shishugou Formation of Xinjiang, People's Republic of China". Journal of Systematic Palaeontology. 12 (2): 177–215. doi:10.1080/14772019.2013.781067. S2CID 53538348.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Weishampel, David B; et al. (2004). "Dinosaur distribution (Middle Jurassic, Asia)." In: Weishampel, David B.; Dodson, Peter; and Osmólska, Halszka (eds.): The Dinosauria, 2nd, Berkeley: University of California Press. Pp. 541–542. ISBN 0-520-24209-2.
^ ^a ^b Eberth, D. A.; Xing, X.; Clark, J. M. (2010). "Dinosaur Deathpits from the Jurassic of China". PALAIOS. 25 (2): 112–125. Bibcode:2010Palai..25..112E. doi:10.2110/palo.2009.p09-028r. S2CID 131520314.
^ China's Junggar Basin - National Geographic
^ Han, Fenglu; Forster, Catherine A.; Clark, James M.; Xu, Xing (9 December 2015). "A New Taxon of Basal Ceratopsian from China and the Early Evolution of Ceratopsia". PLOS ONE. 10 (12): e0143369. Bibcode:2015PLoSO..1043369H. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0143369. PMC 4674058. PMID 26649770.
^ Chengkai, Jia; Forster, Catherine A; Xing, Xu; Clark, James M. (2007). "The first stegosaur (Dinosauria, Ornithischia) from the Upper Jurassic Shishugou Formation of Xinjiang, China". Acta Geologica Sinica (English Edition). 81 (3): 351–356. Bibcode:2007AcGlS..81..351J. doi:10.1111/j.1755-6724.2007.tb00959.x. S2CID 54510491.
^ Xu, X.; Forster, C.A.; Clark, J.M.; Mo, J. (2006). "A basal ceratopsian with transitional features from the Late Jurassic of northwestern China". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 273 (1598): 2135–2140. doi:10.1098/rspb.2006.3566. PMC 1635516. PMID 16901832.
^ Andres, B.; Clark, J. M.; Xing, X. (2010). "A new rhamphorhynchid pterosaur from the Upper Jurassic of Xinjiang, China, and the phylogenetic relationships of basal pterosaurs" (PDF). Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 30 (1): 163–187. Bibcode:2010JVPal..30..163A. doi:10.1080/02724630903409220. S2CID 53688256.
^ "A new titanosauriform dinosaur (Dinosauria: Sauropoda) from Late Jurassic of Junggar Basin, Xinjiang (In Chinese)". Global Geology. 38: 581–588. 2019.
^ "Table 13.1," in Weishampel, et al. (2004). Page 262.
^ "Table 13.1," in Weishampel, et al. (2004). Page 271.
^ Xu X., Clark, J.M., Forster, C. A., Norell, M.A., Erickson, G.M., Eberth, D.A., Jia, C., and Zhao, Q. (2006). "A basal tyrannosauroid dinosaur from the Late Jurassic of China". Nature. 439 (7077): 715–718. Bibcode:2006Natur.439..715X. doi:10.1038/nature04511. PMID 16467836. S2CID 4424849.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^ Choiniere, J. N.; Xu, X.; Clark, J. M.; Forster, C. A.; Guo, Y.; Han, F. (2010). "A basal alvarezsauroid theropod from the Early Late Jurassic of Xinjiang, China". Science. 327 (5965): 571–574. Bibcode:2010Sci...327..571C. doi:10.1126/science.1182143. PMID 20110503. S2CID 36904501.
^ ^a ^b Xu, X.; Clark, JM; Mo, J; Choiniere, J; Forster, CA; Erickson, GM; Hone, DW; Sullivan, C; et al. (2009). "A Jurassic ceratosaur from China helps clarify avian digital homologies" (PDF). Nature. 459 (7249): 940–944. Bibcode:2009Natur.459..940X. doi:10.1038/nature08124. PMID 19536256. S2CID 4358448.
^ Jonah N. Choiniere, James M. Clark, Catherine A. Forster and Xing Xu (2010). "A basal coelurosaur (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from the Late Jurassic (Oxfordian) of the Shishugou Formation in Wucaiwan, People’s Republic of China". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 30 (6): 1773–1796. doi:10.1080/02724634.2010.520779.
^ Wings, Oliver; Schwarz-Wings, Daniela; Pfretzschner, Hans-Ulrich; Martin, Thomas (September 2010). "Overview of Mesozoic crocodylomorphs from the Junggar Basin, Xinjiang, Northwest China, and description of isolated crocodyliform teeth from the Late Jurassic Liuhuanggou locality". Palaeobiodiversity and Palaeoenvironments. 90 (3): 283–294. Bibcode:2010PdPe...90..283W. doi:10.1007/s12549-010-0033-1. ISSN 1867-1594. S2CID 129583852.
^ Yaoming Hu, Jin Meng & James M. Clark (2009). "A new tritylodontid from the Upper Jurassic of Xinjiang, China" (PDF). Acta Palaeontologica Polonica. 54 (3): 385–391. doi:10.4202/app.2008.0053.