Share to: share facebook share twitter share wa share telegram print page

Tattvartha Sutra

Tattvartha Sutra
Tattvartha Sutra
Tattvartha sutra
Information
ReligionJainism
AuthorUmaswami
LanguageSanskrit
Period2nd to 5th century[1][2]
Chapters10
Sutras350
Part of a series on
Jainism
Philosophy
Ethics
Ethics of Jainism
Mahavratas (major vows)
Anuvratas (further vows)
Jain prayers
Major figures
Major sects
Schools and Branches
Jain literature
Festivals
Pilgrimages
Tirth
Other

Tattvārthasūtra, meaning "On the Nature [artha] of Reality [tattva]" (also known as Tattvarth-adhigama-sutra or Moksha-shastra) is an ancient Jain text written by Acharya Umaswami in Sanskrit, sometime between the 2nd- and 5th-century CE.[3][4][1][5][6][7]

The Tattvārthasūtra is regarded as one of the earliest, most authoritative texts in Jainism. It is accepted as authoritative in both its major sub-traditions – Digambara and Śvētāmbara – as well as the minor sub-traditions. It is a philosophical text, and its importance in Jainism is comparable with that of the Brahma Sutras and Yoga Sutras of Patanjali in Hinduism. In an aphoristic sutra style of ancient Indian texts, it presents the complete Jainism philosophy in 350 sutras over 10 chapters.[8][9] The text has attracted numerous commentaries, translations and interpretations since the 5th-century.[10]

One of its sutras, Parasparopagraho Jivanam is the motto of Jainism. Its meaning is interpreted as "(The function) of souls is to help one another",[11] or "Souls render service to one another".[12]

Names

Tattvartha Sutra is also known in Jainism as the Moksha-shastra (Scripture describing the path of liberation).[13][14]

Content

The text written in Sanskrit,[10] begins with an invocation:

I bow to the Lord, the promulgator of the path to liberation, the destroyer of mountains of karmas and the knower of the whole of reality, so that I may realize these qualities.[15]

The first verse of Tattvārthsūtra, "सम्यग्दर्शनज्ञानचारित्राणि मोक्षमार्ग:" (samyag-darśana-jñāna-cāritrāṇi mokṣamārgaḥ), summarizes the Jaina path to liberation. It means that the Ratnatraya (three jewels: right view, right knowledge and right conduct) collectively constitutes the path to liberation or moksha.[13][16]

Its ten chapters are:[17]

  1. Faith and Knowledge
  2. The Category of the Living
  3. The Lower World and the Middle World
  4. The Celestial Beings
  5. The Category of the Non-Living
  6. Influx of Karma
  7. The Five Vows
  8. Bondage of Karma
  9. Stoppage and Shedding of Karma
  10. Liberation
Chart showing Samyak Darsana as per Tattvarthasutra

The first chapter deals with the process of cognition and details about different types of knowledge. The next three chapters deal with the Jīva (soul), lower worlds, naraka, and celestial abodes, devas. The fifth chapter discusses the Non-soul (ajīva). The next three chapters deal with the karmas and their manifestations and the influx, asrava, good and bad karma, shubha-ashubha karma and the bondage of the karmas. The ninth chapter describes the blocking, samvara and shedding of the karmas, nirjara. The final chapter discusses moksha or the liberation of the soul.[8]

Seven categories of truth

The theology in Tattvartha Sutra presents seven categories of truth in sutra 1.4:[18]

  1. Souls exist (Jīva)
  2. Non-sentient matter exists (Ajīva)
  3. Karmic particles exist that inflow to each soul (Āsrava)
  4. Karmic particles bind to the soul {which transmigrate with rebirth} (Bandha)
  5. Karmic particles inflow can be stopped (Saṃvara)
  6. Karmic particles can fall away from soul (Nirjara)
  7. Complete release of karmic particles leads to liberation from worldly bondage (Moksha)

