Thalasseus

Thalasseus
	Sandwich tern
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Aves
Order:	Charadriiformes
Family:	Laridae
Subfamily:	Sterninae
Genus:	Thalasseus; F. Boie, 1822
Type species
	Sterna cantiaca; Gmelin, 1788
Species
	T. albididorsalis; T. bengalensis; T. bergii; T. bernsteini; T. elegans; T. maximus; T. sandvicensis

Thalasseus, the crested terns, is a genus of eight species of terns in the family Laridae.

It has a worldwide distribution, and many of its species are abundant and well-known birds in their ranges. This genus had originally been created by Friedrich Boie in 1822, but had been abandoned until a 2005 study confirmed the need for a separate genus for the crested terns.^[2]

These large terns breed in very dense colonies on coasts and islands, and exceptionally inland on suitable large freshwater lakes close to the coast. They nest in a ground scrape. Thalasseus terns feed by plunge-diving for fish, almost invariably from the sea. They usually dive directly, and not from the "stepped-hover" favoured by, for example, the Arctic tern. The offering of fish by the male to the female is part of the courtship display. These species have long thin sharp bills, usually a shade of yellow or orange except in the Sandwich tern and Cabot's tern where the bills are black with yellow tips in most subspecies. All species have a shaggy crest. In winter, the Thalasseus terns' foreheads become white.

Taxonomy

The genus Thalasseus was erected by the German zoologist Friedrich Boie in 1822.^[3] The type species was subsequently designated as the sandwich tern (Thalasseus sandvicensis).^[4] The generic name is derived from the Ancient Greek Thalassa meaning "sea".^[5]

List of species

The genus contains eight species:^[6]

Name	Common name	Distribution
Thalasseus maximus	Royal tern	Coasts of the Americas, from Virginia, USA south to Chubut, Argentina in east, and California south to Peru in west.
Thalasseus bergii	Greater crested tern	From South Africa around the Indian Ocean to the central Pacific and Australia.
Thalasseus bengalensis	Lesser crested tern	Southern Mediterranean and Red Seas across the Indian Ocean to the western Pacific, and Australia, also wintering on African west coast south to Senegal.
Thalasseus albididorsalis	West African crested tern	Coasts of Mauritania to Guinea, wintering north to Morocco and south to Angola.
Thalasseus bernsteini	Chinese crested tern	Fujian Province, China, and wintering south to the Philippines.
Thalasseus sandvicensis	Sandwich tern	Northern Europe to Mediterranean, Black and Caspian Seas, wintering south to South Africa and Sri Lanka.
Thalasseus acuflavidus	Cabot's tern	East coast of the Americas from New Jersey south to Chubut, Argentina, also wintering on the Pacific coast.
Thalasseus elegans	Elegant tern	Southern California, USA and western Mexico and wintering south to Peru, Ecuador and Chile.

An early Pliocene fossil bone fragment from the northeastern United States closely resembles a modern royal tern. It may be an unexpectedly early (3.7–4.8 million years before present) specimen of that species, or an ancestral member of the crested tern group.^[7]

References

^ "Laridae". aviansystematics.org. The Trust for Avian Systematics. Retrieved 2023-07-26.
^ Bridge, Eli S.; Jones, Andrew W.; Baker, Allan J. (2005). "A phylogenetic framework for the terns (Sternini) inferred from mtDNA sequences: implications for taxonomy and plumage evolution" (PDF). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 35 (2): 459–469. Bibcode:2005MolPE..35..459B. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2004.12.010. PMID 15804415.
^ Boie, Friedrich (1822). "Generalübersicht". Isis von Oken (in German). 1822. Col 563.
^ Peters, James Lee, ed. (1934). Check-list of Birds of the World. Vol. 2. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. p. 341.
^ Jobling, James A. (2010). The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names. London: Christopher Helm. p. 383. ISBN 978-1-4081-2501-4.
^ Gill, Frank; Donsker, David, eds. (2019). "Noddies, gulls, terns, auks". World Bird List Version 9.2. International Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 19 July 2019.
^ Olson, S., Rasmussen, P.C. "Miocene and Pliocene birds from the Lee Creek Mine, North Carolina" in Ray, C. E. & Bohaska, D.J. (2001). "Geology and Paleontology of the Lee Creek Mine, North Carolina, III." Smithsonian Contributions to Paleobiology 90: 233-365.