South Tarawa

South Tarawa
	Top: Aerial view of South Tarawa; Middle: Sacred Heart Cathedral, Kiribati Parliament House; Tarawa coastline, Bonriki International Airport
	South Tarawa Location in Kiribati South Tarawa South Tarawa (Micronesia) South Tarawa South Tarawa (Oceania) South Tarawa South Tarawa (Pacific Ocean)
Geography
Location	Pacific Ocean
Coordinates	1°26′N 173°0′E / 1.433°N 173.000°E
Archipelago	Gilbert Islands
Area	15.76 km2 (6.08 sq mi)
Highest elevation	3 m (10 ft)
Administration
	Kiribati
Demographics
Population	63,439 (2020 census)
Pop. density	3,578/km2 (9267/sq mi)
Ethnic groups	I-Kiribati 95.9%

South Tarawa (Gilbertese: Tarawa Teinainano) is the capital and hub of the Republic of Kiribati and home to more than half of Kiribati's population.^[2] The South Tarawa population centre consists of all the small islets from Betio in the west to Bonriki and Tanaea in the north-east, connected by the South Tarawa main road, with a population of 63,439 as of 2020^[update].^[1]

South Tarawa is home to most of the government, commercial and education facilities in Kiribati including the Port and the High Court at Betio, the State House, Government Ministries and foreign embassies and High Commissions in Bairiki, the University of the South Pacific campus in Teaoraereke, the House of Assembly in Ambo, the Kiribati Teacher College and King George V and Elaine Bernacchi School, the Government High School, is in Bikenibeu,^[3] and the Tungaru central hospital in Nawerewere. The Roman Catholic Diocese is based in Teaoraereke, the Kiribati Uniting Church in Antebuka, the National Spiritual Assembly of the Bahá’ís of Kiribati in Bikenibeu, and the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in Eita.^[4]

Administration

At the local government level, South Tarawa has two administrative subdivisions, created by John Hilary Smith in 1972:

Betio Town Council (or BTC) on Betio
Teinainano Urban Council [it] (or TUC), from Bairiki to Tanaea (the meaning of teinainano is "down of the mast", alluding to the sail-shape of the atoll)

Buota, which is part of North Tarawa and administered by the Eutan Tarawa Council (or ETC), is linked by road to South Tarawa and is experiencing many similar issues of rapid population growth, urbanisation and environmental degradation.

Geography

South Tarawa is a string of islets on the atoll of Tarawa, between the Tarawa Lagoon to the north, with a maximum depth of 25 metres (82 ft), and the Pacific Ocean to the south, with a depth of up to 4,000 metres (13,000 ft).^[5] The island has been built from sediments from the lagoon.^[6]

The process of soil accumulation is driven by the dominant easterly trade winds and can be reversed during extended periods of westerly winds during El Niño–Southern Oscillations.^[7]

These islets are now joined by causeways, forming one long islet on the reef along the southern side of the Tarawa Lagoon. Most of South Tarawa is less than 3 metres (9.8 feet) above sea level with an average width of only 450 metres (1,480 feet).^[4]

Population

At the time of the 1978 Census, South Tarawa had a population of 17,921 with most residents living in the main population centres of Betio, Bairiki and Bikenibeu. Since Kiribati became independent in 1979, the population of South Tarawa has more than tripled, and now stands at 63,439 people (2020).^[1] All of South Tarawa is now urbanised and is effectively one continuous settlement from the northeastern end of the island, Tanaea, to its southwestern end at Betio.

Buota in North Tarawa is connected to the South Tarawa main road and is also growing rapidly.

Census area	1978^[8]	2005^[9]	2010^[1]	2015^[1]
South Tarawa: Places and population
Tanaea	27	91	279	198
Bonriki	635	2,119	2,355	2,829
Temwaiku	–	2,011	3,135	4,072
Causeway (Nawerewere)	–	1,780	2,054	1,843
Bikenibeu	3,971	6,170	6,568	7,575
Abarao	322	908	1,665	1,761
Eita	612	2,299	3,061	3,395
Tangintebu	128	94	89	150
Taborio	187	955	1,282	1,293
Ambo	–	1,688	2,200	2,780
Banraeaba	501	1,789	1,969	2,072
Antebuka	504	390	1,087	1,615
Teaoraereke	848	3,939	4,171	5,105
Nanikai	604	803	988	1,152
Bairiki	1,956	2,766	3,524	3,278
Betio	7,626	12,509	15,755	17,330
South Tarawa total	17,921	40,311	50,182	56,388

History

Tarawa island is central to Kiribati mythology and culture, but life on South Tarawa was little different to that on other islands before it was selected in 1895 as the seat of colonial government for the Protectorate of the Gilbert and Ellice Islands. From 1906 to 1942, Ocean Island was the headquarters of the colony, then Funafuti because of the Japanese occupation of the Gilbert Islands until 1946, when it returned to Tarawa.