Umaswami categorizes the types of knowledge to be empirical, attained through one's sense of perception. He adds that knowledge is also acquired through literature, clairvoyance, and omniscience.[19] In chapter 2, Umaswati presents sutras on soul. He asserts that soul is distinguished by suppression of deluding karma, or elimination of eight types of karmas, or partial presence of destructive karmas, or arising of eight types of new karmas, or those that are innate to the soul, or a combination of these.[20] In chapter 3 through 6, Umaswati presents sutras for his first three categories of truth.[21]

Ethics

Main article: Ethics in Jainism

In chapter 7, Umaswami presents the Jaina vows and explains their value in stopping karmic particle inflow to the soul. The vows, with their respective translations by Nathmal Tatia, are:[22]

Karma and rebirths

Main article: Karma in Jainism

Umaswati, in chapter 8 of Tattvartha Sutra presents his sutras on how karma affects rebirths. He asserts that accumulated karma in life determines the length of life and realm of rebirth for each soul in each of four states – infernal beings, plants and animals, human beings and as gods.[23][24] Further, states Umaswati, karma also affects the body, the shape, the characteristics as well as the status of the soul within the same species, such as Ucchi (upper) or Nicchi (lower) status.[23][24] The accumulated and new karma are material particles, states Umaswati, which stick to the soul and these travel with the soul from one life to the next as bondage, where each ripens.[25][26] Once ripened, the karmic particles fall off, states Umaswati.[25][26]

Shedding karma and liberation

Main article: Moksha (Jainism)

Chapter 9 of Tattvartha Sutra states how karmic particles can be stopped from attaching to the soul and how these can be shed.[27][28] Umaswati asserts that gupti (curbing activity), dharma (virtues such as forbearance, modesty, purity, truthfulness, self-restraint, austerity, renunciation), contemplation, endurance in hardship (he lists twenty-two hardships including hunger, thirst, cold, heat, nakedness, injury, lack of gain, illness, praise, disrespect), and with good character towards others (he lists five – equanimity, reinitiation, non-injury (Ahimsa), slight passion and fair conduct), a soul stops karmic accumulations.[28] External austerities such as fasting, reduced diet and isolated habitation, along with internal austerities such as expiation, reverence, service, renunciation and meditation, according to Umaswati, along with respectful service to teachers and ailing ascetics help shed karma.[28]

The state of liberation is presented in Chapter 10 by Umaswati.[29][30] It is achieved when deluding and obstructive karmas have been destroyed.[29][30] This leads to the state of quietism and potentiality, and the soul then moves to the end of the universe, states Umaswati.[30]

Importance

The Tattvartha Sutra is regarded as one of the earliest, most authoritative book on Jainism, and the only text authoritative in both the Digambara and Śvētāmbara sects,[13] and its importance in Jainism is comparable with that of the Brahma Sutras and Yoga Sutras of Patanjali in Hinduism.[31][32]

Commentaries and translations

Commentaries

The Tattvartha Sutra has the largest number of Jaina bhashyas or commentaries in different Indian languages from the fifth century onward. There are over twenty-five commentaries and translations of Tattvartha Sutra,[10] including those by:[33]

Śvetāmbaras believe that Umasvati himself wrote Svopajña Bhāṣya, a commentary on the text.[33] In turn, Svopajña Bhāṣya Ṭīkā is a commentary by Siddhasenagaṇi on the Svopajña Bhāṣya. The next oldest and the most famous commentary on the Tattvārthasūtra is Sarvārthasiddhi of Ācārya Pujyapada[34][14] (sixth century CE). Sarvārthasiddhi (a commentary on the Tattvartha Sutra written by Pūjyapāda Devanandi), along with Akalanka's c. 780 CE Rajavartika and Vijayananda's Slokavarttika (9th century), form the central texts of Digambara monastic students.[8]

Translations

The text is in sutra form. The word Sutra (Sanskrit: सूत्र) means "string, thread".[35] The root of the word is siv, that which sews and holds things together.[36][37] In the context of Indian literature, Sutra means a distilled collection of syllables and words, any form or manual of "aphorism, rule, direction" hanging together like threads with which the "teachings of ritual, philosophy, grammar or any field of knowledge" can be woven.[36][35]

