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Silesian tribes

The Silesian tribes (Polish: plemiona śląskie) is a term used to refer to tribes, or groups of West Slavs[1] that lived in the territories of Silesia in the Early Middle Ages. The territory they lived on became part of Great Moravia in 875 (now mostly in the Czech Republic) and later, in 990, the first Polish state created by duke Mieszko I and then expanded by king Boleslaw I at the beginning of the 11th century. They are usually treated as part of the Polish tribes[2] and sometimes as part of the Germanic tribes.[3] Two tribes among them are sometimes considered as Czech (Moravian) tribes.[4]

History

Before and during the migration period the territory of south west Poland - Silesia - was inhabited by various peoples. It included Celts and probably some Germanic tribes - among them - the Silingi. Tacitus in his description of Magna Germania mentions Suevi: Marsigni, Osi, Gotini, Buri in what later became Silesia and Burgundiones and Lygii at the Vistula.[5]

However, during the migration period, those peoples had moved west and vacated territories in Central Europe. Lands in the basins of Oder and Vistula were then taken by Polish tribes who repopulated these abandoned areas and created their own tribal organizations. The Silesian tribes, together with the Polans, Masovians, Vistulans and Pomeranians were the most important Polish tribes.[6] These five tribes "shared fundamentally common culture and language and were considerably more closely related to one another than were the Germanic tribes."[7]

Eventually the Silesian tribes, together with other Polish tribes, formed what is now Polish ethnicity and culture.[8] This process is called ethnic consolidation in which several ethnic communities of kindred origin and cognate languages, merge into a single one.[9]

The tribal differences started to disappear after the unification of Poland in the 10th and 11th centuries. The main factors of these process were the establishment of a single monarchy that ruled over all Polish tribes as well as creation of a separate ecclesiastical organization within the boundaries of the newly established Polish state.[10] In the course of the 12th century the remaining tribal differences within regions were almost entirely gone. The names of the smaller tribes disappear from the annals of history as well as the names of some prominent tribes (Vistulans, Polans). However, in some places, names of the most important tribes transform into names of the whole regions (Mazovians for Mazovia, Silesians for Silesia). As a result of the fragmentation of Poland some of those regions were again divided into smaller entities (e.g. Silesia into Lower Silesia and Upper Silesia), however the tribal era was already over and these divisions reflected only political subdivisions of the Polish realm.[11]

List of Silesian tribes

See also

References

  1. ^ "Borderlands of Language in Europe" – Vaughan Cornish, Sifton, Praed, 1936; "Annales Silesiae" – Wrocławskie Towarzystwo Naukowe; PWN 2003; "The Dynamics of the Policies of Ethnic Cleansing in Silesia in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries" – Tomasz Kamusella 1999 [1][permanent dead link‍]; "Historia Śląska" – Wydawnictwo Śląskie ABC "Historia Śląska - Wydawnictwo Śląskie ABC". Archived from the original on 2007-09-28. Retrieved 2009-02-22.; "Śląsk w czasach słowiańskich" na podstawie prac Marka Szołtyska [2]; "Fale Migracyjne w historii Śląska" – Ruch Autonomii Śląska, 2003
  2. ^ Jerzy Strzelczyk [in:] The New Cambridge Medieval History, Cambridge University Press, 1999, p. 521-522 ISBN 0-521-36447-7 Google Books; Robert Machray, The Problem of Upper Silesia, G. Allen & Unwin ltd. 1945, p. 13 Google Books; Paul Wagret, Helga S. B. Harrison, Poland, Nagel, 1964, p. 231. Google Books
  3. ^ "Coming Home to Germany?" – David Rock, Stefan Wolff; 2002, ISBN 1-57181-729-8 p. 200 Google Books)
  4. ^ "Czeski Śląsk" – Montes Tarnovicensis, 05/2008
  5. ^ A System of Ancient and Mediaeval Geography, Magna Germania P 216
  6. ^ Raymond Breton, National Survival in Dependent Societies: Social Change in Canada and Poland, McGill-Queen's Press – MQUP, 1990, p. 106, ISBN 0-88629-127-5 Google Books; Charles William Previté-Orton, The Shorter Cambridge Medieval History, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 1962, V. II, p. 744, ISBN 0-521-09976-5 Google Books
  7. ^ John Blacking, Anna Czekanowska, Polish Folk Music: Slavonic Heritage – Polish Tradition – Contemporary Trends, Cambridge University Press, 2006, p. 3, ISBN 0-521-02797-7 Google Books same conclusions in Mark Salter, Jonathan Bousfield, Poland, Rough Guides, 2002, p. 675, ISBN 1-85828-849-5 Google Books
  8. ^ Regina E. Holloman, Serghei A. Arutiunov, Perspectives on Ethnicity, Walter de Gruyter 1978, p. 391, ISBN 311080770X, 9783110807707 Google Books
  9. ^ Regina E. Holloman, Serghei A. Arutiunov, Perspectives on Ethnicity, Walter de Gruyter 1978, p. 391, ISBN 311080770X, 9783110807707 Google Books
  10. ^ S. Rosik [in:] W. Wrzesiński (red.) Historia Dolnego Śląska, Wrocław 2006, p. 49, ISBN 978-83-229-2763-2
  11. ^ S. Rosik [in:] W. Wrzesiński (red.) Historia Dolnego Śląska, Wrocław 2006, p. 53-54, ISBN 978-83-229-2763-2
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