Betio was the location of the Battle of Tarawa.

Environment

Impacts of coastal erosion and drought on coconut palms in Eita, South Tarawa

Households on South Tarawa do not have the option to retreat from coastal erosion, as the atoll is narrow and already crowded.

The highest point on South Tarawa is only a very few meters above sea level (Eita, 3 metres), making the island extremely vulnerable to natural disasters. The effects of floods and associated soil salination are starting to threaten limited freshwater supplies.^[10]

Climate

The climate in South Tarawa is a Tropical rainforest climate (Koppen: Af) which is warm and humid all year round and average rainfalls are relatively high. However, rainfall is very unpredictable, varying with the El Niño–Southern Oscillation, and South Tarawa can go for many months with almost no rain during La Niña cycles. The hottest and coldest temperatures ever recorded in South Tarawa are 35 °C (95 °F) and 21 °C (70 °F), respectively, which is one of the narrowest temperature ranges in the world.

Climate data for Tarawa Airport (South Tarawa)
Month	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec	Year
Record high °C (°F)	35.0 (95.0)	33.0 (91.4)	35.0 (95.0)	34.5 (94.1)	34.5 (94.1)	33.5 (92.3)	34.5 (94.1)	34.5 (94.1)	34.5 (94.1)	35.0 (95.0)	35.0 (95.0)	35.0 (95.0)	35.0 (95.0)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F)	30.7 (87.3)	30.6 (87.1)	30.7 (87.3)	30.7 (87.3)	30.8 (87.4)	30.8 (87.4)	30.9 (87.6)	31.0 (87.8)	31.1 (88.0)	31.2 (88.2)	31.3 (88.3)	30.9 (87.6)	30.9 (87.6)
Daily mean °C (°F)	28.2 (82.8)	28.1 (82.6)	28.1 (82.6)	28.2 (82.8)	28.4 (83.1)	28.3 (82.9)	28.2 (82.8)	28.3 (82.9)	28.4 (83.1)	28.6 (83.5)	28.5 (83.3)	28.2 (82.8)	28.3 (82.9)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F)	25.3 (77.5)	25.3 (77.5)	25.2 (77.4)	25.3 (77.5)	25.5 (77.9)	25.3 (77.5)	25.1 (77.2)	25.2 (77.4)	25.3 (77.5)	25.4 (77.7)	25.4 (77.7)	25.3 (77.5)	25.3 (77.5)
Record low °C (°F)	21.5 (70.7)	22.5 (72.5)	22.5 (72.5)	22.5 (72.5)	21.0 (69.8)	21.0 (69.8)	21.0 (69.8)	21.5 (70.7)	22.5 (72.5)	22.0 (71.6)	22.5 (72.5)	22.0 (71.6)	21.0 (69.8)
Average precipitation mm (inches)	271 (10.7)	218 (8.6)	204 (8.0)	184 (7.2)	158 (6.2)	155 (6.1)	168 (6.6)	138 (5.4)	120 (4.7)	110 (4.3)	115 (4.5)	212 (8.3)	2,052 (80.8)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.3 mm)	15	12	14	15	15	14	16	18	15	11	10	17	172
Average relative humidity (%)	81	80	81	82	81	81	80	79	77	77	79	81	80
Mean monthly sunshine hours	220.1	192.1	207.7	201.0	229.4	219.0	229.4	257.3	243.0	260.4	240.0	189.1	2,688.5
Mean daily sunshine hours	7.1	6.8	6.7	6.7	7.4	7.3	7.4	8.3	8.1	8.4	8.0	6.1	7.4
Source: Deutscher Wetterdienst^[11]

Water

South Tarawa has very limited water resources for its rapidly growing population. During the frequent droughts, the only source of water is the shallow freshwater lens that permeates the coral rock of the atoll. The water lenses at Bonriki and Buota have been declared as water reserves, and have a combined sustainable yield of 1,300 m³ per day.