The distilled nature of sutra texts leave them open to varying interpretations. The Tattvartha sutra have been variously translated. The first verse of Tattvartha Sutra has been translated as follows, for example:

"The enlightened darsana (world view), enlightened knowledge and enlightened conduct are the path to liberation" – Translated by Nathmal Tatia[38]

"Right faith, right knowledge and right conduct constitute the path to liberation" – Translated by Vijay Jain[16]

— Umaswati, Tattvartha Sutra 1.1

The text has been translated into many languages including English and German, latest being English translation in 1993.[10]

See also

Wikiquote has quotations related to Tattvartha Sutra.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Tattvartha Sutra.

Notes

  1. ^ a b Paul Dundas (2006). Patrick Olivelle (ed.). Between the Empires : Society in India 300 BCE to 400 CE. Oxford University Press. pp. 395–396. ISBN 978-0-19-977507-1.
  2. ^ Walter Slaje (2008), Śāstrārambha: Inquiries Into the Preamble in Sanskrit, Otto Harrassowitz Verlag, pp. 35 with footnote 23, ISBN 978-3-447-05645-8
  3. ^ "Tattvārtha Sūtra". encyclopedia.com.
  4. ^ Dundas 2002, p. 86.
  5. ^ Hemacandra; R. C. C. Fynes (1998). The Lives of the Jain Elders. Oxford University Press. p. xxxix. ISBN 978-0-19-283227-6.
  6. ^ Sir Monier Monier-Williams; Ernst Leumann; Carl Cappeller (2002). A Sanskrit-English Dictionary: Etymologically and Philologically Arranged. Motilal Banarsidass. ISBN 978-81-208-3105-6.
  7. ^ Vijay K. Jain 2011, p. vi.
  8. ^ a b c Jaini 1998, p. 82.
  9. ^ K. V. Mardia (1990). The Scientific Foundations of Jainism. Motilal Banarsidass. p. 103. ISBN 978-81-208-0658-0. Thus, there is a vast literature available but it seems that Tattvartha Sutra of Umasvati can be regarded as the main philosophical text of the religion and is recognized as authoritative by all Jains.
  10. ^ a b c d Natubhai Shah 2004, p. 48.
  11. ^ Vijay K. Jain 2011, p. 72.
  12. ^ Umāsvāti 1994, p. 131.
  13. ^ a b c Cort 2001, p. 16-17.
  14. ^ a b S.A. Jain 1992.
  15. ^ Vijay K. Jain 2011, p. 1.
  16. ^ a b Vijay K. Jain 2011, p. 2.
  17. ^ Vijay K. Jain 2011, p. xi.
  18. ^ Umāsvāti 1994, p. xviii-xx, 2-3, 6.
  19. ^ Umāsvāti 1994, pp. 12–15.
  20. ^ Umāsvāti 1994, pp. 33–62.
  21. ^ Umāsvāti 1994, pp. 7–168.
  22. ^ Umāsvāti 1994, pp. 169–170.
  23. ^ a b Umāsvāti 1994, pp. 195–199.
  24. ^ a b Vijay K. Jain 2011, p. 118-119.
  25. ^ a b Umāsvāti 1994, pp. 200–203.
  26. ^ a b Vijay K. Jain 2011, p. 121-124.
  27. ^ Umāsvāti 1994, pp. 213–248.
  28. ^ a b c Vijay K. Jain 2011, p. 126-145.
  29. ^ a b Umāsvāti 1994, pp. 250–263.
  30. ^ a b c Vijay K. Jain 2011, p. 146-151.
  31. ^ Jaini, p. 81
  32. ^ Jones & Ryan 2007, pp. 439–440.
  33. ^ a b David Pingree, ed. (1970). Census of the Exact Sciences in Sanskrit Series A. Vol. 1. American Philosophical Society.
  34. ^ Banerjee, Satya Ranjan (2005). Prolegomena to Prakritica et Jainica. p. 151.
  35. ^ a b M Winternitz (2010 Reprint), A History of Indian Literature, Volume 1, Motilal Banarsidass, ISBN 978-8120802643, pages 249
  36. ^ a b Monier Williams, Sanskrit English Dictionary, Oxford University Press, Entry for Sutra, page 1241
  37. ^ MacGregor, Geddes (1989). Dictionary of Religion and Philosophy (1st ed.). New York: Paragon House. ISBN 1557780196.
  38. ^ Umāsvāti 1994, pp. 5–6.

References

Further reading

Read other articles:

مسعود كيميايي

مسعود کیمیایی معلومات شخصية اسم الولادة مسعود کیمیایی الميلاد 29 يوليو 1941 (العمر 82 سنة)طهران, إيران الجنسية إيراني الزوجة كوكوش (1991–2003)غيتي باشائي (1969–1991)  الحياة العملية المدرسة الأم جامعة كاليفورنيا  المهنة مخرجكاتب السيناريو اللغات الفارسية  سنوات النشاط 1968-إلى ا

 

 

St. Mary's Church (Albany, New York)

Church in Albany, New York, US St. Mary's ChurchWest elevation and south profile, 2009ReligionAffiliationRoman CatholicLeadershipPastor: Rev. David Wm. MickiewiczPastor Emeritus: Rev. John T. Provost Deacon: Walter AyresDeacon: Aaron TremblayYear consecrated1870StatusActiveLocationLocation10 Lodge StreetAlbany, NY, USAGeographic coordinates42°39′6″N 73°45′10″W / 42.65167°N 73.75278°W / 42.65167; -73.75278ArchitectureArchitect(s)Charles C. Nichols, Frederick...

 

 

Weltkulturgipfel

Der Weltkulturgipfel (World Culture Forum) ist eine Serie von Veranstaltungen zum Thema Weltkultur. Sie steht in Abgrenzung zum Weltwirtschaftsforum, das sich mit der Entwicklung der Weltwirtschaft befasst. Die Idee des Weltkulturgipfels und die Gründungsteilnehmer gehen zurück auf das Forum Tiberius.[1] Inhaltsverzeichnis 1 Ziel 2 Entwicklung 2.1 world culture forum in Indonesien 3 Gründerkreis und Partner 4 Kritik 5 Literatur 6 Einzelnachweise Ziel Unter Bezugnahme auf den Tagung...

Мартін Шерідан

Мартін Шерідан Загальна інформаціяГромадянство  СШАНародження 28 березня 1881(1881-03-28)[1][2]Swinfordd, Мейо, Коннахт, ІрландіяСмерть 27 березня 1918(1918-03-27)[1] (36 років)Нью-Йорк, Нью-Йорк, США·Іспанський грип і грипПоховання ГолгофаПричина смерті Іспанський грип і

 

 

Niki Ashton

Canadian politician Niki AshtonMPMember of Parliamentfor Churchill—Keewatinook Aski[a]IncumbentAssumed office October 14, 2008Preceded byTina KeeperChair of the Standing Committee onStatus of WomenIn officeJune 21, 2011 – November 14, 2011MinisterRona AmbrosePreceded byHedy FrySucceeded byIrene Mathyssen Personal detailsBornNiki Christina Ashton (1982-09-09) September 9, 1982 (age 41)Thompson, Manitoba, CanadaPolitical partyNew Democratic PartySpouse Ryan Barker ...

 

 

Dórida

Esta página cita fontes, mas que não cobrem todo o conteúdo. Ajude a inserir referências. Conteúdo não verificável pode ser removido.—Encontre fontes: ABW  • CAPES  • Google (N • L • A) (Janeiro de 2023) A Dórida localiza-se na área em azul, no centro e à esquerda. A Dórida ou Dóride (em grego: Δωρίς; romaniz.:Dōrís; em grego moderno: Δωρίδα, transl. Dorída; etnônimo Δωριεύς, Dōrieús, pl. Δω�...