Other previously declared water reserves have been relinquished for urbanisation or abandoned due to overpumping and pollution from human settlement.^[12]

Water from the Bonriki and Buota reserves is distributed by a reticulated network to South Tarawa households. However, the poor condition of the network and the limited water supply mean that water can only be supplied to each village for around 2 hours every two days. Most schools and community buildings have no water supply at all, and many households rely on polluted groundwater due to the shortage of treated water.^[13]

Because of the shortage of fresh water, sanitation systems must use saltwater for flushing. The sanitation network on South Tarawa is performing very poorly, and a major project is underway to rehabilitate the system and improve sanitation and public hygiene.^[14]

Coastal erosion

The Ministry of Environment, Lands and Agricultural Development (MELAD) is involved in the replanting of mangroves in selected sites to help against coastal erosion; however, much more is required to protect many of the sites eroded on South Tarawa including islets that once were protected with mangrove and iron-wood (tengea) trees. It is unclear how much of the erosion being experienced on South Tarawa is due to sea-level rise and how much is due to human activities (such as building inappropriate seawalls and mining sand and gravel from the beaches and foreshores). Coastal erosion will accelerate in future, due to climate change related sea level rise.^[4]

Land availability and overcrowding

The land area of South Tarawa is officially recorded as 3,896 acres (1,577 ha) or 15.76 square km.

Much of this land is not available for use, including the water reserve and runway, the causeways, and a large area of reclaimed land at Temwaiku, the eastern corner of the atoll, which is too swampy and low-lying. If these areas are excluded, the land area of South Tarawa is only just over 1,000 hectares (10 square km or 2,500 acres) and the population density of 49 people per hectare or 4,905 per square km is almost equal to the density of London (5,100 people per km²) and twice the density of Sydney or Auckland.^[15]

Multi-story buildings are very uncommon on South Tarawa. The high population is accommodated through large household sizes, with an average of 7.3 people per household, on small land plots. Most land is owned by the original families or kain Tarawa, although in the main centres of Betio, Bairiki and Bikenibeu there are large areas of land on long-term lease to the government. Without access to family lands or government housing, many South Tarawa residents have no choice but to become squatters; disputes over land are common.

South Tarawa and especially Betio have high rates of respiratory infections, diarrhoea, and dysentery,^[4] all of which have been linked to overcrowding.^[16] Unsustainable development in South Tarawa is a concern to the government and to Kiribati's aid partners.^[17] Anote Tong's administration aims to ease the problem in the country's main urban centre by encouraging people to stay and to resettle in outer islands. It has invested in facilities such as the South Kiribati Hospital to spread institutions and services out around the islands and relieve South Tarawa from overcrowding.^[18]

Census Area	Population 2010^[1]	Land area available^[1]	Land area, not available for residential, commercial or government use^[1]	Density, people per hectare
South Tarawa: Population and Land Area
Tanaea	279	9 hectares (22 acres)	–	31
Bonriki	2355	70 hectares (173 acres)	139 hectares (343 acres)¹	34
Temwaiku	3135	161 hectares (398 acres)	383 hectares (946 acres)²	19
Causeway/Nawerewere	2054	161 hectares (398 acres)	383 hectares (946 acres)²	19
Bikenibeu	6568	181 hectares (447 acres)	–	36
Abarao	1665	58 hectares (143 acres)	–	29
Eita	3061	104 hectares (257 acres)	9 hectares (22 acres)³	29
Tangintebu	89
Taborio	1282
Ambo	2200	141 hectares (348 acres)	–	16
Banraeaba	1969
Antebuka	1087
Teaoraereke	4171	87 hectares (215 acres)	4.2 hectares (10 acres)⁴	48
Nanikai	988	12 hectares (30 acres)	–	82
Bairiki	3524	46 hectares (114 acres)	5.0 hectares (12 acres)⁵	77
Betio-Bairiki causeway	not included
Betio	15755	154 hectares (381 acres)	13.7 hectares (34 acres)⁶	102
South Tarawa total	50182	1,023 hectares (2,528 acres)	553 hectares (1,366 acres)	49

Reasons land not available for use:

Bonriki; Water reserve, airport
Temwaiku; Reclamation and fish ponds
Eita/Taborio; Abairarang (scout) Is. Abaokoro (Guide) Is. and Taborio Causeway
Teaoraereke; Causeway
Naanekai-Bairiki causeway, Bairiki wharf and jetty
Betio; Sandspit, wharves, jetties

Economy

South Tarawa is the economic hub of Kiribati, the location of the main port and airport and of most of the state-owned enterprises and private businesses.

Copra produced on the outer islands is processed on Betio, producing copra oil for the international market and other products which are sold locally. There is a fish processing plant producing tuna for export.

Imports far outweigh exports, and most households on South Tarawa rely on government employment and remittances from relatives working overseas. Unemployment and underemployment are a serious problem; in 2010 only 34% of urban adults (over 15) were engaged in cash work; the remaining two-thirds are either out of the labour force, unemployed or engaged in subsistence activities. Young people are especially likely to be unemployed.

Education

Currently there is one government high school, King George V and Elaine Bernacchi School in Bikenibeu. There are also several private Christian high schools:^[19]