Landratsamt Schötmar

Basisdaten[1] Bestandszeitraum 1879–1927 (Verwaltungsamt)1927–1932 (Landratsamt) Verwaltungssitz Schötmar Fläche 158 km² (1910) Einwohner 24.395 (1910) Bevölkerungsdichte 154 Einw./km² (1910) Gemeinden 34 (1910) Lippe am Anfang des 20. Jahrhunderts Das Landratsamt Schötmar war von 1927 bis 1932 ein Verwaltungsbezirk im Freistaat Lippe mit Sitz in der Stadt Schötmar. Es ging aus dem Verwaltungsamt Schötmar hervor, das 1879 im Fürstentum Lippe eingerichtet worden war. Inhal...

 

 

Friedrich Anton von Heynitz

Friedrich Anton von Heynitz als sächsischer Generalbergkommissar (Gemälde aus dem Jahr 1772 von Anton Graff) Friedrich Anton von Heynitz, auch Heinitz (* 14. Mai 1725 in Dröschkau; † 15. Mai 1802 in Berlin) war einer der Gründer der Bergakademie Freiberg und der bedeutendste preußische Staatswirt des 18. Jahrhunderts. Er gilt als Reformer des braunschweigischen Bergbaus. Seine Hauptleistung war die Reorganisation des Berg- und Hüttenwesens in Preußen. Inhaltsverzeichnis 1 Leben ...

 

 

كاثرين كورلي أندرسون

هذه المقالة يتيمة إذ تصل إليها مقالات أخرى قليلة جدًا. فضلًا، ساعد بإضافة وصلة إليها في مقالات متعلقة بها. (يوليو 2019) كاثرين كورلي أندرسون معلومات شخصية تاريخ الميلاد 21 مارس 1909  تاريخ الوفاة 12 ديسمبر 2001 (92 سنة)   مواطنة الولايات المتحدة  الحياة العملية المهنة كاتِبة، &...

ناحية مركز القرداحة

ناحية مركز القرداحة موقع ناحية مركز القرداحة في محافظة اللاذقية تقسيم إداري البلد  سوريا[1] المحافظة محافظة اللاذقية المسؤولون المنطقة منطقة القرداحة الناحية ناحية مركز القرداحة رمز الناحية SY060400 خصائص جغرافية إحداثيات 35°26′38″N 36°05′10″E / 35.443888888889°N 36.08611111111...

 

 

John Gordon Lorimer (civil servant)

Scottish civil administrator John Gordon LorimerPhotograph of J. G. LorimerBorn1870Glasgow, ScotlandDied8 February 1914(1914-02-08) (aged 43–44)Bushire, PersiaNationalityBritishOccupation(s)Diplomat, historianNotable workGazetteer of the Persian Gulf, Oman and Central Arabia John Gordon Lorimer CIE (14 June 1870 – 8 February 1914), also known as J. G. Lorimer, was a British diplomat, historian and colonial administrator. Working for the British Raj in Punjab and the Northwest frontie...

 

 

Mike McCormick (pitcher)

American baseball player (1938–2020) For other people with the same name, see Mike McCormick (disambiguation). Baseball player Mike McCormickPitcherBorn: (1938-09-29)September 29, 1938Pasadena, California, U.S.Died: June 13, 2020(2020-06-13) (aged 81)Cornelius, North Carolina, U.S.Batted: LeftThrew: LeftMLB debutSeptember 3, 1956, for the New York GiantsLast MLB appearanceMay 22, 1971, for the Kansas City RoyalsMLB statisticsWin–loss record134–128Earne...

فيليب نديورو

فيليب نديورو معلومات شخصية الميلاد 6 نوفمبر 1971 (العمر 52 سنة)مولينز، ألير  مركز اللعب مهاجم الجنسية فرنسا  المسيرة الاحترافية1 سنوات فريق م. (هـ.) 1978–1980 CO Le Puy 1980–1984 أولمبيك ليون 58 (15) 1984–1985 CO Le Puy 15 (0) 1985–1986 ليموج 33 (14) 1986–1989 نيس 63 (7) 1989–1990 نادي النجم الأحمر 10 (0) 1990–1991 Nice 3 (0) 1...

 

 

Konstantin Loktev

This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: Konstantin Loktev – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (January 2009) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) Olympic medal record Men's Ice hockey Representing  Soviet Union 1960 Squaw Valley Ice hockey 1964 Innsbruck Ice hockey Kons...

 

 

Abid Hussain

Abid HussainHussain pada pertengahan 1980anLahir26 Desember 1926Hyderabad, Negara Bagian Hyderabad, IndiaMeninggal21 Juni 2012 (usia 85)London, InggrisPekerjaanEkonom, pegawai negeri, dan diplomatSuami/istriTrilok Karki HussainPenghargaanPadma Bhushan (1988) Abid Hussain (26 Desember 1926 – 21 Juni 2012) adalah seorang ekonom, pegawai negeri dan diplomat India. Ia menjadi duta besar India untuk Amerika Serikat dari 1990 sampai 1992 dan anggota Komisi Perencanaan dari 1985 samp...

Four Power Agreement on Berlin

1971 multilateral agreement Arrival of the four foreign ministers at the Allied Control Council headquarters building for the signing of the final protocol on 3 June 1972 The Four Power Agreement on Berlin, also known as the Berlin Agreement or the Quadripartite Agreement on Berlin, was agreed on 3 September 1971 by the four wartime Allied powers, represented by their ambassadors. The four foreign ministers, Sir Alec Douglas-Home of the United Kingdom, Andrei Gromyko of the Soviet Union, Maur...

 

 

I.Sat

Television channel I.SatCountryArgentinaBroadcast areaLatin AmericaHeadquartersBuenos Aires, ArgentinaProgrammingLanguage(s)Spanish and PortuguesePicture format480i SDTVOwnershipOwnerWarner Bros. DiscoverySister channelsTNT TNT Series Space Warner Channel TCM Cartoon Network Cartoonito Tooncast TruTV Glitz* HTVCNN CNN en EspañolHistoryLaunchedApril 5, 1993 (Latin America)April 1, 2008 (Brazil)Former namesI-Sat (1993-1998) I.Sat (contraction of the Spanish phrase Imagen Satelital, which means...

 

 

SM Megamall

Shopping center in the Philippines SM MegamallMegamall Back EntranceLocationWack-Wack Greenhills, Mandaluyong, Metro Manila, PhilippinesCoordinates14°35′04.01″N 121°03′24.38″E / 14.5844472°N 121.0567722°E / 14.5844472; 121.0567722AddressEDSA corner Doña Julia Vargas Avenue, Ortigas CenterOpening dateJune 28, 1991; 32 years ago (1991-06-28)DeveloperSM Prime HoldingsManagementSM Prime HoldingsArchitectAntonio Sindiong & ArquitectonicaNo...

Dodona ouida

Species of butterfly Mixed Punch Scientific classification Domain: Eukaryota Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Arthropoda Class: Insecta Order: Lepidoptera Family: Riodinidae Genus: Dodona Species: D. ouida Binomial name Dodona ouida(Hewitson, 1865) Dodona ouida, the mixed Punch, is a small but striking butterfly found in the Indomalayan realm in West China, Himalayas (west as far as Mussoorie), Northeast India (hills) and Burma that belongs to the Punches and Judies, that is, the family Riodini...

 

 

Gull Rocks Light

Not to be confused with Gull Rock Light Station in Lake Superior. LighthouseGull Rocks Light LocationNarragansett Bay near Newport, Rhode IslandCoordinates41°30′8.5″N 71°19′59″W / 41.502361°N 71.33306°W / 41.502361; -71.33306TowerConstructionWood frameAutomated1960Height33 feet (10 m)ShapeA-frame house with skeleton tower added in 1928LightFirst lit1887Deactivated1969Lenstwo lens lanterns The Gull Rocks Light was a lighthouse at the entrance to New...

 

 

Kembali kehalaman sebelumnya